This article discusses the methods and techniques used in highway design, including the profile, alignment, and cross-section. It also covers the different types of foundations used in bridge construction and flexible highway construction.
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1 HNCB 18- CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY By Name Course Instructor Institution Location Date
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2 Task 1 Earthwork Earthwork is an engineering process which involves the excavation, transportation and placement of soil to create space for construction of engineering projects. Earthwork involves three process i.e. 1.Soil excavation 2.Transportation of the excavated soils 3.Placing and compaction of the excavated soils Equipment used in earthwork process The tools used in the earthwork process usually depends on the available resources, site conditions and the amount of earth to be excavated1. For the given scenario different equipment will be used during earthwork process, and they have been grouped according to the earthwork process in which they are used for instance: Excavation equipment These are the equipment that will be used for excavating the ground and they include; Bulldozers oPower shovels oDraglines oBackhoes, oScrapers 1John Newman,Earthwork Slips and Subsidences upon Public Works: Their Causes, Prevention, and Reparation. Especially Written to Assist Those Engaged in the Construction or Maintenance of Railways, Docks, Canals, Roads, Waterworks, River-banks, Reclamation Embankments, Drainage Works,Texas, E. & F.N. Spon, 2014.
3 oClamshells Equipment used for transportation Once the soil has been excavated it will need to be transported to an area where it will be placed. With that different equipment are used and they include; oDumpers oTippers oTrucks oBelt conveyors oGraders Compaction equipment Once the excavated soil has been transported to the region where it will be placed, equipment for compaction will be required and they include; sheep foot rollers, smooth wheel rollers, pneumatic rollers and the vibratory roller equipment. Earthwork techniques For the given scenariodifferent approached and techniques will be used for the earthwork process to be carried out successfully, and some of the techniques that will be employed include; Borrowing, U-cut and the crossbill and cut and fill approach2. Methods to create complex foundation There are many types of foundations that can be used for the given project depending on the factors such as cost, ground conditions, the available materials and the nature of the load to be 2Alex Trenter,Earthworks: A Guide,London, Thomas Telford, 2011
4 supported. Different foundations will be adopted will either be deep or the shallow foundations. The shallow foundations will be used where the load imposed on the structure is relatively low as compared to bearing capacity of the soil Where else the deep foundations are used where the bearing capacity of the surface soil is insufficient to support the imposed loads and thus there is need for the loads to be transferred to deep layers which have a higher bearing capacity3. Method used for pilling works The piles will be installed through the drilling of the vertical holes into the soil by the use of a bore pilling machine. This will be achieved by the use of the pile drivers. The pilling work will be preferred in regions that have unstable surface soil. Different techniques can be used for pilling works depending on the material, function and the installation procedure. The following are the different types of the pile foundations methods; Based on use or function Friction piles Soil compaction piles Load bearing piles End piles Sheet piles Based on material and construction methods Timber piles 3John Macneill,Tables for Calculating the Cubic Quantity of Earth Work in the Cuttings and Embankments of Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads,Chicago, Roake and Varty, 2016
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5 Steel piles Concrete piles Work of drainage The Drainage work will involve activities such as: oDiverting runoff of the storm water oControl of rill type of erosion through sheet runoff management oPortioning of the site into areas of drainage to make them manageable oMinimizing soil erosion by controlling the velocity of the flow. Methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction The construction of the underpasses and the culverts will involve different techniques such as: The use of Pipe arch culvert This type of culverts refers to the culverts which are semi circled in shape. This type of the culverts are normally appropriate for the construction of underpasses where there is a large flow of water4. Application of pipe culverts This is the commonly used , this type of culverts are normally round in shape and they exist in single or multiple numbers. Methods and techniques utilized in large and complex earth moving operations and deep excavations 4Alberto Munguia,Field Book For Quality Control In Earthwork Operations,Sydney, iUniverse,2015
6 In the construction of the office blocks, deep excavation will be used while using an effective support system in protecting the cut. Since it is not possible to avoid groundwater completely, it will be advisable to use a cofferdam. The sheet pile cofferdam can be used for digging up to 15m deep Techniques used in dealing ground and slope stability for slopes found to be unstable Use of external and internal stabilization system will be the most effective method to address the issue of instabilities of the slope. External stabilization will involve the use of steel bin walls, cantilever and timber crib. For the case of the internal stabilization, reinforcement mechanisms will be used. The retaining walls will be used in the reduction of the angle of the slope. Task 2 Hazards and risks associated with working in confined spaces and working on structures There will bemany risks and hazards associated with working in a confined spaces and they include: Toxic atmosphere, excessive heat, flowing or free flowing solids, flammable or explosive atmosphere and oxygen deficiency5. Hazards and risks associated with working on tall structures There will may risks and hazards that might occur due to working on heights and they include; Accidents due to slip strips and falling, harmful materials, falling and moving objects, collapse of the structure and noise pollution from the working equipment and tools. Method statement of site installation 5Robert Roberts,Earthwork: later poems from the Otter Valley, Chicago, Pikestaff Press,2018
7 The team that will be dealing with the site installation will be made of four members who will be getting directives directly from the managers regarding the following. oEmergency of procedures oWelfare facilities oPossible hazards identification oRestrictions regarding security oRules of the site The process begins with the delivery of conservatory of about 7.5 tons by a lorry which is to be offloaded on the site by the team members. Issues relating to the safety and they will include the use of safety gadgets All the materials on site will need to be checked and any shortage noted should be reported to the team leader. The stacking of the components to be done in a manner that reflects the order of their requirement. This is to be followed by plumping of rainwater pipes that are properly fixed by the use of brackets6 Initial erection of the frames to be done. Finally hanging of the doors Opening vents fittings Trimming of the metal components of the roofing’s Roof glazing to follow 6John Gardner,Earthwork in Railway Engineering, Read Books, Kiev, 2018
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8 Safety plan Duty to be performedRequirementsN/AName of individual responsible Supervision of site safety Need to be competent safety of the Crane operation Need to be qualified inspection and design and of false work Need to be qualified Checking of ladders conditions Need to be competent Use of heavy equipment Need to be qualified Plans to avoid fall at the site Need to be competent Construction site Risk Assessment plan Sample Form of risk assessment Name of the person carrying out an assessment: Date:
9 Assessment steps: Possible/known risk and hazards connected with the operations(Xia et al.2016): The possible aftereffects: What are the likely consequences? What is the likely degree of the damage? What kind of a person is actually or likely to be at risk? What remedies are to be put in place to remove the hazard or lower the level of risk? Are there risk control mechanisms that are likely to fail?What are the possible aftereffects? Any need for training? The degree of remaining risk: What kind of activity to be carried out in the event of an emergency: Any place or points to refer if any:
10 Assessor’s signature: Health and safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering sites The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (also referred to as HSWA, the HSW Act, the 1974 Act or HASAWA) is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive, with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Justification The determination of the proper site installations will be of importance in ensuring that the equipment and the materialsthat will be used for construction will remain during theperiod of the exercise.It should therefore not be undermined or overlooked. The safety plan that has been recommended will also help to reduce cases of accidents and death in the period of construction. Task 3 The environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contests of a civil engineering problem The industrial complex is set to be located close to a river that drains its content into the Thames. The discharge from the industrial plant will definitely affect the water bodies. The surface runoff will carry spills of oil, diesel, and paint chemicals into the river. The excavation process will set
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11 loose debris and dirt that will again make water in the river to be turbid. These are possible environmental interference that must be given attention. The PH of the soil will effectively change as a result of the acid nature of the pollutants. This will affect the geological integrity of the area for other construction works. The groundwater quality will deteriorate and its treatment is expensive and such projects may not be economically viable. How the environmental, geotechnical, quality and economic contexts of the problem identified ï‚·Containers carrying chemicals like paints, and oil should properly be monitored ï‚·Application of the chemicals for curing should only be done after the protection of the drains. ï‚·Surface runoff with the pollutants should be managed at a specific place including pits7. The industrial complex is set to be located close to a river that drains its content into the Thames. The discharge from the industrial plant will definitely affect the water bodies. The surface runoff will carry spills of oil, diesel, and paint chemicals into the river. The excavation process will set loose debris and dirt that will again make water in the river to be turbid. These are possible environmental interference that must be given attention. The PH of the soil will effectively change as a result of the acid nature of the pollutants. This will affect the geological integrity of the area for other construction works. The groundwater quality will deteriorate and its treatment is expensive and such projects may not be economically viable. 7Antony Wood,The Tall Buildings Reference Book, Berlin, Routledge,2018
12 ï‚·Containers carrying chemicals like paints, and oil should properly be monitored ï‚·Application of the chemicals for curing should only be done after the protection of the drains. ï‚·Surface runoff with the pollutants should be managed at a specific place including pits. Task 4 Methods and techniques used in highway design Highways are designed in conjunction with the design standards and guidelines. These are normally adopted by the national authorities. The design standards takes into account the speed, road grade, types of vehicles, view obstruction and stopping distances. The accurate application of the set standards along withaccurate engineering judgment it is possible for the engineers to design a road which is much safe, comfortable and at the same time appealing to the users. The highway design can be can be categorized into three main parts i.e. the profile, alignment and the cross section. The profile of the highway refers to the vertical aspects of the road , which include the sag and crest curves and the straight grades lines which connects them The alignment refers to the route of the road which is defined as a series of horizontal tangential curves The cross-sectionnormally show the position and the number of vehicles, sidewalks and bicycle lanes along with their cross slope. Methods and techniques used to create bridge foundations and flexible highway construction foundations
13 The bridge foundations are very critical since they must have enough strength to support the entire weight of the bridge and the traffic loads which will be carried by the bridge. There are different types of foundations that can be used for the bridge construction and they include; i)The pile foundations The pile foundation is normally slender columns or a long cylinderwhich is made of different materials such as steel and concrete which are mainly used to provide support structures by transferring their loads to the desired depths either by the end bearing or the skin friction8. ii)Caissons foundations A caisson foundation is also referred to as a pier foundation. This type of foundation is watertight retaining structure which is usually applied in the construction of bridge piers. The foundation is usually a fabricated hollow cylinder or box which is sunk into the ground to a certain depth and it is then filled with concrete hence forming a foundation. iii)Drilled shaft foundation The shaft foundations are usually constructed within the deep excavations supported by lining constructed in place and the subsequent filled with concrete or any other pre-fabricated loading bearing units. Proposal for the infrastructure of the accessibility Considering that the industrial complex will be having several industrial units, accessibility and transportation of raw materials must be given priority. Also dealing with highly perishable goods 8Ruth. Bosman,Contaminated Soil '95: Proceedings of the Fifth International Fzk/Tno Conference on Contaminated Soil, 30 October-3 November 1995, Maastricht, the Netherlands, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, 2016
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14 like foodstuff, effective transport must be provided. In order to address this, a proposal to have more access roads to the industrial complex unit has been made as per the diagram or sketch shared. The design of the highway takes into consideration the capacity of the expected load to be handled. The design of the highway basically starts with the subgrade. The subgrade is made up of the bottom cut and the embankment. The materials choice is properly made in order to obtain a perfect quality of the superior pavements. In this regard, the efficiency, performance, and thickness of the pavement will be affected directly by the bituminous material, subsoil, and aggregates. The base course will be installed just immediately after the upper wearing surface. This is expected to be of super quality compared with the basement soil. The uppermost component of the design will be a flexible product which is durable and structurally integral9. Conclusion The conceptualization design of the industrial complex was done under consideration of several factors that were important. The structural integrity and performance of various components took precedence over all other factors. This was necessary to enhance safety. The materials selection like the use of steel concentrated primarily on the performance and not aesthetic value. It is contemplated that the implementation of the conceptualized design will be characterized by good results that are profitable to the investor. 9Wilson Tang,Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, London,National Academies, 2015
15 References Bagchi, Adhikari, 2014. Image-based retrieval of concrete crack properties for bridge inspection.Automation in construction,39, pp.180-194. Kilic, Alani, 2013. Applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in bridge deck monitoring and assessment.Journal of Applied Geophysics,97, pp.45-54. Moselhi, Dabous, 2017. Concrete bridge deck condition assessment using IR Thermography and Ground Penetrating Radar technologies.Automation in Construction,81, pp.340-354. Fieguth, Koch, 2015. A review on computer vision based defect detection and condition assessment of concrete and asphalt civil infrastructure.Advanced Engineering Informatics,29(2), pp.196-210. Basily, Prasanna, 2016. Automated crack detection on concrete bridges.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,13(2), pp.591-599. Matos, Straus, 2016. Performance indicators for roadway bridges. InIABMAS Conference 2016(pp. 965-970). Taylor & Francis. Zhang, Xia, 2016. In-service condition assessment of a long-span suspension bridge using temperature-induced strain data.Journal of Bridge Engineering,22(3), p.04016124.
16 Johns, Alex, 2013. Experimental assessment of high-rate GPS receivers for deformation monitoring of bridge.Measurement,46(1), pp.420-432.
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18 References Bosman, Ruth,Contaminated Soil '95: Proceedings of the Fifth International Fzk/Tno Conference on Contaminated Soil, 30 October-3 November 1995, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Berlin,Springer Science & Business Media,2016. Gardner,John,Earthwork in Railway Engineering, Read Books, Kiev, 2018 Macneill, John,Tables for Calculating the Cubic Quantity of Earth Work in the Cuttings and Embankments of Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads,Chicago, Roake and Varty, 2016 Munguia,Alberto,Field Book for Quality Control in Earthwork Operations,Sydney, iUniverse, 2015 Newman,John,Earthwork Slips and Subsidences Upon Public Works: Their Causes, Prevention, and Reparation. Especially Written to Assist Those Engaged in the Construction or Maintenance of Railways, Docks, Canals, Roads, Waterworks, River-banks, Reclamation Embankments, Drainage Works,Texas,E. & F.N. Spon, 2014. Robert Roberts,Earthwork: later poems from the Otter Valley, Chicago, Pikestaff Press, 2018 Tang, Wilson,Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, London,National Academies,2015 Trenter,Alex,Earthworks: A Guide,London, Thomas Telford, 2011 Wood, Antony,the Tall Buildings Reference Book, Berlin, Routledge, 2018