Comparison of Physical Properties of Lactose

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LACTOSE, THEIR
GRANULATION AND TABELETING BEHAVIOUR
Change in behaviour of the formulation can result due to the source of lactose powder from
where it is procured. There is a possibility that the lactose obtained from two completely
different sources was of two different state forms or isomers which are α- and β- lactose
isomers. The molecular structures of α- and β -lactose isomers is a little different in regards
with the conformation of hydrogen- and a radical on the primary carbon atom in the
aldohexose moiety. Each form can become each other incessantly. This development is
termed as mutarotation. Molecular structure of α-lactose and β-lactose has significant effects
on characteristics like solubility, crystallization behaviour, and its morphology.
α-lactose hydrate crystals are terribly brittle and it is seen that within the drug manufacturing
industry, this form of lactose is employed more often as an excipient or inert substance within
the production of solid dosage forms like tablets undergoes wet granulation process followed
by direct compression. But β-lactose crystals are even more brittle as compared to α–lactose
crystals because they do not contain water of crystallization in their molecular structure. Due
to this property it is mainly used as fillers in binding the tablets under processing in the
industry. (Rescaglio, De Smet , Aerts & Lumay,2019 ).
Physical properties like wetness, absorption and hygroscopicity are associated with the
granulation and tabletting manner of production used as an inert substance, so are necessary
physical characteristics.

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CHARACTERIZATION TEST TO BE PERFORMED ON ALL NEWLY SOURCED
FORMULATION INGREDIENTS-
CHROMATOGRAPHY
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) – An advanced technique usually used
in dissociating particles of a mixture mainly employed in chemical and other biological
processes. (Kumar, Bhatia & Rawal, 2018).It uses an ultraviolet detector that is capable of
observation of many wavelengths (Devi Manjula and Ravi, 2012).
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Spectrophotometry
In this technique transmission of material properties are transmitted quantitatively as a direct
function of wavelength. Ultraviolet ray spectrophotometry particularly applied within the
analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms have has inflated quickly over a previous couple of
years.
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
Electrophoretic methods
This technique is based on the dissociation of charged particles through any tiny capillary
under an electrical field. During this process the particles are perceived as speaks as they
meet up with the detector that permits quantitative estimations.

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PARTICLE PROPERTIES-
Powder flow and Powder density-
Presence of air between the lactose particles is the sole reason behind low lactose powder
density .Compaction of powders overtime can lead to increase powder density .Therefore the
density of a powder is classified as two types ,one being bulk density which is the density of
loosely discharged powder and the other is regarded as tapped density which is the density
when compacting the powder. Hausner ratio is the ratio of tapped density and bulk density.
This quantitative relation is powerfully associated with the flow properties of lactose powder
(Misiuk,2010). Coarse powders have higher flow properties as compared to fine powders.
Powders having low Hausner ratio has a flow which is comparatively better than powders
having high Hausner ratio.
OPTIMISED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO FEWER BATCH
FAILURES AND COST
One of the most common solid dosage forms in medicine are tablets . The active
pharmaceutical ingredient is main factor in the development of an acceptable consumable
formulation. For competing in business, the compression operation needs to be cost effective.
Difference in the product quality can be mainly due to the variability in the methods
employed during its processing , therefore use of advanced and appropriate methodology in
order to provide better product quality is necessary. Energy consumption should also be
controlled to ensure some cost cutting. With standard tabletting method, an appropriate
amount of powder is processed to make a pill which includes direct compression with dry and
wet granulation. Direct compression is the most economical and appropriate method
employed as compared to other processes since it involves dry mixing and compaction of
active pharmaceutical ingredient with necessary excipients. Tablet producing process is a
well-established technology but still a big improvement in the methodologies undertaken , the