Construction Methodologies

1
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGIES
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures...................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................2
Project description...........................................................................................................................2
PROJECT OUTLINE...............................................................................................................2
Early works......................................................................................................................................2
Site clearance...................................................................................................................................2
Site establishment............................................................................................................................3
Demolition work..............................................................................................................................5
Pile driving.......................................................................................................................................6
Substructures (abutment, roadwork)................................................................................................7
Abutment form and construction.....................................................................................................7
Abutment form.................................................................................................................................7
Abutment layout..............................................................................................................................8
Abutment construction.....................................................................................................................9
Road works....................................................................................................................................10
Superstructures (headstock, deck).................................................................................................13
REQUIRED MAJOR EQUIPMENT.....................................................................................13
MATERIAL USED IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION...........................................................16
GANTT CHART....................................................................................................................22
WORKSITE SKETCH...........................................................................................................24
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................24
Introduction....................................................................................................................................24
Materials and methods...................................................................................................................25
Ecological impact..........................................................................................................................25

3
Physical-chemical impacts.............................................................................................................26
Human impact................................................................................................................................26
CONSTRUCTION STAGING...............................................................................................27
Clearing and Excavation................................................................................................................27
Site establishment..........................................................................................................................28
Construction of the foundation......................................................................................................28
Construction of supports................................................................................................................29
Assembly and introduction of the superstructure..........................................................................30
Pouring the slab.............................................................................................................................30
Bridge finishes...............................................................................................................................30
TRAFFIC CONTROL............................................................................................................31
Illumination and reflection............................................................................................................31
Position of the road signs...............................................................................................................31
Erection of the signs......................................................................................................................31
Traffic control plans......................................................................................................................33
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN.......................................................................................35
Hazard assessment/ identification..................................................................................................36
Emergency resources.....................................................................................................................37
Communication Systems...............................................................................................................38
Administration of the plan.............................................................................................................38
Emergency Response Procedure....................................................................................................39
Debriefing and Post-Traumatic Stress Procedure..........................................................................40
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................41
References..............................................................................................................................41

4
List of figures
Fig 1: portable toilet.........................................................................................................................6
Fig 2: Plans of the two commonly used abutment forms: a) wing-wall abutment form b) spill-
through abutment form..................................................................................................................10
Fig 3: Abutment layout..................................................................................................................11
Fig 4: Embankment geometry.......................................................................................................12
Fig 5: Army asphalt distributor......................................................................................................13
Fig 6: Towed aggregate spreader...................................................................................................14
Fig 7: Asphalt meal........................................................................................................................14
Fig 8: Asphalt kettle.......................................................................................................................15
Fig 9: Site sketch...........................................................................................................................27

5
INTRODUCTION
Project description
Highway bridges are very important components of any government’s transportation
network, bridges have received a lot of focus from government agencies , since they are the
key elements of the nation's transportation system because they control the capacity of the
transportation system, because the bridges are the highest cost per mile of the system and
because if bridges fail all the highways system fails (Mallett, 2018).
The project will involve bridge replacement, including 2km approach resurfacing on each side,
the bridge replacement will remove the existing structurally deficit culvert box. The project will
also involve the restoration of the stream geomorphology, enhancement of the overall ecological
function and the enhancement of the fish habitat and passage. This report will focus on
Developing a Construction Program for the bridge replacement, Development of a Construction
Traffic and Access Management Plan and Formwork design (Tadros, 2012).
PROJECT OUTLINE
Early works
This will involve the following:
Site clearance
This is the activities that will be carried out to prepare the site for the replacement of the bridge
and resurfacing of the 2km road. The process will involve clearing the site of any equipment or
machinery, rubbish, unwanted or surplus materials among others. The site clearance will also
involve clearing away the available surface soil and vegetation and leveling and preparing the
ground for the planned bridge replacement. A lot of care should be taken to ensure that there are

6
correct approvals being put in place, especially for trees and another type of vegetation which
will require protection (Mattew, 2016).
During site clearance, site waste management will be prepared prior to the commencement of
site clearance. The plan will describe how the materials will be managed effectively and
disposed of legally, explaining how the recycling and re-use of the construction material will be
maximized. Different types of wastes available on the site will be removed efficiently and safely.
In case of any contaminated waste or potentially hazardous substances such as asbestos,
professional will be consulted and come up with ways on how they handle them carefully
(Administration, 2014).
Site establishment
An effective and efficient site establishment offers the foundation for successful project delivery,
organizing and structuring the temporary facilities required to support replacement and road
resurfacing. While a small construction project is known to require a small temporary site
establishment, large projects such as bridge replacement may need extensive site infrastructure.
Before the resurfacing of the 2Km road and the replacement of the bridge, it will be very
important to have a site establishment checklist.The checklist will be very important in preparing
the site before the start of the construction works. The site checklist will include and not limited
to:
i) Site amenities
This is the facilities that will be provided at the site to ensure that the construction activities run
smoothly and they will include; site sheds, toilets, tool lockups, running water, lunch rooms, etc.

7
Fig 1: portable toilet
ii) First aid equipment
This will the tools and equipment that will be used in case of an accident. They will be stored in
a prominent location within the site (Kim, 2014). Some of the tools and equipment that will be
stored on site include; sterile eye pads, moist wipes, medium to large sterile dressings, eye baths,
safety pins, etc.
iii) Neighbor notification letters
All the neighbouring the road and the regular users of the bridge together with the road to be
resurfaced will be served with letters and notification that will be positioned on the site to
notify them of the intended construction activities. The letters and the notifications will
contain the expected start dates and the site contacts which will enable them to connect with
any relevant authority in case of any issue (Russo, 2015).
iv) Acquiring of permits

8
There will need to obtain al relevant permits before the commencement of the construction
works. The permits will include items such as work zones, skip bins and traffic control items
Demolition work
Bridge demolition work will be the most technical work to be carried out in this project. It will
caution and a lot of care in order to ensure that very little debris will escape onto the roads and
the river below, as well as the protection of the site workers. Below, are different materials and
components included in the construction of a bridge that requires different methods and
approaches for demolition (Pritchard, 2017).
Bridge demolition methods
i) Hydraulic breakers
This technique makes application of boom-mounted breakers to break apart the bridge
components and materials and it can be adapted to undertake underwater demolition of bridges
for the abutments and supports. This method creates a lot off debris, noise, vibrations, and dust.
ii) dismantling
This technique usually involves cutting a bridge into sections and removing them one by one
using cranes. Using water-jetting, thermal lances, and sawing, the bridge can be cut into sections
and then disposed of without production of dust and noise (McCahon, 2018).
iii) Bursting
Three are three different types of bursting that are used in the bridge demolition i.e. mechanical,
chemical and pressure bursting. Each type, despite using a different technique, uses some kind of
pressure to force the concrete to break and split. All three methods do not produce noise nor dust.