Using of Layer Model

This document discusses the concept of using layer model in different scenarios. It explains the interaction between different levels and their roles in various situations. The document also provides examples and diagrams to illustrate the concept.

1)
THE USING OF LAYER MODEL:
The following steps for the order and delivering of pizza. The following necessary requirement for this
order of pizza is guest, host, order clerk, cook pizza.
The block diagram layers of the order have shown in figure 1.
a)
The guest user has search pizza details on GOOGLE. The guest has got a telephone number and makes to
call to that number. Now the pizza centre telephone number has rung, the host gets received the
telephone by the guest. The conversation has stared between guest and host. Now, the guest asks about
the pizza menu, the host explained about pizza and its cost.
b)
The host takes order form guest, and take address and telephone numbers details from the guest. Now,
the host tells about payment methods to the guest, payment takes while delivering.
c)
The host connected the call to order clerk, and give complete order information to order clerk.
Now, the order clerk gives information to pizza cook.
d)
Now, pizza cooks to prepare for pizza, according to order details. The pizza cook gives cooked pizza to
order clerk for packing. Now, the order clerk makes to attached payment receipt and address of the
host.
e)
The delivery van comes and picks the pizza from the pizza centre, the delivery boy delivered to the
specified address which attached in a pizza box and collects the amount from the guest.
2)
THE USING OF LAYER MODEL:
The block diagram of the situation and describe the interaction of each level as shown in figure 2.

a)
Both Chinese and French ministers speak each other through a translator.
b)
I suppose The Chinese prime ministers speak with the French prime ministers, the message pass through
Chinese translators and vice versa.
c)
The Chinese translator passes through a message to the French translator through the telephone line.
e)
Hence, therefore the French translator passes the message to The French prime ministers and vice
versa.
3)
The x-axis represents the time in sec and y-axis represents the amplitude as shown in figure 3a.
Figure 3a
Compute the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.
The x-axis represents the time in sec and y-axis represents the amplitude as shown in figure 3b.

Figure 3b
Compute the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.
The x-axis represents the time in sec and y-axis represents the amplitude as shown in figure 3c.
Figure 3c
Compute the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.

4)
a)
The following mathematical equation has waveform shown in figure 4a.
b)
The following mathematical equation has waveform shown in figure 4b.

c
The following mathematical equation has waveform shown in figure 4c.
d)
The following mathematical equation has waveform shown in figure 4c.

5)
a)
The given data has below.
The following number of pixels
The numbers of pictures send per second
Each pixel has taken intensity values. Hence, therefore each pixel can represent the bits/sec.
Determine the bits/sec.
Hence, therefore the source rate or bits per seconds
b)
The following data has given below.
Consider the Signal to signal noise ratio=
Compute the channel capacity.
Hence, therefore the channel capacity has

6)
The give data:
The isotropic free space Frequency
Consider the shortest path
Compute the isotropic free space loss.
7)
a)
The given data:
The above equation can represent as,
The following signal has a frequency of .
Hence, therefore the fundamental frequency is 100Hz has taken from the above mathematical
expression.
Now, consider the above equation
The Fourier transform applied on both side in equation (1), we get.
Compute the bandwidth.
b)
Compute the channel capacity of Nyquist criteria.

Considering
Consider bandwidth=400Hz
The number of levels=L
The following Nyquest criteria Consider as ,
The following Nyquest criteria Consider as ,
The following Nyquist criteria Consider as ,
8)
Consider the noise channel, bits per rate formula.
Here,” BW” has defined as bandwidth.
Here,” L” has defined as the level of the signal. This used to represent data.
Here, the bit rate has used for bit rate per second.
In the above equation band is fixed quantity which we cannot change it.
Hence, therefore data rate is directly proportional to a number of signal level.
DISADVANTAGES:
1) If the signal level increases than the reliability of the system have reduced.
2) This circuit has more complexity.
3) The system has highly expressive.
4) This circuit has consumed more power.

9)
Packet switching virtual circuit Circuit switching
1) This circuit has no dedicated
path.
2) This circuit has a dynamic
bandwidth.
3) This network was responsible
for the packet sequence.
4) This network has a small node.
5) It has a packet transmission
delay.
1) This circuit has a dedicated
transmission path.
2) This circuit has a fixed
bandwidth.
3) This network has not
responsible for packet
sequence.
4) This network has
electromechanical switched.
5) It does not have packet
transmission delay
ADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING VIRTUAL OVER CIRCUIT SWITCHING:
1)
The packet switching contains maximum length, it can be stored in main memory itself.
2)
This packet switching can reduce access delay. Hence the packet size is fixed and the network
will improve the delay.
3)
The switching device does not require any secondary storage, therefore for cost has minimized.
10)
The following receiver antenna and transmitter antenna has shown in figure 10.

Consider the transmitter antenna and receiver antenna has a line to sight at maximum, which has
shown in the below equation.
Therefore,
Compute the following equation and we get.
Therefore we consider as distance d=40km.
Therefore, we get the transmitter antenna height and another antenna of the receiver
has height is