Simulating and Understanding Localised Corrosion of Additive Manufactured Stainless Steels

This project presents localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels under simulated pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion conditions.

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PROJECT INITIATION
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SIMULATING AND UNDERSTANDING LOCALISED CORROSION OF ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURED STAINLESS STEELS UNDER SIMULATED PIPELINE
MECHANICAL CORROSION AND EROSION CONDITIONS.
Introduction
Localized corrosion refers to the selective removal of the metal by corrosion at small zones or
areas on a metal surface corrosive e environment, normally a liquid. It generally occurs when
small local sites are attacked at a rate which is higher than the rest of the original surface
(AlMangour, 2014, p. 710). Usually, the localized corrosion occurs when corrosion works with
other destructive processes such as fatigue, erosion, stress and any other forms of the chemical
attack. The localized can cause more damage than any one of the individual destructive process
individually. There exists a wide range of localized corrosion, wastage, heat exchanger tube
denting, intergranular attack corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion
(Uduwage, 2015, p. 983).
In the recent past, additive manufacturing has got tremendous attention because of the ease in the
production of the complex metallic parts which are used in different applications such as
petrochemical and aerospace (Milewski, 2017, p. 159). Nevertheless, there is very scarce
literature regarding the corrosion behavior of the additive manufactured alloys. This project
presents localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels under simulated pipeline
mechanical corrosion and erosion conditions (Godfrey, 2018, p. 772).
Aims and objectives
The main aim of this project is to simulating and understanding localized corrosion of additive
manufactured stainless steels under simulated pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion

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conditions. With that different specific objectives were set to assist in achieving the main aim of
the project and they include;
1. Finding out what Localized corrosion is
2. Understanding the concept of additive manufacturing
3. To find out the properties of stainless steel (Baughman, 2018, p. 332)
Literature review
Stainless steels are considered as very important class of alloys which has wide range of
application in industries. The stainless steel are known to possess a high level of resistance to
corrosion which is associated with the availability of alloyed chromium, which facilitates the
formation of chromium oxide, which is highly based on passive film upon the metal
surfaces (Davis, 2018, p. 82). The additional of extra elements such as such as nitrogen, copper,
aluminum, Selenium and carbon can greatly modify the resistance to corrosion, increase
strength, machinability, ductility and the phase’s presents in the stainless steel. (AlMangour,
2018, p. 78).
Corrosion testing
Corrosion of the polished stainless steel is investigated by the mutilation of many methods which
includes cyclic potentiodynamic, potentiostatic holds and the double loop electrochemical
potentiokintic reactivation with the post- and premortem analysis (Virtanen, 2014, p. 332).
Methodology

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This section discusses the strategies and research approach which was used to collect relevant
data regarding the Localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels under simulated
pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion. Some of the techniques that were used include;
i) Computer simulations
This will involve the use of computers to represent the dynamic response of one system through
the actions of another system which is modeled after (Wimpenny, 2018). The simulation of the
Localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels will make application of
mathematical descriptions, or by models of an actual system in the form of a computer program.
The model will be composed of the equations which will duplicate the functional relationship
within the actual system (Shishkovsky, 2018, p. 32). When the program will run, the subsequent
mathematical dynamics will form an analog of the actions of the actual system, with the results
presented in the form of data. There will be many advantages with the use of computer
simulations during the research and they include;
The Localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels will be much easier since the
computers will make use of ‘what if ‘analysis. By using this technique, it will be possible to deal
with large amounts of data without any challenge. The simulations will also guarantee perfect
and accurate results (Raj, 2017, p. 329). Even though there are many benefits which will be
accrued from the use of simulations there are also some setbacks of simulating Localized
corrosion of additively manufactured stainless steels such as; the challenge of constructing the
simulation model for stainless steel under simulated pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion
conditions (Wang, Pennsylvania, p. 43).
ii) Experiments

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This will involve carrying out a practical session in a controlled environment such as a
laboratory (Dahotre, 2018, p. 443). The simulated pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion
conditions will be provided to ensure that the findings of the experiment will show the true
picture about localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels under simulated
pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion conditions. There are many advantages which are
associated with the use of experiments during research and they include; the utilization of
experiments in this research will be the most casual way to draw conclusions (Krauss, 2017, p.
111). This is because of the emphasis in controlling the extraneous variables. The application of
experiments in the study of localized corrosion of additive manufactured stainless steels under
simulated pipeline mechanical corrosion and erosion conditions is straight forward and efficient
which will facilitate making conclusions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Localized corrosion refers to the selective removal of the metal by corrosion at
small zones or areas on a metal surface in a corrosive e environment, normally a liquid. It
generally occurs when small local sites are attacked at a rate which is higher than the rest of the
original surface. Corrosion of the polished stainless steel is investigated by the mutilation of
many methods which includes cyclic potentiodynamic, potentiostatic holds and the double loop
electrochemical potentiokintic reactivation measurements. This research project will make
application of computer simulations and experimental research to collect the required data.

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References
AlMangour, B., 2014. Additive Manufacturing of Emerging Materials. 3rd ed. Chicago:
Springer,.
AlMangour, B., 2018. Additive Manufacturing of Emerging Materials. 4th ed. Paris: Springer.
Baughman, B., 2018. Additive Manufacturing of Metals: The Technology, Materials, Design and
Production. 3rd ed. Chicago: Springer,.
Dahotre, N. B., 2018. Laser Fabrication and Machining of Materials. 3rd ed. Chicago: Springer
Science & Business Media.
Davis, J., 2018. Stainless Steels. 5th ed. London: ASM International,.
Godfrey, D., 2018. Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Stainless Steel Alloy. 4th
ed. London: ASTM International, .
Krauss, G., 2017. Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance. 4th ed. Kiev: ASM
International.
Milewski, J. O., 2017. Additive Manufacturing of Metals: From Fundamental Technology to
Rocket Nozzles, Medical Implants, and Custom Jewelry. 4th ed. Texas: Springer,.
Raj, K., 2017. Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels: Mechanism, Mitigation and Monitoring.
2nd ed. Chicago: Elsevier.
Shishkovsky, I., 2018. Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys:
Modeling and Optimization. 5th ed. Chicago: BoD – Books on Demand.

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Uduwage, D. S. D., 2015. Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel-Hydroxyapatite
Bio-composite. 5th ed. Texas: Minnesota State University, Mankato,.
Virtanen, S., 2014. Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion IV: A Symposium in Honor of the
65th Birthday of Hans Böhni : Proceedings of the International Symposium. 3rd ed. Sydney: The
Electrochemical Society.
Wang, Z., Pennsylvania. Experimental Characterization and Modeling of Multiaxial Plasticity
Behavior of 304l Austenitic Stainless Steel 304l Produced by Additive Manufacturing. 1st ed.
2017: Pennsylvania State University, .
Wimpenny, D. I., 2018. Advances in 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing Technologies. 2018
ed. London: Springer.