Fundamental Perspectives of HAVAC

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Abstract:
This report contains Fundamental Perspectives and argues how HAVAC is critical and
most important in our daily life. The paper lights up the facts and historical background
of Heating, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Refrigeration. Segmented overview about
history, scientific advancement, manufacturers and Product Design and major
applications of HVAC are Discussed. In manufacturers international are considered
.Highly ranked companies are discussed along with their leading product in air
conditioning. Some of Products are discussed individually. In Applications this report
shows the versatility of overlapping branches of each filed and industry, science,
agriculture, medical and most important houses and offices. In short this report signifies
the fact that HVAC is meeting the new human Comfort level.

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Contents
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (HVAC) .......................................... 5
1 HVAC: ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Heating: ................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Ventilation: ........................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Methods for ventilation; ....................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Mechanical or Ventilation: ........................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Natural Ventilation: ...................................................................................... 6
1.4 Air-Conditioning: ................................................................................................. 6
1.5 Refrigeration: ....................................................................................................... 6
2 History of HVACR systems........................................................................................ 7
3 Technological Advancements in HVACR .................................................................. 8
3.1 Technological Advancements .............................................................................. 8
3.1.1 Learning Thermostat ..................................................................................... 8
3.1.2 Self-Diagnosis: .............................................................................................. 9
3.2 Variable-Speed Blowers ....................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Smart Control Systems ............................................................................... 10
3.2.2 Mini-split Systems for Zoned Cooling. ...................................................... 11
3.2.3 Clean Air Technology ................................................................................. 11
3.2.4 Geothermal systems. ................................................................................... 12
3.2.5 Magnetic refrigeration ................................................................................ 13
3.2.6 Freeze Concentration Technology: ............................................................. 14
3.2.7 THE "ON COMMAND" HOT WATER RECIRCULATOR .................... 15
3.2.8 THERMALLY-DRIVEN AIR CONDITIONING ..................................... 15
3.2.9 THE ICE-POWERED AIR CONDITIONER ............................................ 16
3.2.10 Quiet Duct Wrap: ........................................................................................ 16
3.2.11 THE DUAL FUEL HEAT PUMP .............................................................. 17
4 Applications of Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning................................................... 17
4.1 Domestic Air-Conditioning: ............................................................................... 17

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4.1.1 Spot Heating: .............................................................................................. 17
4.1.2 Spot Cooling ............................................................................................... 18
4.2 Industrial Air-Conditioning: ............................................................................... 18
4.3 Environmental Laboratories: .............................................................................. 18
4.4 Clean Rooms: ..................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Dark Rooms: ...................................................................................................... 20
4.6 Computer Room Air-Conditioning: ................................................................... 20
4.7 Power Plants: ...................................................................................................... 21
4.8 Residential Air-Conditioning: ............................................................................ 21
4.8.1 Window Air-Conditioner: ........................................................................... 21
4.8.2 Split Air-Conditioner: ................................................................................. 22
4.8.3 Indoor Unit: ................................................................................................. 22
4.8.4 Outdoor Unit: .............................................................................................. 22
4.9 Packaged Air Conditioner: ................................................................................. 23
4.9.1 Packaged Air Conditioners with Water Cooled Condenser:....................... 23
4.9.2 Packaged Air Conditioners with Air Cooled Condensers: ......................... 23
4.10 Central Air-Conditioner:................................................................................. 24
4.10.1 Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning plant: .............................. 24
4.10.2 Chilled water central air conditioning plant: .............................................. 24
4.11 Automobile Air-Conditioning: ....................................................................... 25
4.12 Food Industry:................................................................................................. 26
4.13 Temperature: ................................................................................................... 26
4.14 Air Distribution: ............................................................................................. 26
4.15 Ice Skating Rink: ............................................................................................ 27
5 Manufacturers of HVACR ........................................................................................ 28
5.1 International manufacturers................................................................................ 28
5.1.1 Carrier Corporation: .................................................................................... 29
5.1.2 Carrier products .......................................................................................... 29
5.1.3 Daikin Industries ......................................................................................... 30
5.1.4 Daikin products: .......................................................................................... 30
5.1.5 Hitachi ......................................................................................................... 31

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5.1.6 Blue Star...................................................................................................... 31
5.1.7 Whirlpool .................................................................................................... 31
5.1.8 Voltas .......................................................................................................... 32
5.1.9 LG ............................................................................................................... 32
5.1.10 Samsung ...................................................................................................... 32
5.1.11 Electrolux .................................................................................................... 32
5.1.12 O General .................................................................................................... 33
5.1.13 Videocon ..................................................................................................... 33
5.1.14 Affinity™ Series ......................................................................................... 33
5.1.15 YORK LX Series ........................................................................................ 33
5.1.16 The Lintern.................................................................................................. 33
5.1.17 McCrea ........................................................................................................ 34
5.1.18 Genius ......................................................................................................... 34
5.1.19 Haier ............................................................................................................ 34
5.1.20 Haier products: ............................................................................................ 34
5.2 Local Manufacturers .......................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Teknika Corporation of Pakistan ................................................................ 35
5.2.2 TCP Products: ............................................................................................. 35
5.2.3 4.2.2 MECATECH ..................................................................................... 35
5.2.4 4.2.3 Seasonmaster Engineering Private Limited ....................................... 35
5.2.5 Air Control Engineering Services (ACES) ................................................. 36
5.2.6 S. Zia-Ul-Haq & Sons ................................................................................. 36
5.2.7 Residential and Commercial Services: ....................................................... 36
5.2.8 4.2.6 Nucon Engineers ................................................................................ 37
5.2.9 4.2.7 FORCE Engineering .......................................................................... 37
5.2.10 Venture Engineering (Pvt.) ......................................................................... 37
6 Future horizons of HVAC ......................................................................................... 38
7 References ................................................................................................................. 38

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Figure 1.1 Representation of HVAC
Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
1 HVAC:
HVAC (heating, ventilating/ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor
and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat
transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or
HVACR.
1.1 Heating:
Heating is the transfer of energy to space or to the air in the space by virtue of
temperature difference between source and the space or air. This process may take
different forms, such as direct radiation and free convection to the space, direct heating or
forced circulation of air or transfer of heated water to the vicinity of the space and used to
heat the circulated air. Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e.
warmth) for the building. This can be done via central heating.
1.2 Ventilation:
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature
or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or
carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air
with the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most
important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

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1.3 Methods for ventilation;
 Mechanical or Forced Ventilation
 Natural Ventilation
1.3.1 Mechanical or Ventilation:
Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to
control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be
controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.
1.3.2 Natural Ventilation:
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or
other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when
spaces are small and the architecture permits.
1.4 Air-Conditioning:
Air conditioning (often referred to as AC or A.C) is the process of altering the condition
of air by removing heat and humidity to achieve a more comfortable interior
environments, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied
space such as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
In common use, an air conditioner is a device that removes heat from the air inside a
building or vehicle, thus lowering the air temperature. The cooling is typically achieved
through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air
conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants.
1.5 Refrigeration:
Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled
conditions. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can
also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Refrigeration has
many applications, including, but not limited to: household refrigerators,
industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air. Heat pumps may use the heat output of the
refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be reversible, but are otherwise similar
to air conditioning units.
The refrigeration cycles are;
 Vapor Compression Cycle
 Vapor Absorption Cycle

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2 History of HVACR systems
HVACR systems first used only to preserve food. Most evidence indicates that the
Chinese were the first to store natural ice and snow to cool wine and other delicacies.
Evidence has been found that ice cellars were used as early as 1000 B.C. in China.
Figure 2.1 Ice cells were used to preserve food.
Early Greeks and Romans also used underground pits to store ice, which they covered
with straw, weeds, and other materials to provide insulation and preserve it over a
long period
Ancient people of Egypt and India cooled liquids in porous earthen jars. These jars were
set in the dry night air, and the liquids seeping through the porous walls evaporated to
provide the cooling.
Some evidence indicates that ice was produced due to the vaporization of water through
the walls of these jars, radiating heat into the night air.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, natural ice was cut from lakes and ponds in the
winter in northern climates and stored underground for use in the warmer
months. Some of this ice was packed in sawdust and transported to southern
states to be used for preserving food. In the early twentieth century, it was still
common in the northern states for ice to be cut from ponds and then stored in open
ice houses. This ice was insulated with sawdust and delivered to homes and
businesses.

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3 Technological Advancements in HVACR
HVAC systems are increasingly communicating between the indoor and outdoor
controls while also reducing heat loss and maximizing dehumidifying processes. The
systems also run quieter and are easier to use with touch screen, programmable
thermostats with multiple settings.
These new technological advancements are made possible because
interconnection is at an all-time high. The ability to communicate with our
machines is becoming simpler every day.
While there are some definitive changes in the HVAC components and controls
themselves, some external technologies are also helping to take that efficiency to
even another level.
The driving forces behind these technological advancements are
 Improving efficiency
 Lessening the strain on both the grid and the
environment  Increasing the comfort of rooms in a
home or building.
3.1 Technological Advancements
3.1.1 Learning Thermostat
One of the primary recent advancements in the HVAC industry is the Learning
Thermostat, which is almost a virtual assistant as shown in the figure 3.1. It learns
what temperatures we like and it automatically adjusts the room we are in to our
settings. This Learning Thermostat turns itself off when we leave the room. It is
controllable by Wi-Fi so we can warm up your bathroom before we take a shower
each day (unless the Learning Thermostat has already figured out us like the
bathroom warmer at that time of day) or cool off the house before we get home
from work. The Learning Thermostat also has the ability to turn off during times of
peak demand. This means we save money. With the Learning Thermostat, the
process is completely automated.

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Figure 3.1 Learning Thermostat
3.1.2 Self-Diagnosis:
The newer HVAC systems can also self-diagnose and even repair themselves, much
like a computer does. It may seem that this type of technology would cause repair
personnel to worry about their job security, but this is not the case. Technicians will
still be needed to follow up on those reports and replace worn-out parts.
3.2 Variable-Speed Blowers
Older HVAC systems have two operating options: on and off. This stop-and-go
action can result in temperature variances of up to 10 degrees above or below the
thermostat’s set point. An HVAC installation equipped with a variable-speed fan
can change the airflow speed according to our cooling or heating needs, eliminating
uncomfortable swings in temperatures as shown in figure 3.2, while saving money
on operating costs.

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3.2.1 Smart Control Systems
Using sensors located at strategic system locations, smart thermostats and controls
not only help regulate the temperature but can serve as a communication center too.
Some cooling systems, for example, can notify us when it’s time for AC
maintenance or if there’s a problem that needs an immediate air conditioner repair.
Wi-Fi enabled systems let us monitor system performance and adjust settings from
our smart phone or computer as shown in the figure 3.3
Figure 3.2 Variable Speed Blowers
Figure 3.3

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3.2.2 Mini-split Systems for Zoned Cooling.
Homeowners with radiant heat from a boiler system have more options than ever for
heating and cooling their living spaces, thanks to newer technology that delivers air
comfort solutions in homes with a minimum amount of or no ductwork. “Mini-split”
air conditioner (figure 3.4) options give consumers a choice beyond traditional
window air conditioning units or high-velocity 1 systems for the entire home - both
of which are typically noisy, heavy and offer limited efficiency.
Figure 3.4
3.2.3 Clean Air Technology
New technologies help to improve indoor air quality by reducing air pollutants,
chemical odors, smoke, dust, pollen, mold, bacteria and odors caused by pets and
cooking. Air Scrubber Plus® is a product that is installed directly to our furnace and

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cleans, freshens and purifies the air with UV light waves that produce an effect
similar to nature's outdoor "scubbers"(as shown in figure 3.5) .Other similar products
include electronic air cleaners and highly-efficient replacement filters.
Figure 3.5
3.2.4 Geothermal systems.
These systems tap into the renewable fuel source available from the earth to cool
and heat our home by using electricity to reach the near-constant temperatures deep
underground. We can harness the power that exists in the earth to heat and cool our
home through split or packaged geothermal systems, which offer similar results
compared to traditional air conditioning systems (Figure 3.6). In addition, the
installation of geothermal systems may be eligible for tax credits through 2016.
Figure 3.6

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3.2.5 Magnetic refrigeration
Magnetic Refrigeration is to hit the mainstream with launches planned in domestic and
commercial sectors over next two years.
“Magnetic refrigeration can cover 80 per cent of the vapor compressor market today
– it is not niche.”
A magnetic refrigeration cycle employs a solid-state magnetic material as the working
refrigerant, and exploits the magneto caloric effect (MCE), or the ability of a material to
warm up in the presence of a magnetic field and cool down when the field is removed
(Figure 3.7) Heat absorption and heat rejection are facilitated by thermally linking
the magnetic material with the cold source and hot sink respectively, using an
environmentally benign heat transfer fluid such as water, anti-freeze mixture or a
gas, depending on the operating temperature range. The forces involved in applying
and removing the magnetic field provide the necessary network input to the cycle for
heat pumping from the source to the sink.
Figure 3.7

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3.2.6 Freeze Concentration Technology:
Refrigeration technology has opened the gate for developing freeze concentration (FC)
technology.
By using the latest refrigeration developments new concepts are being created that make
freeze concentration more competitive with traditional concentration methods.
Food liquids consist of water and dissolved solids. In most cases the water content is
90% or more. Part of this water can be removed by concentration as shown in figure
3.8.
The advantage of using freeze concentration is that the original characteristics of the
product are maintained as:
 Low temperature processing prevents heat damage
 Efficient separation of the water in the form of pure ice crystals prevents loss of
aroma or dry matter.
The concentrated product has the same basic quality as the original.Therefore, the success
of freeze concentration is based on quality preservation.
Figure 3.8

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Freeze concentration consists of two parts: crystallization and separation.
The advantages of freeze concentration to the food industry are attributed directly to
the distinct improvement in quality over existing products, while slurry
crystallization provides a significant overall cost reduction that will challenge
quality oriented liquid food markets.
3.2.7 THE "ON COMMAND" HOT WATER RECIRCULATOR
This product, produced by Taco, Inc., out of Cranston, Rhode Island, saves money,
energy and water while delivering hot water in a timely manner. It involves installation of
the "On Command" pump that attaches to the hot and cold water lines under a kitchen or
bath fixture in a home. When activated, it allows the cool water being drained to circulate
back to the water heater through the cold water line, allowing hot water to be delivered at
any time 24 hours a day as shown in figure 3.9.
Figure 3.9
3.2.8 THERMALLY-DRIVEN AIR CONDITIONING
Chromasun, based out of North Sydney, as in Australia, makes a thermally-driven
chiller that provides a low-cost alternative to conventional air-conditioning units,
which are electrically driven. That sounds like a mouthful, but essentially these
chillers make use of solar energy that, when running short, can be supplemented by
natural gas. The company makes it own solar panels that generate a high enough
temperature to drive a doubleeffect chiller, which it describes as its most effective
system ( figure 3.10) The company's double-chiller system is said to provide more
cooling than comparative photovoltaic systems, and eliminates electricity costs.

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3.2.9 THE ICE-POWERED AIR CONDITIONER
Ice Energy, based out of Glendale, Calif., uses an ice-powered air-conditioning unit
called the Ice Bear to cool buildings and in most cases, reduce a building's total net
energy consumption. In a very abbreviated description, the Ice Bear works by freezing
450 gallons of water in a tank overnight and making that available for cooling the next
day. When the Ice Bear is switched from its Ice Charging to Ice Cooling mode, it
provides cooling for up to six hours. After its ice has melted, the job of cooling reverts
back to the building's conventional commercial A/C unit, which is why the Ice Bear
works in conjunction with a conventional unit
3.2.10 Quiet Duct Wrap:
It is made from recycled denim fabric that has been diverted from the landfill, has no
irritants and low VOCs. And like other duct wrap, it reduces the heat loss and gain that
occurs through air ducts (figure 3.11). As well, it has no fiberglass, eliminating
potential itching or skin irritation, and carries a Class-A Fire Rating. Its aluminum
barrier provides protection from air currents, moisture and vapors and reflects
unwanted radiant heat.
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11

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3.2.11 THE DUAL FUEL HEAT PUMP
ARS Rescue Rooter, with various U.S. locations, notes that the combination of a gas
furnace and electric heat pump can provide the most comfortable and efficient type
of heating for various temperatures. Above 35 degrees, the dual pump (figure 3.12)
makes use of electricity to heat the home, providing warmth that is not too dry. At
lower temperatures, the pump utilizes gas heat to provide better efficiency. Although
the cost of a dual fuel heat pump can cost $600 to $1,000 more than a conventional
system up front, this can be recouped over the next several years in energy costs, the
company notes.
4 Applications of Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning & refrigeration (HVAC&R) constitutes up to 35
percent of energy used in manufacturing facilities.
Some of the applications of Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning in different fields are;
4.1 Domestic Air-Conditioning:
4.1.1 Spot Heating:
Spot heating involves placing a heating unit in each area to be heated. Options include
gas, wood, or electric heating appliances, or a heat pump. These options can be cheaper
but will not heat every area in your home unless you have multiple units.
We are all familiar with the traditional concept of gathering around the kiwi wood fire in
the lounge and this is a great example of a spot heating system.
Figure 3.12

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Figure 4.1 figure illustrate the spot cooling system.
4.1.2 Spot Cooling
Spot cooling refers to portable air-conditioning that is used in overheated areas in a large
space such as in a major data center. Spot coolers can be placed in the areas that require
consistent temperatures. They are generally used to maintain certain temperature in an
enclosed room with large number of servers and IT equipment that generates a lot of heat.
4.2 Industrial Air-Conditioning:
The term industrial air-conditioning here to providing at least a partial measure of
comfort for workers in hostile environments but also to controlling air conditions so that
they are favorable to processing some object or material.
Industrial air-conditioning may have following applications;
4.3 Environmental Laboratories:
Literature shows that human beings spend 80–90% of their time in enclosed spaces, such
as houses, office buildings, and schools. Such spaces have restricted air circulation.
Therefore, indoor air quality may be worse than outdoor air quality. In many buildings,
the occupants themselves are a major source of indoor air contaminates. Although
carbondioxide (CO2) (a gas that is produced when people breathe) may not be considered
to pose serious health effects, some research has indicated that individuals in schools with
high CO2 concentration have been associated with increased frequency of health
symptoms.

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Figure 4.2 this is one of laboratory and ventilation and air conditioning
is required.
Figure 4.3 Clean Room, nearly dustless
High CO2 concentration in Environmental laboratories causes discomfort for the workers.
So there should be a proper air-conditioning system for the environmental laboratories.
4.4 Clean Rooms:
Cleanrooms are used in practically every industry where small particles can adversely
affect the manufacturing process. They vary in size and complexity, and are used
extensively in industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, biotech,
medical device and life sciences, as well as critical process manufacturing common in
aerospace, optics, military and Department of Energy.
A cleanroom is any given contained space where provisions are made to reduce
particulate contamination and control other environmental parameters such as
temperature, humidity and pressure. The key component is the High Efficiency
Particulate Air (HEPA) filter that is used to trap particles that are 0.3 micron and larger
in size.

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Figure 4.4.1 To proper work of the chips in
computer, Air conditioning is required
4.5 Dark Rooms:
Dark rooms also need specific humidity and air purity conditions. A darkroom is a
workshop used by photographers working with photographic film to make prints and
carry out other associated tasks. It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow
the processing of the light sensitive photographic materials, including film
and photographic paper. Applications of darkrooms include the use in nondestructive
testing, such as magnetic particle inspection. Due to the popularity of color photography
and digital photography darkrooms are decreasing in popularity
4.6 Computer Room Air-Conditioning:
A computer room air conditioning (CRAC) unit is a device that monitors and maintains
the temperature, air distribution and humidity in a network room or data center. CRAC
units are replacing air-conditioning units that were used in the past to cool data centers.
According to Industrial Market Trends, mainframes and racks of servers can get as hot as
a seven-foot tower of powered toaster ovens, so climate control is an important part of the
data center's infrastructure.
Figure 4.4 Dark Room

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Figure 4.5 Power Plant, has a cooling system
as shown.
4.7 Power Plants:
A power plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power
stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical
power into electrical power. Power plants need air-conditioning in control rooms, offices
and meeting rooms etc.
4.8 Residential Air-Conditioning:
In the United States approximately 5 million room air-conditioners are sold every year,
and most of them are used for residential service.
Types of residential air conditioning units can be;
1) Window Air-Conditioner
2) Split Air-Conditioner
3) Packaged Air Conditioner
4) Central Air-Conditioner
4.8.1 Window Air-Conditioner:
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest types of air
conditioners. Window air conditioners are the most popular type of air conditioner being
used now-a-days.
Window air conditioners are comprised of components like the compressor, condenser,
expansion valve or expansion coil, and the evaporator or the cooling coil, all housed in a
single box. There is also a motor which has shafts on both sides. On one side of the shaft
the blower is connected, which sucks hot air from the room and blows it over the cooling
coil, thus cooling it and sending it to the room. On the other shaft the fan is connected,
which blows the air over Freon gas passing through the condenser.

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Figure 4.6 Window Air conditioner
4.8.2 Split Air-Conditioner:
Split air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where window
air conditioners cannot be installed. However, these days many people prefer split air
conditioner units even for places where window air conditioners can be fitted.
The split air conditioner can be installed in rooms and offices where you don’t want to
disturb the setup of the room and avoid demolitions in your favorite space. The split air
conditioner takes up a very small space of your room, looks aesthetically cool and makes
very little noise.
There are two main parts of the split air conditioner. These are:
4.8.3 Indoor Unit:
It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office. This is
a beautiful looking tall unit usually white in color, though these days a number of stylish
models of the indoor unit are being launched. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil
or the cooling coil, a long blower and the filter.
4.8.4 Outdoor Unit:
This unit houses important components of the air conditioner like the compressor,
condenser coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed
outside the room or office space which is to be cooled.

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s
4.9 Packaged Air Conditioner:
The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning
capacities up to 5 tons. The central air conditioning systems are used for where the
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used for the
cooling capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are
available in the fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are used
commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.
There are two types of packaged air conditioners;
4.9.1 Packaged Air Conditioners with Water Cooled Condenser:
In these packaged air conditions the condenser is cooled by the water. The condenser is
of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water
flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied continuously in these systems
to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system.
4.9.2 Packaged Air Conditioners with Air Cooled Condensers:
In this packaged air conditioners the condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by
the atmospheric air. There is an outdoor unit that comprises of the important components
like the compressor, condenser and in some cases the expansion valve (refer the figure
below). The outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any other open place where the
free flow of the atmospheric air is available.
Figure 4.7 Air conditioning system with indoor and
outdoor unit

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Figure 4.8 Packaged Air conditioners and coolers
4.10 Central Air-Conditioner:
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc are to be air conditioned completely. The window
and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. If the whole
building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air
conditioner in each and every room. Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool
the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
There are two types of Central air conditioning plants;
4.10.1 Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning plant:
In this system the huge compressor and the condenser are housed in the plant room, while
the expansion valve and the evaporator or the cooling coil and the air handling unit are
housed in separate room. The cooling coil is fixed in the air handling unit, which also has
large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return air from the room via ducts and
blows it over the cooling coil.
4.10.2 Chilled water central air conditioning plant:
This type of system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a number of floors.
It has the plant room where all the important units like the compressor, condenser,
throttling valve and the evaporator are housed. The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the
tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low temperature, while on the shell side the
brine solution is passed.

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Figure 4.9 Chilled Water Central air conditioning Plant.
Figure 4.10 Automobile Air Conditioning System
4.11 Automobile Air-Conditioning:
Automobile air conditioning (also called A/C) systems use air conditioning to cool the
air in a vehicle. The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve
years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative
experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941.
A car cooler is an automobile window-mounted evaporative cooler, sometimes referred to
as a swamp cooler.

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Figure 4.14.11 Temperature is maintained by air
conditioning
4.12 Food Industry:
Properly designed air handling systems control airborne particulates and odors and
minimize the risks to products from airborne contamination by infectious pathogens (e.g.
Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli) and toxigenic pathogens (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus
and clostridia) and spoilage microorganisms (e.g. yeast, molds, pseudomonads and lactic
acid bacteria). In addition to control of airborne contamination, the following variables
are important to the specification of the air handling system.
4.13 Temperature:
Temperatures below 13oC should only be used when higher temperatures would be
prejudicial to food safety.
4.14 Air Distribution:
To remove the heat imposed by the processes and people, to provide sufficient fresh air,
prevent the ingress of airborne contamination and avoid regions of stagnant air.
Factors that affect the choice of air changes in the food industry are as follows;
 Volume of the space
 Cooling capacity (the removal of heat)
 Number of people working
 Temperature differences with adjoining work areas
 Humidity and odor control
 Over pressure required

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Figure 4.12 In ice skating Clubs, to maintain temperature
proper HVAC is required
 Air quality required
4.15 Dehumidifiers :
A dehumidifier is generally a household appliance which reduces the level
of humidity in the air, usually for health or comfort reasons, or to eliminate musty odor.
Large dehumidifiers are also used in commercial buildings such as indoor ice rinks to
control the humidity level.
By their operation, dehumidifiers extract water from the conditioned air. This collected
water (usually called condensate) is not normally used for drinking, and is often
discarded. Some designs, such as the ionic membrane dehumidifier, dispose of excess
water in a vapor rather than liquid form. The energy efficiency of dehumidifiers can vary
widely
4.16 Ice Skating Rink:
An ice rink (or ice skating rink) is a frozen body of water and/or hardened chemicals
where people can ice skate or play winter. Besides recreational ice skating, some of its
uses include ice hockey, bandy, rink bandy, ringette, broomball, speed, figure skating, ice
stock sport and curling as well as exhibitions, contests and ice shows.
4.17 Desalination:
Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture.

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Figure 4.13 Heat directly effects this process and
a conditioning system is connected
4.18 Chemical and Process Industries:
The chemical and process industries include the manufacturers of chemicals, petroleum
refiners, petrochemical plants, paper and pulp industries etc. some important functions
served by refrigeration in the chemical and process industries are;
 Separation of gases
 Condensation of gases
 Solidification of one substance in a mixture to separate it from others
 Maintenance of a low temperature of stored liquid so that the pressure will not be
excessive
 Removal of heat of reaction
5 Manufacturers of HVACR
5.1 International manufacturers
There are several HVACR manufacturers in world but Carrier Corporation, a U.S.
company named after Willis Carrier is still the top HVAC Company. It is a $13.5
billion manufacturing company and has over 43,000 employees in 170 countries.
The Japanese companies such as Daikin, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Toshiba and Sanyo
are also global companies. LG and Samsung from South Korea are aggressive in
making competitively priced unitary products. The Chinese companies Haier, Midea
and GREE produces 50% of the world HVAC & Refrigeration products.
When buying HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment, it is
always a good idea to check the brand name and after the sale service support. Many
consumers go for the price of the unit but forgot that the after sale service is equally

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important. Sooner or later you will have to service your air conditioning unit. Make
sure that the spare parts are readily available and reasonably priced.
5.1.1 Carrier Corporation:
Carrier Corporation has manufacturing facilities globally and is the largest air
conditioning manufacturers in the world. This company is strong in commercial
buildings HVAC applications such as chillers and air side equipment. Other products
include package indoor and outdoor units, split units and heating equipment such as
boilers and furnaces. The brand name marketed besides Carrier include Bryant,
Payne, Weather maker, Weather master, Centurion (rooftop units) and Aqua zone
(water source heat pump) to name a few.
5.1.2 Carrier products
 Air Conditioners
 Heat Pumps
 Geothermal Heat
 Pumps
 Ductless Systems
 Fan Coils
 Evaporator Coils
 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
 Air Cleaners
 Humidifiers
 Dehumidifiers
 Ventilators
Fig 5.1

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5.1.3 Daikin Industries
Daikin Industries from Japan is the pioneer in VRF or Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
HVAC systems. The company called these systems VRV or Variable Refrigerant
Volume and has been very successful in this area. This system vary the flow of
refrigerant to the room/space that required cooling or heating depending on the demand.
It can also provide both heating and cooling at the same time in different parts of the
building.
The company acquired OYL Group, a Malaysian company in 2006 and with it is having
brand names such as McQuay (HVAC), J&E Hall (Refrigeration & HVAC) and AAF
(American Air Filtration). With the acquisition, Daikin Industries is now the second
largest HVAC manufacturer in the world after Carrier Corporation.
5.1.4 Daikin products:
 Split/multi split type air conditioners
 Unitary (Ducted split)
 Air to water heat water system
 Heating system
 Air Purifiers
 Medium / Low Temperature Refrigeration
 Sky Air (Packaged Air Conditioners for Shops & Small Offices)
 VRV (Multi-Split Type Air Conditioners)
 Ventilation Products
 Control Systems
 Packaged Air Conditioners for Facilities & Factories
 Container Refrigeration Units
 Air Cooled Chillers
 Water Cooled Chillers
 Rooftops
 Air Side Equipment
 Air Filters
 Marine HVAC

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Fig 5.2
5.1.5 Hitachi
This is another multinational company with its headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Some
of the bet types of air conditioners have been produced by Hitachi for global
consumers and the brand has used invincible technologies such as a marvelous elf
cleaning system and an immense cooling effect.
Hitachi products:
 Room Air Conditioners
 Heat Pumps
 Utopia Split Systems
 Set Free VRF
 Samurai Chillers
Hitachi provides control systems for all of these products.
5.1.6 Blue Star
Founded in the year 1943, the company Blue Star has recently teamed up with Hitachi,
another thriving multinational company. Owing to the latest technology used in their
air conditioners, the company has a high demand and popularity of their products.
Moreover, the Air conditioners are affordable since they are not priced very high.
5.1.7 Whirlpool
The headquarters of this multinational brand are in Michigan, United States. It is the
most favored brand of people who are looking for some of the best air conditioners at
really affordable prices. This is chiefly because of their turbo cool and MPFI

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technology which are the newly developed technologies of the brand. The exclusive
feature of the company is its MPFI technology under which a proper circuit design is
provided for rapid heat exchange, with the help of a Japanese Compressor and usage
of all its copper internals.
5.1.8 Voltas
Established in the year 1954, Voltas is an Indian multinational company with its
headquarters located in Mumbai, India. The company from the moment of its
inception has been exclusively producing world class air conditioners along with
other cooling systems. , Voltas has been successful in gaining the trust of millions of
people across the world. The evidence of the company’s success can be seen in the
magnificently tall, Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which is fully covered with air
conditioners belonging to Voltas.
5.1.9 LG
Originating from South Korea, the company has quickly and capably climbed the
ladder of success. The company has been successful in producing some of best
household electronic appliances including televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners
etc. A variety of technologies such as jet cooling system, plasma filtration and
inverter technology have made the company stand out at the international market.
Apart from their extensive technologies, minimum usage of Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) for the air conditioning duct is yet another reason for the yearning of this
brand.
5.1.10 Samsung
This immensely popular company has its origins in South Korea. However, its first
manufacturing unit was in Noida and since that time, the brand has continued to
expand. Its air conditioners have marvelous technologies such as star rating, turbo
cleaning and humidification.
5.1.11 Electrolux
Offering a wide range of kitchen and home appliances, Electrolux has earned the
reputation of providing you with almost every household item you require. The one
product that is responsible for a rapid increase in the sales and revenue of the
company is its air conditioner. Both types- split and window air conditioners are
available along with a three stage filter known as oxy guard set up in the AC. This
filter is known to provide a great cooling effect in window air conditioners.

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5.1.12 O General
A brand manufactured by ETA General, O General is a joint Venture between Fujitsu
General and ETA- Ascon group which is based in Dubai. With its headquarters in
Chennai and manufacturing facility in Puducherry, the company announced its plans in
2014 to build a new manufacturing unit in India. O General air conditioners are relied
upon by the customers for optimum cooling.
5.1.13 Videocon
Videocon is one of the few Indian multinationals which are into the production of the air
conditioners. This company has launched a vast range of air conditioners in the recent
years and all of them are well designed as per their category.
5.1.14 Affinity™ Series
Affinity™ Series split system air conditioning units offer higher energy efficiency than
standard models — plus, an innovative Quiet Drive™ Comfort System for very quiet
operation
5.1.15 YORK LX Series
LX Series split system air conditioners fit your needs with efficient models that
reduce your utility bills and advanced Micro Channel coil technology that provides
more cooling in a smaller footprint
Fig 5.3
5.1.16 The Lintern
To be the world quality leader in the innovation, design, manufacture and service of
severe-duty air conditioning and filtration equipment.

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5.1.17 McCrea
McCrea offers all types of Ductless HVAC products including Mitsubishi, the
industry leader in ductless HVAC solutions. McCrea is a Mitsubishi Diamond
contractor. One of their best product is geothermal heating and cooling.
5.1.18 Genius
This company has following specification in HVAC:
 Round Type Cooling Towers
 Square Type Cooling Towers
 Square Type Compact Cooling Tower
5.1.19 Haier
The Chinese manufacturers have been making waves in almost every consumer
products globally due to the lower labor and material cost compared to the develop
countries. In HVAC, the major air conditioning manufacturer is Haier which is based
in Qingdao, China. Haier also makes other household appliances such as televisions,
refrigerators, washing machines and other white goods products.
5.1.20 Haier products:
 Refrigerator
 Freezer
 Air conditioner
 Commercial air conditioner
Fig 5.4

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5.2 Local Manufacturers
5.2.1 Teknika Corporation of Pakistan
TCP is an engineering solution provider company which was established in 2002
and specializes in the field of Industrial Automation & Control, HVAC,
Instrumentation and Electrical works. Based on the principles of thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics, and heat transfer TCP’s HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) Design Team endeavors to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality for medium to large industrial or office buildings. HVAC team
delivers design optimized for Energy Efficiency in which safe and healthy building
conditions at our customers’ premises are maintained with respect to temperature
and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors as well.
5.2.2 TCP Products:
 Chillers
 Central Air Conditioners
 Heat Pumps (Air Source and Geo thermal)
 Package Terminal Air Conditioners
 Package Terminal Heat Pump
 Energy-Efficient Fan Motors
 Programmable Thermostats
5.2.3 4.2.2 MECATECH
MECATECH has been a leader in the development of engineering services in
Pakistan providing internationally recognized HVAC/mechanical equipment and
services across the country.
5.2.4 4.2.3 Seasonmaster Engineering Private Limited
Our services include installation of pipes, ducts, equipments, valves & specialties etc.
required to complete HVAC plant rooms, air handling rooms and air conditioned area in
construction space SEL offers following services to its clients;
 Central Heating and Ventilation system  Central Air conditioning system.
 Industrial plant exhausts system.
 Heat recovery system.
 Power and steam generating plants.
 Refrigeration system.
 Cogeneration system.
 HVAC system in Clean rooms.
 HVAC system for CRAC units.

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 Mechanical structures/foundation for HVAC equipment
5.2.5 Air Control Engineering Services (ACES)
It is indeed great pleasure to introduce our company Air Control Engineering Services
(ACES) as an expert primarily in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration
(HVAC-R) projects &associates application. Since the inception in HVAC field Air
Control has earned renowned & distinct name through provision of our outstanding
expertise & services. We from ACEs platform exclusively provide following
professional services: Installation & Execution of complete project.
Air Control Engineering Services is engaged in following areas:
 Installation & commissioning of Air
 Conditioning systems of (all type) complete in all respect  Complete ducting
piping & other distribution network.
 Planning, measurement, sizing & routing of duct, chilled water piping, drain
network, control wiring, MCC & MCCB complete in all respect.
5.2.6 S. Zia-Ul-Haq & Sons
One stop shop does everything for your HVAC needs whether it is Window or Split
Package or industrial Air Conditioning & Heating system. We can provide support
and services. We are specialist HVAC & Refrigeration Engineering Contracting
Company providing our services to the onshore, offshore and marine industries in
Pakistan.
Our services include system verification surveys, conceptual design engineering. We
can also provide detailed design engineering, CAD design services, production of
complete engineering documentation packages, including basis of design, system
design calculations, work packs, method statements with the help of our consultant
and international partners.
5.2.7 Residential and Commercial Services:
 Central Air-conditioning and Heating system
 Split system, Roof Top, Hanging Package and SCAV unit
 Cold Room / Ice Factory / Cold Stores
 Refer Trucks / Trailers
 Duct Work
 Air cleaner

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 Humidifier & Dehumidifier
 Window Units services and installation
 Energy Management as per consultant and client advices.
 Mechanical / Electrical & HVAC Engineer available for Planning, drawing, filing
and expedition
5.2.8 4.2.6 Nucon Engineers
Nucon Engineers is a proud dealer of Carrier and Toshiba HVAC solutions,
equipment, parts and supplies with over three decades of experience. We offer
HVAC design, sale, erection and maintenance services for most Carrier and Toshiba
systems, because our engineers and technicians get regular trainings, at Carrier and
Toshiba factories, to update their knowledge and acquaintance with newer
technologies and products.
5.2.9 4.2.7 FORCE Engineering
FORCE Engineering is proud to play effective role in HVAC Industry by providing
economical, ethical and reliable, quality services to the clients. Our employees are our
precious asset and our clients are blood and life of the business. We strive to earn their
business and serve to make clients for lifetime.
5.2.10 Venture Engineering (Pvt.)
Venture Engineering (Pvt.) Ltd. is a leading Manufacturer, Trading Company,
Distributor/Wholesaler deals in chillers, HVAC system, storage tanks in Pakistan.
5.2.11 KARAMAD
Since 2000 KARAMAD has strived to be a leader in the HVAC industry, exceeding
customer expectations. We KARAMAD established in 2000 to manufacture all types
of industrial Cooling Towers, Heat exchangers, Fans. Blowers, Dampers, Dust
Collectors, Air Devices, Air Ducts, Louvers, Filters & Air handlers etc. Our products
meet all fixed international standards in terms of quality. We have a long list of
satisfied clients just because of our exceptional quality products.
5.2.12 Forte Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd
Forte Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd is a leading provider of industrial HVAC and Power Generation
solutions. For over 30 years since its inception, Forte has gained valuable experience and
achieved dominance in the Supply, Installation & Maintenance of Mechanical Projects.
In its infancy the company’s main area of focus was Air conditioning Systems.

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6 Future horizons of HVAC
Air conditioning system contractors are in constant search for the ultimate HVAC
system. Yet, with the constant technology innovations which have started popping out on
the market in the past decade, it is difficult to put your bet on a single system. The
ultimate heating and cooling system needs to fit into a series of requirements to match the
needs of both the contractor companies and the customers. It has to serve its purpose
while giving a better solution to the demands of the current timeline along with fitting
budget and lifestyle of its targeted market. And while determining the features of the
ultimate air conditioner of the 21st Century is rather an impossible task, it raises many
questions about the future of the HVACR systems and the balance between health, safety,
comfort and efficiency.
The HVAC systems typically serve a number of domestic comfort purposes, the main of
which are heating, cooling and ventilation. Air conditioning contractors usually strive to
provide a full package of these three without considering the flaws of a combined system.
Despite being a considerably affordable option, this approach results in a number of
disadvantages. The vented duct design is characterized by a series of issues such as
inconvenient zoning, noisiness, poor insulation, leakages and health threats.
Traditional ducted air conditioning systems are way behind the required results for air
quality and high standards. This necessitates a series of changes which come with the
creation of an improved HVAC system. There is a number of alteration which could be
made to the current system design.
7 References:
1. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Analysis and Design 6th Edition
By McQuistion, Parker & Spitler
2. Refrigeration , Air Conditioning by R S Khurmi & JK GUPTA
3. https://www.tranter.com/literature/markets/hvac/TIS-112A.pdf
4. http://www.slideshare.net/NAMDEOSHINDE15/hvac-system-
inpharmaceutical-industry
5. https://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_hvaceng.php
6. http://www.achrnews.com/articles/102491-some-considerations-of-
powerquality-in-hvac-applications