Strategic Orientation and Organizational Performance

This assignment content comprises a collection of academic articles and books focused on international business, market strategies, entrepreneurship, and organizational effectiveness. The readings explore various topics such as the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and networking capabilities on export performance, government support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), strategic planning and organizational performance, corporate sustainability management, business model evaluation, and technology alignment with business strategy.

Table of Contents
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1
Literature Review......................................................................................................................................1
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................13
References................................................................................................................................................15

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Introduction
In this paper literature review has been written. The literature review is on the strategies for the
Small and Medium Enterprise's internationalization of the local agricultural business in Nigeria.
In a way to complete this literature review, the resources which have been analyzed and referred
are all secondary in nature. Various previous research paper and report has been reviewed and
analyzed mainly to complete this literature review in an effective manner. AT the end of this
entire literature review the proper list of references has also been provided in APA style.
Nigerian Agribusiness industry
Nigeria has the biggest economy in Africa. Agriculture still remains the largest sector of the
Nigerian economy and employs two-thirds of the entire labour force, the production hurdles have
significantly stifled the performance of the sector. Over the past 20 years, value-added per capita
in agriculture has risen by less than 1 per cent annually.
It has subsistence farming segment which has not stayed aware of quick populace development.
It is found from the history that Nigeria is well in agribusiness management. It is one of the
countries which are engaged in the activity of agribusiness. Responding to the needs of the hour
it becomes prime importance for the Nigerian Small and medium agribusiness enterprises to go
internationalization. It is often found that while planning to go internationalization the process
may involve a lot of challenges, barriers, and opportunity. But Nigerian small and medium scale
agri based enterprises should respond to the challenges in an effective manner.
Literature Review
SME internationalization is creating at an aggravating pace in a respect that it will support the
market scenarios where the global market is referred for showing the overall significance of

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SMEs to both neighbourhood and overall markets. Starting late, convey has transformed into a
key kind of SME internationalization. The cultivating portion has wound up being fundamental
to the improvement of the Nigerian economy; to the extent innovative outcomes and occupation
creation, a considerable amount of these is a sound delegate for SMEs ability to convey their
things.
It can be said that it becomes prime importance for the small and medium agribusiness
enterprises go internationalization. It is because it will lead them to perform effectively as well as
efficiently in the stiff competitive market condition at the global level. Internationalization will
enable the small and medium enterprise to develop a global presence and to have and earn
handsome profit. It is fact that more than 69 per cent of the population in Nigeria is engaged in
agriculture business and production (Peng, M. W. 2016). It is providing near about 35 per cent
employment as per the 2010 statistics. Hence, it can be said that going internalization for the
Nigerian agriculture business unit’s especially small and medium enterprise is of significant
importance. It is because it will enable the agribusiness enterprises to perform well at the global
level and also it will help in increasing the customer base. But at the same time selecting the best
strategies and method to adopt while going internationalization should also be considered and
focused at large. It is because applying and adopting proper internationalization process and
strategies play a vital role in making the small and medium enterprise achieve its predetermined
objectives and goals in an effective manner. There are various strategies and method of going
internationalization which a small and medium enterprise can adopt and follow in internalization
process.
Nigerian SMEs have thought of new things and organizations, or better methodologies for
packaging the things with the objective that they are speaking to worldwide buyers. It takes an

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ambitious concentrated firm in Nigeria to present a huge amount of money for conveying
without considering the high danger portrayed in with going abroad that is internationalization.
Many exchanging SMEs will go to the level of getting from the banks, using their homes as
assurance security without considering the last result of losing their homes with the true
objective to convey into an outside country. Ambitious centred SMEs in Nigeria can along these
lines be recognized as firms with a capacity to proactively look for after overall business
establishment that is innovative paying little personality to the threats included. For a firm to
have the ability to make an elucidation of benefits into purposes of intrigue and execution, the
firm needs obvious capacities. It is basic to reliably make, join, and reconfigure firms' aptitudes
and limits with the true objective to adjust to change in the business focus. It has been perceived
by (Hermannsdottir et. al. 2007) that resourceful performance can be critical in achieving firm
execution in an outside market if the internal and external parts are all around balanced.
Internationalization- Theory
Uppsala Theory of Internationalization- Internationalization viewpoint has been inspired by the
Scandinavian. The main highlight of this theory is that there are many reason which make the
small and medium enterprise to go internalization such as if an enterprises want to increase sales
and export and import, needs to establish sound relationship with the foreign countries, need to
build global presence, want to exploit the available resources in an effective manner (Meyer, K.,
and Peng, M. W. 2016).
Location advantage theory- According to this theory small and medium enterprises try to access
the advantage of the location. It is that if an enterprise observes that particular location is very
much feasible for its growth as there is ample cheap and skilled labour are available then surely

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small and medium enterprises try to go internationalization. In order to gain the competitive, as
well as a strategic advantage, the small and medium agriculture enterprises, enter to foreign
market through internalization.
Comparative Advantage Theory- David Ricardo propounded this theory. The theory
acknowledged the nearness of two countries, two things and one component of creation. In his
theory, a country conveys the thing that has brought down close favoured angle and import thing
whose relative cost is higher. The theory moreover acknowledged that the component of
advancement is agreed to the two nations and that trade is balanced and uncovers the surge of
money between nations. In any case, the speculation relies upon the work speculation of
characteristics, which communicates that the expense of the estimations of an item is comparable
to the work time going into the creation strategy. Work is used in a settled degree in the creation
of everything being equivalent (Usman, 2011).
According to the (Ajayi, B. 2016) theory of Proprietorship advantage alludes the small and
medium agriculture enterprises to acquire particular resources, e.g., items, innovations or HR;
and impalpable, e.g., licenses or brands. These resources give favourable position to the
contributing firm by either bringing down the expenses or creating higher income that can
balance the exchange costs engaged with abroad tasks (Ajayi, B. 2016).
According to (Goldman, S. 2018) Nigerian agribusiness organization is facing a financial
problem which is a potential hindrance or blockage in taking decision for going international
operation. In the research study, the author mentioned that Nigerian agribusiness organisation
needs to strengthen its financial condition in order to effectively go for international operation
effectively and efficiently. In the research conclusion, the author mentioned that Nigerian small

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and medium agri based organization are lacking innovative tools and equipment which is
pushing them back to operate at an international level. The main reason which the researcher has
mentioned is the lack of financial planning (Goldman, S. 2018). Hence, it can be argued that
Nigerian small and medium agri based organization must need to have proper financial planning
in a way to avail the opportunity to operate at an international level.
(Whyte 2015) mentioned in his research report that Nigerian small and medium agri based
organization are performing well in the home country. But they are not enough capable and able
to operate at the international market. It is because they are not proactive and are not able to
handle the risk in an effective manner. The main reason for this is Nigerian small and medium
agri based organization are lacking in innovative and latest technology (Whyte et al., 2015).
Which is hindering them to go international.
According to the (Adewumi, B. A. 2008a), there are many strategies for the internationalization
process which helps the small and medium agricultural enterprises in Nigeria. The researcher
highlighted that there are many reasons which pushed small and medium agricultural enterprises
to go for international operation such as capturing the maximum number of the potential
customer, to enhance the global presence, and to effectively utilize the resources. The best
strategies are based on the structure and size of the enterprises. There are no one way best
strategies for internationalization (Adewumi, B. A. 2008a).
Nigeria SMEs are for the most part governed and administered through internal management,
government and medium scale agro-based undertakings having some ability in the making of
mass things consumed in homes and ventures and for passage progressions, especially in genuine
cash yields and natural item age and taking care of. Nigeria is one of the primary countries in the

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age of cultivating things, for instance, natural items, cassava, yam, cowpea and cocoa and what's
more regular items, verdant and root vegetables, grain vegetables and animal things, of which the
mass is from the SMEs. These green things are exceedingly fleeting and records of postharvest
setbacks of this thing are high with Nigeria having up to half it has been represented that
Nigerian cultivation perseveres through disasters as much as half for vegetables, 30% for roots
and tubers, and 20% for grains (FMARD, 2001). This example is counterproductive and does not
bolster agro-based money related improvement in a significantly destitute agrarian economy.
(Bijaoui, I. 2016) mentioned in his research report that Nigerian agricultural enterprise can
effectively go internationalization considering the location advantage theory. It is because
according to the location advantage theory firm can enter into foreign market mainly to achieve
the opportunity related to the location and availability of the resources in an effective manner
(Bijaoui, I. 2016). The researcher also mentioned that there are numerous barriers which
Nigerian Small and medium agriculture are facing while going internationalization. Some
example of barriers are- financial barriers, managerial barriers, industry and firm specify barriers
and so on. The researcher in his research conclusion and findings highlighted that it is very
important to remove the barriers for internationalization in an effective manner. It is because
removing the barriers by implementing strategies is the need of the hour to make the small and
medium agriculture enterprise effective and healthy. The evidence represented so far is found to
indicate that the innovation is another significant driver for the internationalization at the firm
level. The financial barriers thus have been checked as particularly significant for the SME
where there are the novel products as well as technologies (Cheong, Song, & Hu, 2016). In this
respect, from some past research, it has been found that it holds for the organization as it relies
heavily on on in case of advanced knowledge as per the instance from the research institutes or

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for the universities. It is the IPR or intellectual property right which is more significant at this
respect. So this area is found to exist as the considerable body for review. There are SMEs it is
needed to check the form of IPR in case of the result in case of innovation activity. Those firms
are found significantly in that respect. So SMEs is needed to check that it is affected by the
financial constraints. Those firms which are found to engage in both the case of innovation as
well as internationalization is found as the innovation activities which are hampered by the
financial issues.
According to the viewpoint of (Ibrahim 2017) developing the effective and sound strategies for
internationalization process is of prime need. It is because effective strategies will enable the
agricultural business and enterprise to enter into the foreign market in an effective and successful
manner. Multidomestic international strategy, as it will help the enterprise to emphasize
responsiveness of the local requirements where the entry is to be made. Beside this global
strategy of internationalization help the small and medium agriculture enterprise to provide the
product and services according to the needs and demand of the global customer (Ibrahim et al.,
2017). This strategy particularly helps in building the global presences as well as enhancing the
customer base at large.
For Example if Nigerian small and medium agricultural enterprises want to enter into the USA as
the part of foreign direct investment in the market then they need to first look into the matter of
availability of labor as in the USA they will not get cheap labor, but at the same time, the USA
will help them with advanced technology and equipment's. So here firm need to analyze the costa
and benefits than taking the final decision of making entry into the USA market at large.

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(Bijaoui, I. 2016) mentioned that Nigerian small and medium agriculture enterprises can follow
transitional strategy. The author in his research work highlighted most of the agribusiness
enterprises of other nation has used transitional strategy while entering into the new foreign
market. The transnational strategy will help the agriculture enterprises in maintaining the balance
between local as well as global needs and demands in an effective and efficient manner. The
researcher highlighted in his research study that transnational strategy of internationalization is
the best internationalization strategy but firm needs to be enough sound in regards to financing. It
is found that agri product is the central elements of diets all over the world. So it will be
beneficial for the small and medium agribusiness enterprises to go internationalization through
following the transnational strategy (Bijaoui, I. 2016).
(Zoogah, 2015) mentioned that small and medium scale agribusiness enterprises need to
effectively manage their operation. It is because it will lead them to go internationalization in an
effective and efficient manner. The researcher highlighted in the research report that small and
medium scale agro-business enterprises need to select the global or transnational strategies while
planning to go international operation (Zoogah, D. B., Peng, M. W and Woldu, H. 2015).
According to the viewpoint of (Peng, M. W. 2017), there are a lot of barriers which Nigerian
small and medium scale agribusiness enterprises are facing in regards to going and planning for
internationalization. The researcher has mentioned some of the barriers like financial barriers,
human resource barriers, and specification of the firm as well as industry (Peng, M. W. 2017). It
is evident that if the country is already rich in agriculture production then Nigerian enterprises
will face intense competition from those SMEs and hence it will become one of the barriers to
making entry. In a country like USA and Canada If Nigerian small and medium agri based
enterprises want to make an entry as FDI then they have to face a problem related to the

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availability of the cheap human resource. It is because in the United States of America and in
Canada the cost of labour is more as compared to India, Nigeria, and other developing countries
and nationalities (Ali, 2018). But if talking about technological advancement and modernization,
United States of America, Canada and France are sound. It would be difficult for the Nigerian
small and medium scale agri based enterprises to take a final decision regarding the entry into
United States, Canada and so on. Hence, it can be said that the decision regarding the
internationalization can be taken according to the demanding situation of the particular
enterprises. If the enterprise is enough strong and has sufficient financial resources then it may
plan to go international operation at large (Baumgartner & Rauter, 2017). Whereas if the
enterprise lack the proper financial resources and capabilities then it needs to drop the plan to
make the entry into a developed nation. In this case, it may take the decision to enter into China,
India as in this country it may get access to cheap labour and resources. Which will give strategic
as well as competitive advantages to the particular small and medium scale agri based
enterprises?
According to the viewpoint (Ibrahim 2017) Nigerian small and medium scale agribusiness
enterprises may use the location advantage theory while planning for going to international. It is
because it will help them in analyzing the strategic as well as a competitive advantage in an
effective manner (Ibrahim et al., 2017). The research conclusion of the researcher highlights that
Location advantage theory helps the organization is going to international operation successfully.
Additionally, as per the Okpara and Pamela (2012), it has been demonstrated that In case of
SME, there is the contribution in enormously in order to create the employment along with the
family incomes within Nigeria (Walsh & Dodds, 2017). It has been further found that for the
contribution of SME there is 20 to 45 per cent of the full-time business. Moreover, there is 30 to

10
50 per cent for the rural household earnings (Brea‐Solís, Casadesus‐Masanell, & Grifell‐Tatjé,
2015). In some cases, the performance for SME will be low as per the expectation and that
would produce the sound in case of improving the bigger economy. In South Africa, SMEs are
found within 80 percentages as per the formal business along with the 95 per cent for the overall
business division. There is 46 per cent for financial activities with 84 per cent of private labour
(Chan & Huff, 2014).
Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework has been set up with the specific components as they impact in case
of Nigerian agricultural SMEs for the export performance. Therefore, there is the conceptual
framework hypothesizes that there is the commitment for the institutional components in order to
have the impact over the entrepreneurial orientation along with the global system capacities for
Nigerian Agricultural SMEs as per the export performance (Dell'Era, Landoni, & Verganti,
2015). There are the internal resources for the business for having the impact in case of Nigerian
agricultural SMEs performance which is the most respected entrepreneurial orientation for the
firm as it is needed to intellectualize for the innovation, reactiveness along with the risk-taking
activities for the company. Therefore, the institutional environment components would find as
the influence for the impact in order to EO for the export performance. Thereby, it is the
conceptual framework which provides the general structure in case if investigational analysis
along with it shows that there are the diagrammatical estimation connections which are needed to
induce for the study question (Elkington, 2018). Therefore, the hypotheses are found to produce
for each kind of research question. There are the hypotheses which as it can be produced for
many kinds of research questions. It is the study research model which is needed to assess in

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which way the variables will be accompanying in order to determine the agricultural sector for
the performance of SME’s (Whyte & Lohmann, 2015).
There may be the internal resources for the SMEs and it is the EO of the organization. Those
resources are as risk-taking, innovative along with proactive.
On the other hand, there are some Institutional environmental factors which are related to the
government, legal along with wider factors (Fransen, Verlegh, Kirmani, & Smit, 2015).
As per the prevailing theory, there is the variable which is found to be probable for affecting the
export performance as it is measured.
There are three other types of research questions which are needed to ask within the model. So
the framework that is identified the effect for the institutional environment factors, like the
government policies with the impact for the EO as per the agricultural SME with the export
performance (Genus, Rigakis, & Dickson, 2003). In that case, the framework development is
found to be imperative as it will be ascertained along with describing the main factors which will
influence the variable for dependent and that suggests that there is the development in case of the
policy system as it will address the causes (McAdam, Bititci, & Galbraith, 2017).
Therefore, the firm resources like EO which is emphatically or the contrarily impact with the
performance of the company. It is further observed that there is the emerging economy like
Nigeria, institutional environmental variables which will influence for the impact for the
entrepreneurial orientation for the agricultural SMEs (Goldman, 2018). It is the entrepreneurial
orientation in case of SME where the capacity for the institutional environmental elements which
is needed to be relative with the significant enough as there is the impact on the export
performance (Green, 2016).

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In case of the export undertakings for the firms which is considerable measurement as it will
focus in respect to the movements with the substantial multinational companies and it is needed
to assist for building up the knowledge for internationalization for small business. Further, there
is a lot of analysis which inspects the elements for the export performance as it has been
contemplated with the entrepreneurial orientation along with the institutional environment as per
the government policy (Kotabe & Murray, 2018). This study thus explores that there is the
institutional environment component which influences the effect for the orientation in an
entrepreneur. Thereby the conceptual frameworks are drawn in figure 1 and 2 as follows:
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework for Institutional Environment in respect to the
internationalization
Source: (McAdam, Bititci, & Galbraith, 2017)

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Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of barriers in SME
Source (Elkington, 2018)
Conclusion
Therefore, there is no doubt that SME is assumed the imperative part in case of the economic
development for the developing nations. Thereby, SMEs is regularly inhibited with the lack of
resources, their know-how as well as the experience which will effectively take the interest for
different types for internationalization exercises which includes exporting. Therefore, in the case
of SME, it is the developing nations and there is a high export orientation and it is ready to
improve. It is further overtaking the contenders along with it will make the same for the figured
export risks in an effective way in order to have beneficial customers for the global markets.
There is the low EO. Further, the SMEs are found to build up the hierarchical capacities along
with the global experience for well-doing a thing in case of export the activities as regardless of

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difficulties which may take in compel for endeavours within the local market condition. Other
than any doubt, it is needed to go up against the difficulties along with outperforming then for
the development as well as flourishment. So, within Nigeria, it is the SME export which is being
worked in the export markets. For this reason, the governments create the tax incentives
measurement as well as it will take the license which provides the permit that will be more
SME’s friendly. It is allowed the frameworks for making it less demanding for the export of
SME.

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