1. SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC ENERGY By Name. Course Instructo

Hi I don't need the ppt. only 2000 words report. the ppt and summary was due before. I have attached both of them below. I just need the report based on the summary and ppt attached below. I want HIGH QUALITY report based on the summary attached below. MORE INFORMATION NEEDED. do check the details mentioned in the ( Assignment 3 details ) NOTE:MAKE SURE THE TOPIC REMAINS SAME. and the criteria must be followed as mentioned in details of assignment 3. PLEASE do use the information from summary attached below as well as this was the first part of this assignment which I did by myself ( this must need to link with this report) .

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SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC ENERGY
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

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SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC ENERGY
Table of Contents
Executive summary......................................................................................................................2
Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
Research background...................................................................................................................3
Aims and objectives....................................................................................................................4
Significance of the research.........................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................4
Methods for converting solar power into electricity....................................................................4
Solar photovoltaic technology.....................................................................................................5
Monocrystalline silicon PV panels..............................................................................................6
Polycrystalline silicon PV panels................................................................................................6
Thick-film silicon PV panels........................................................................................................6
Amorphous silicon PV panels......................................................................................................7
Application of solar PV technology.............................................................................................7
Research methodology.................................................................................................................7
Interviews.....................................................................................................................................8
Review of secondary sources.......................................................................................................9
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................9
References....................................................................................................................................9

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Executive summary
Population growth and industrial development have greatly led to increased global energy
demands. Moreover, Global environmental concerns which are coupled with the steady progress
in renewable energy technologies, are currently opening up new opportunities for the utilization
of renewable energy resources. In the current times, Solar energy is the Clean, most abundant
and inexhaustible source of renewable energy. Solar energy from the sun is considered as the
main source of all energies.
Electricity can be obtained from solar energy by the use of many methods, for instance, using
sunlight to directly b produce electricity or by making use of solar energy as thermal energy. The
technology of generating electricity from the sunlight is relatively exciting an new, this offers
new opportunities in generating ‘green electricity'. This technology is usually referred to as Solar
photovoltaic or simply PV, which is also referred to as solar electric. The solar photovoltaic
offers have the ability to produce electricity in a quiet, clean and renewable manner. This system
utilizes the abundant energy from the sun, to produce electricity with the production of harmful
greenhouse gases which affects the climate.
Introduction
In order to secure the future for future generations, it is very essential to reduce energy
consumption and cut greenhouse gases. World leaders from different parts of the globe have
resolved to tackle global warming by agreeing and signing to the Kyoto Protocol, which is an
international treaty committing signatory countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse

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gases. Majority of the countries which are signatory members of the Kyoto Protocol are actively
involved in putting measures to meet the 12.5% cut of the greenhouse gas emissions (Reinders,
2015, p. 12). Nevertheless, there is no single solution for the signatory nations to reduce their
emissions. The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that by 2050 under its high
renewable scenario, solar photovoltaic and the concentrated solar power would be likely to
contribute to approximately 11 to 16 % of the world electricity consumption and thus the
solar would be the largest source of electricity in the world (Fthenakis, 2013, p. 78).
Research background
The spectrum of the solar rays covers approximately 250nm to roughly 2500nm in wavelength,
as shown in the figure below.
Fig 1: Solar radiation spectrum By the way visible light of human beings covers from 400 to 700
nm, at which band the light is very dense, about 1.5 W/m2/nm at 400 nm, going up to about 1.75
W/m2/nm at about 550 nm and then comes back to 1.5 W/m2/nm at 700 nm as can be deduced
from the figure (Zaidi, 2018, p. 22).The solar heating is as a result of the entire solar spectrum,

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due to that, even the white painted cars, gets hot because though most of the visible light is
reflected, but the remaining parts of the spectrum heat the car.
Aims and objectives
The main aim of this research is to find out the developments in Solar Photovoltaic Energy. With
that specific objectives were set to aid in achieving the main aim of the research and they
include;
1. Reviewing the technology of Solar Photo-voltaic Energy
2. Understanding the Solar Photo-voltaic technology
3. To determine different techniques used in solar generation
4. To determine different types of solar photovoltaic panels
5. To find out the applications of Solar Photo-voltaic technology (Fischbach, Chicago, p.
221)
Significance of the research
The findings of this research will greatly assist anyone working in solar PV technology through
the introduction of the new developments in Solar Photo-voltaic technology. This paper will be
of great importance in helping them review the Solar Photo-voltaic technology as on date along
with different incentives schemes being introduced by the governments to attract, the use of
renewable energy.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Methods for converting solar power into electricity
Usually there are two methods of converting the solar power into electricity i.e. thermal
method which is based on concentrating the solar power in the reflectors or any other types of

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mirrors to create high temperatures which are used to produce water vapour or other liquids
with high pressure, which have potential to rotate turbines to generate electricity or to use a
photovoltaic complete system (John M. Fowler, 2013, p. 778).
Solar Thermal electricity generations
This technique is generally based on the concentrated solar thermal technology by making
application of the mirrors to concentrate sunlight. Usually, there any way that is done. Some
systems make application of curved mirrors which are normally parabolic mirrors which have
the ability to track the movement of the sun and focus the sunlight at the pipes which are
normally filled by liquids mostly water (Villoz, 2017, p. 153).
Solar photovoltaic technology
The solar energy has experienced remarkable developments in the recent past, this has been
attributed to technological development and favorable government policies which advocates
for the use of renewable energy such as solar energy. There is tremendous scope for the
growth of the solar market. Nevertheless, two factors which affect the growth of the solar
market according to use our lack of proper knowledge about the solar technology amongst
the solar energy consumers and the operation of the poor quality solar energy products in the
market. The photovoltaic which is also referred to as solar cells are electronic devices which
are used to convert sunlight directly into electricity (SOLANKI, 2018, p. 830).
The photovoltaic power was discovered by Edmond Becquerel in 1839. The first ever working
solar cell was successfully developed by Charles Fritts in 1882. The solar cell was made up of
thin cells of selenium and then they were coated by gold. Though the utilization of the solar
panels for the generating of electricity and heat seems to be a relatively new development in

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the field of energy, the solar cells have been widely used to generate power since the early
1900s.The first crystal Silicon solar was produced in 1954 by Bell laboratory mass. The bell
PV has the capability of converting 4% of the solar energy into electricity , this rate was
considered the cutting edge in the energy sector developments.
The solar energy has of the recent past experienced an impressive technological shift , while
the early solar technologies comprised of the small-scale photovoltaic cells. The recent
advanced technologies are represented by the CPS (solar concentrated power) and also by the
large-scale PV systems which feed electricity into the grids which are made of different types
of the solar photovoltaic panels (Resources, 2017, p. 221).
Monocrystalline silicon PV panels
This type of solar cells is made by the use of sliced single cylindrical crystal of silicon.
This is considered as the most effective photovoltaic technology, generally converting
approximately 15% of the sun’s energy into electricity. The cost of the Monocrystalline silicon
PV panels is high due to the complicated manufacturing process.
Polycrystalline silicon PV panels
This is also referred to as multicrystalline cells , this type of cells are made from cells that
are cut from an ingot of the melted and the recrystallized silicon. The ingots are then saw-cut
into very thin wafers which are assembled as complete cells. This technology is usually cheaper
to produce as compared to the Monocrystalline cells, this is because of the cheaper
manufacturing process. This type of solar cells tends to be slightly less efficient, with an average
efficiency of approximately 12%.

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Thick-film silicon PV panels
This refers to a variant on a multicrystalline technology where silicon is usually deposited in
the continuous process on the base material thus giving a fine-grained, sparkling appearance.
Just like all the crystalline PV, it is generally encapsulated in a transparent insulating
polymer with a tempered glass cover and then bound into a metal framed module (Palz,
2010, p. 342).
Amorphous silicon PV panels
The amorphous silicon solar cells are made by depositing silicon in a thin uniform layer onto
the substrate rather than developing a rigid crystal structure. As this cell absorbs light much
more effectively as compared to the crystalline silicon, the cells of the amorphous silicon can
be thinner , thus its name the alternative name of ‘thin film PV'. The silicon in these cells can
be deposited on a wide range of substrate , which is both flexible and rigid, this makes it
ideal for the curved surfaces or for bonding directly onto the roofing materials. This
technology is nevertheless, less efficient as compared to the crystalline silicon, with general
efficiency of approximately 6%, but at the same time, it tends to be cheaper and easier to
manufacture. In the situations where the roof space is not restricted, the amorphous products can
be the best option.
Application of solar PV technology
The advancements in the photovoltaic technologies have made it possible for many applications
such as; Streetlight, vaccine refrigerators, cell phone charger, backpacks, solar fabrics, tents and
bike locks (Villoz, 2017, p. 78)
Research methodology
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Review of secondary sources
This will involve reviewing different secondary sources such as books, journals , magazines
and other sources which might contain data relevant to the research topic. The review of
secondary sources will enable the researcher to get a deeper understanding of the research
topic and be in a position to reanalysis the research which was carried out by other scholars.
Conclusion
There is tremendous renewable energy which is available and solar energy is one of them for
generating electricity. The utilization of the Solar Photo-voltaic Energy will greatly assist in
reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases. The solar energy has of the recent past
experienced an impressive technological shift , while the early solar technologies comprised
of the small-scale photovoltaic cells. The recent advanced technologies are represented by the
CPS (solar concentrated power) and also by the large-scale PV systems which feed electricity
into the grids .

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References
Billing, B., 2017. The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management. 5th ed. London: National
Academies Press,
Fischbach, T., Chicago. Irrigation Systems for the Solar-photovoltaic Energy Program. 8th ed.
London: Department of Energy,
Fthenakis, V. M., 2013. A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems: With Special Focus
on Photovoltaic Systems. 2nd ed. Berlin: Elsevier Science.
John M. Fowler, 2013. Electricity from the Sun I: Solar Photovoltaic Energy. 2nd ed. Chicago:
Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental and Institutional Relations,
Education Programs Division.
Palz, W., 2010. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference: Proceedings of the International
Conference, held at Cannes. 4th ed. Paris: Springer Science & Business Media.

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Reinders, A., 2015. Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications. 5th ed.
Chicago: John Wiley & Sons.
Resources, U. S. C. S. C. o. E. a. N., 2017. The Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research,
Development, and Demonstration. 4th ed. Berlin: U.S. Government Printing Office.
SOLANKI, C. S., 2018. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS: A Manual
for Technicians, Trainers, and Engineers. 3rd ed. Los Angels: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Villoz, M., 2017. Solar Photovoltaic Energy. 1st ed. Texas: Institution of Engineering and
Technology.
Zaidi, B., 2018. Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials. 4th ed. Chicago: BoD – Books on
Demand.