Collection and distribution of water (pdf)

ٰرٱل ٰ هٰٱَّل لٰمٰسٰب ٰرٱلٰ  هنٰٰمح ٰممٰمح

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
PRESENTED BY:
USAMA KHAN
FA18-CVE-014 (6A)

COLLECTION OF WATER

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
INTRODUCTION
Why the water must be collected before
Distribution than usage?
 Water bodies are mostly not accessible in
urban areas.
 The water might be contaminated and needs
treatment before usage.
 Maintaining constant supply throughout the
year.
 Ease of access for the users.

COLLECTION OF WATER
INTAKES
 Intakes consist of strainers or grating through which water enters, and the conduit
conveying water by pump or gravity.
 Interference with the supply should be minimum.
FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE DESIGNING THE INTAKES. Source of supply. The character of the intakes surrounding. Location with respect to sources of pollution. Prevalence of floating materials.

COLLECTION OF WATER
INTAKE FROM IMPOUNDING RESERVIORS
 Water quality varies with depth.
 Water from a meter below is preferred.
 Reservoirs have fluctuation in water level, so ports are
advised.
 Intake is usually a concrete tower.

COLLECTION OF WATER
LAKE INTAKE
 If the shores are inhabited, intake should be
developed away from pollution.
 It is advisable to have intake opening 2.5m above
the bottom of the lake.
 Entering velocities must be low, mostly ≤0.15 m/s
entering velocities are used.
 Offshore winds can stir up the sediments, where the
lake is polluted.
 A depth of 6-9 meters is recommended to avoid ice
jams.
 Simple pipe intakes are also used in small lakes.

COLLECTION OF WATER
RIVER INTAKE
 Where rock foundations are available river
intakes can be built resembling a bridge pier
with ports at various depths.
 Simple pipes can also be used for this purpose.
 The bottom must be sufficiently stable and water
should be deep enough to allow a submergence
of atleast 1m at all times with a clear opening
beneath the pipe.
 Where river bottom changes considerably a
shore intake is used.

COLLECTION OF WATER
INTAKE CONDUIT
 A shore intake can also be the supply well for the suction pipe leading to pump.
 Intakes that are located long distance from the pumps usually delivers the water to the
pump well at the shore end by gravity.
 A large pipe is used.
 Velocities are slow but not slow enough to allow the sediments to pass.
 Conduit can be a submerged pipe or tunnel.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
GRAVITY DISTRIBUTION
 This is possible when source of supply is at an
elevation.
 Elevation causes the generation of pressure.
 This is the most reliable and most widely used
method.
 Very high pressures required for fire fighting
purposes can only be obtained from pumps

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
BY PUMPS WITH MORE OR LESS STORAGE
 Excess water pumped period of low
consumption is stored in elevated
tanks.
 During high consumption the stored
water is drawn upon to augment
that pump.
 Pumping is fairly uniform and hence
is economical.
 Used to provide fire pressure,
 Pumps motors are prone to
breakdown.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
PUMPS WITHOUT STORAGE
 Pumps force water directly from source
to main.
 It is the least desirable system.
 Pump failure and cause water shortage.
 As consumption varies the pressure in the
main also fluctuates.
 Large fire service pump may be used
which can provide high pressures.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
STORAGE IS NECESSARY
 Water is stored to equalize pumping
rates over the day.
 To account for high demand.
 Helps fight emergencies.
 Storage is elevated except where direct
pumping is used.
 Elevated storage provides necessary
20psi of pressure at fire pumps.
 They are usually made of steel and has
a capacity of 15000m^3.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
The service pipe
 The pipe extended from main to
consumer’s meter.
 These must be made durable.
 Replace old service of short-lived
material with copper, or cast iron.
 Only 32mm or large size with screw
joints are used.
 Plastic pipes are also used.
 Settlement can damage the pipe.

METERS

METERS
 Necessary to record consumption of water.
 It is a well established feature in large cities.
 Some times domestic users are not metered only the large consumers
are metered.
 Maintained by water department.
 Meters have traditionally been made from bronze and other
corrosion resistant alloys.
 Meters are read monthly.
 A compound meter measure a large capacity.

VALVES

VALVES
Various types of valves are used for conveyance of water.
GATE VALVES
 Used to cutoff water supply when
maintenance is required.
 Mostly placed at the corner of the streets.

VALVES
GLOBAL AND ANGLE VALVES
 Seldom used.
 High headloss.
 Mostly used in households.

VALVES
PLUG VALVES
 Also known as cone valves.
 Oil is applied for lubrication.
 Used for high pressure systems.

VALVES
BUTTERFLY VALVES.
 Widely used in low pressure
applications.
 Used in filter plants.
 Handle upto 125psi.
 Have numerous advantages
over gate valves

VALVES
PRESSURE REGULATION VALVE
 Reduce pressure.
 Functions by using upstream pressure to
throttle the flow.
 Adjustable control allows to set
pressure.

VALVES
BACK FLOW PREVENTERS
 Automatic valves designed to
prevent contamination.
 Maybe be either double check
valves or reduced pressure
valves.
 Used based on needs.

VALVES
ALTITUDE VALVES
 Used to control flow from
elevated storage.
 Flow is permitted when it is
indicated that water is
required.

VALVES
AIR-RELIEF VALVE
 Air accumulate in pipes causing
interference.
 Air relief valves are placed where
trouble is expected.
 Automatic type valves are preferred.
 They allow accumulated air to
escape.

FIRE HYDRANTS

FIRE HYDRANTS
 Consist of cast iron barrel with a
bell or flange.
 A hydrant should be able to
deliver 2.3 m^3/min with a
friction loss of not more than 3 psi.
 Should have a 63.5mm hose
outlet.
 They are classified based on
number of available hoses.

THANK YOU…….