Reflective Essay on Cultural Factors Influencing Healthcare Delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People
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This reflective essay discusses the cultural factors that influence healthcare delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It covers theoretical frameworks, social determinants of health, and identification of one health issue related to the client. The essay also highlights the importance of delivering culturally safe care to improve healthcare outcomes for ethnic and racial minorities.
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Assignment title: Reflective
essay
Unit code and Title: NCS2202 Cultural and Health
Lecturer:
Student Name:
Student Number:
Date of Submission:
Word Count: 2000
essay
Unit code and Title: NCS2202 Cultural and Health
Lecturer:
Student Name:
Student Number:
Date of Submission:
Word Count: 2000
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Selection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients...............................................................1
Concepts and knowledge gained throughout the course..................................................................2
Theoretical frameworks to draw connections between structure and ideas.....................................3
Cultural Knowing framework......................................................................................................3
Social determinants of health.......................................................................................................4
Identification of one health issue related to the client.....................................................................5
Identification of the requirements for using and distributing resources..........................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Selection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients...............................................................1
Concepts and knowledge gained throughout the course..................................................................2
Theoretical frameworks to draw connections between structure and ideas.....................................3
Cultural Knowing framework......................................................................................................3
Social determinants of health.......................................................................................................4
Identification of one health issue related to the client.....................................................................5
Identification of the requirements for using and distributing resources..........................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9

1
Introduction
Contributing in culturally safe care is determined to be the major factor that helps in improving
healthcare outcomes for ethnic and racial minorities. The Nursing and Midwifery Board of
Australia (NMBA) supports the aspects of a culturally safe environment which is highlighted in
standard three of the code of conduct for midwives and nurses. To provide culturally safe
healthcare, there is a need to identify one's own culture that may affect communication with
patients. There is a need to support, adopt, respect, understand and acknowledge practices that
focus towards cultural safety. For supporting health care professionals to incorporate and
understand these principles, major theoretical frameworks can be used to evaluate the factors that
may influence healthcare delivery. With the help of these theoretical frameworks, the essay will
reflect, translate and, analyze the cultural factors that influence healthcare delivery for the people
who identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Gaining knowledge regarding culturally
safe environment will also enhance my knowledge and improve my nursing practice.
Selection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients
Based on the health issues that affect the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in
Australia, I will focus on Mrs. Mary, who is a 54-year-old female from a rural area among this
group of population. Currently, she lives with four other family members in a rural area, where
she gets financial support with less availability to healthcare services. Mrs. Mary was admitted to
the hospital because of a lack of ability to sustain steady glucose levels. She also possesses a
history of asthma, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Her nursing diagnoses involves risk of
Introduction
Contributing in culturally safe care is determined to be the major factor that helps in improving
healthcare outcomes for ethnic and racial minorities. The Nursing and Midwifery Board of
Australia (NMBA) supports the aspects of a culturally safe environment which is highlighted in
standard three of the code of conduct for midwives and nurses. To provide culturally safe
healthcare, there is a need to identify one's own culture that may affect communication with
patients. There is a need to support, adopt, respect, understand and acknowledge practices that
focus towards cultural safety. For supporting health care professionals to incorporate and
understand these principles, major theoretical frameworks can be used to evaluate the factors that
may influence healthcare delivery. With the help of these theoretical frameworks, the essay will
reflect, translate and, analyze the cultural factors that influence healthcare delivery for the people
who identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Gaining knowledge regarding culturally
safe environment will also enhance my knowledge and improve my nursing practice.
Selection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients
Based on the health issues that affect the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in
Australia, I will focus on Mrs. Mary, who is a 54-year-old female from a rural area among this
group of population. Currently, she lives with four other family members in a rural area, where
she gets financial support with less availability to healthcare services. Mrs. Mary was admitted to
the hospital because of a lack of ability to sustain steady glucose levels. She also possesses a
history of asthma, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Her nursing diagnoses involves risk of

2
infection based on diabetes mellitus, lacking knowledge based on diabetes mellitus as well as
ineffectual therapeutic routine regulation based on diabetes mellitus.
Concepts and knowledge gained throughout the course
As per Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHF) (2015), higher than 25% of
Aboriginal Australians above the age of 50 have assessed their health as poor or fair in
comparison with non-Indigenous Australians. Inequalities among these groups remain influential
as the Aboriginal Australians are dealing with shorter life expectations and poorer health
outcomes (Grellier & Goerke, 2010). Among this population, most of the health gap is due to the
increase in non-communicable chronic diseases. As per AIHW (2015), the common, widespread
chronic diseases involves chronic kidney disease (1.8%), mental health conditions (11%),
diabetes mellitus (11%), cardiovascular disease (13%) and respiratory disease (31%) Thomas
(Gadsden et al., 2019). All these diseases may create a severe negative impact on the quality of
life. According to the reports of AIHW (2015), Aboriginal Australians possess more chances to
have diabetes mellitus as compared to non-Indigenous Australians that outlines an actual
disparity in health (Cashin et al., 2017). Based on diabetes mellitus the direct contributing factors
involves alcohol abuse and obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. Other factors involve
socioeconomic factors, limited access to resources and healthcare services. However, based on
this concept and knowledge, it is acknowledged that all these health issues may create a
significant impact on the health of Mrs. Mary.
infection based on diabetes mellitus, lacking knowledge based on diabetes mellitus as well as
ineffectual therapeutic routine regulation based on diabetes mellitus.
Concepts and knowledge gained throughout the course
As per Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHF) (2015), higher than 25% of
Aboriginal Australians above the age of 50 have assessed their health as poor or fair in
comparison with non-Indigenous Australians. Inequalities among these groups remain influential
as the Aboriginal Australians are dealing with shorter life expectations and poorer health
outcomes (Grellier & Goerke, 2010). Among this population, most of the health gap is due to the
increase in non-communicable chronic diseases. As per AIHW (2015), the common, widespread
chronic diseases involves chronic kidney disease (1.8%), mental health conditions (11%),
diabetes mellitus (11%), cardiovascular disease (13%) and respiratory disease (31%) Thomas
(Gadsden et al., 2019). All these diseases may create a severe negative impact on the quality of
life. According to the reports of AIHW (2015), Aboriginal Australians possess more chances to
have diabetes mellitus as compared to non-Indigenous Australians that outlines an actual
disparity in health (Cashin et al., 2017). Based on diabetes mellitus the direct contributing factors
involves alcohol abuse and obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. Other factors involve
socioeconomic factors, limited access to resources and healthcare services. However, based on
this concept and knowledge, it is acknowledged that all these health issues may create a
significant impact on the health of Mrs. Mary.
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3
Theoretical frameworks to draw connections between structure and ideas
Cultural Knowing framework
This theoretical framework is a tool that helps in evaluating culture to ensure that the care
is culturally safe. This particular framework creates a positive impact on the cultural competency
of nurses that results in improving provider outcomes and cultural care (Hole et al., 2015). It
focuses on four unified educational communications that develop a cultural understanding that
involves knowing oneself, knowing why knowing how as well as knowing about.
Knowing about includes gaining knowledge related to products, language, perspectives
and practices of Mrs. Mary. Knowing how actively focuses on involving and behaving in the
practices of Mrs. Mary. It includes changing one's behavior directly to incorporate Mrs. Mary's
traditions and customs. The traditional view of the health of Mrs. Mary incorporates a strong
connection to country and family. English is regarded as a second language to Mrs. Mary, and
generally, the conversation is spoken narratively. To assure culturally safe practice, I would take
effective steps to engage her family members in decision making, and other processes as her
view of health are based on the strong country and family connectedness. By considering that
English is not the first language of Mrs. Mary, I will try to talk to her by using plain English.
Meanwhile, I will make attempts to talk to her regarding the education and issues that surround
her health issues in a calm, informal way to make her feel comfortable.
Furthermore, knowing why includes explaining and analyzing cultural activities that can
be executed by gaining a basic knowledge of her culture. This can be done by comparing cultural
values through multiple perspectives like emic and etic (Findings from University of British
Columbia in Qualitative Health Research Reported., 2016). An emic viewpoint is how a person
Theoretical frameworks to draw connections between structure and ideas
Cultural Knowing framework
This theoretical framework is a tool that helps in evaluating culture to ensure that the care
is culturally safe. This particular framework creates a positive impact on the cultural competency
of nurses that results in improving provider outcomes and cultural care (Hole et al., 2015). It
focuses on four unified educational communications that develop a cultural understanding that
involves knowing oneself, knowing why knowing how as well as knowing about.
Knowing about includes gaining knowledge related to products, language, perspectives
and practices of Mrs. Mary. Knowing how actively focuses on involving and behaving in the
practices of Mrs. Mary. It includes changing one's behavior directly to incorporate Mrs. Mary's
traditions and customs. The traditional view of the health of Mrs. Mary incorporates a strong
connection to country and family. English is regarded as a second language to Mrs. Mary, and
generally, the conversation is spoken narratively. To assure culturally safe practice, I would take
effective steps to engage her family members in decision making, and other processes as her
view of health are based on the strong country and family connectedness. By considering that
English is not the first language of Mrs. Mary, I will try to talk to her by using plain English.
Meanwhile, I will make attempts to talk to her regarding the education and issues that surround
her health issues in a calm, informal way to make her feel comfortable.
Furthermore, knowing why includes explaining and analyzing cultural activities that can
be executed by gaining a basic knowledge of her culture. This can be done by comparing cultural
values through multiple perspectives like emic and etic (Findings from University of British
Columbia in Qualitative Health Research Reported., 2016). An emic viewpoint is how a person

4
views their own culture, while the etic viewpoint is how an outsider views a culture by utilizing
their values.
Moreover, knowing oneself integrates monitoring aspects of one's own culture that
involves one's sentiments, approaches and values. Within the NMBA (2016) standards of
practice for registered nurses, this concept is highlighted that helps in enhancing practice through
reflection on feelings, actions, information and experience (Cusack, Lynette, 2018). By
analyzing how these aspects will help in shaping my own cultural experience, I will be able to
better understand and incorporate culturally safe care into my nursing practice. Relevant
applications of this framework help in analyzing the critical evaluation of cultural issues that
creates an influence on the development of modifications and care delivery (Usher, Mills, West
& Power, 2017).
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health are regarded as the condition where a person is born, ‘lives
and works’ and grows old that involves the factors such as environment, social support,
education, transport, income, environment and social status. To deliver culturally relevant care,
nurses need to be authoritative to understand and analyze the multiplicity among cultures. This
particular concept is highlighted within the NMBA code of conduct for nurses (2018) that
emphasizes towards the knowledge of behavioral, historical, social, economic and cultural
factors that impacts the health of communities and individuals (Cuesta-Briand, Bessarab, Shahid
& Thompson, 2016). This can be attained by understanding the social determinants of health
based on one's own culture. The colonization of Australia has created a serious negative impact
on the health of people from Aboriginal population (Cuesta-Briand et al., 2016).
views their own culture, while the etic viewpoint is how an outsider views a culture by utilizing
their values.
Moreover, knowing oneself integrates monitoring aspects of one's own culture that
involves one's sentiments, approaches and values. Within the NMBA (2016) standards of
practice for registered nurses, this concept is highlighted that helps in enhancing practice through
reflection on feelings, actions, information and experience (Cusack, Lynette, 2018). By
analyzing how these aspects will help in shaping my own cultural experience, I will be able to
better understand and incorporate culturally safe care into my nursing practice. Relevant
applications of this framework help in analyzing the critical evaluation of cultural issues that
creates an influence on the development of modifications and care delivery (Usher, Mills, West
& Power, 2017).
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health are regarded as the condition where a person is born, ‘lives
and works’ and grows old that involves the factors such as environment, social support,
education, transport, income, environment and social status. To deliver culturally relevant care,
nurses need to be authoritative to understand and analyze the multiplicity among cultures. This
particular concept is highlighted within the NMBA code of conduct for nurses (2018) that
emphasizes towards the knowledge of behavioral, historical, social, economic and cultural
factors that impacts the health of communities and individuals (Cuesta-Briand, Bessarab, Shahid
& Thompson, 2016). This can be attained by understanding the social determinants of health
based on one's own culture. The colonization of Australia has created a serious negative impact
on the health of people from Aboriginal population (Cuesta-Briand et al., 2016).

5
Universal racism is determined to be a major issue based on colonization that presents a
common connection among psychological stress, socioeconomic disadvantage and racism that
negatively affects the health of the Aboriginal Australians. This makes racism a relevant social
determinant of health among the Aboriginal Australians. It helps in increasing prevention along
with symptomatic treatment. Aboriginal Australians focus more on the aspects of spiritual and
mental wellbeing (Shepherd, Hazel Delgado, Sivasubramanian & Paradies, 2018). In order to
provide culturally safe care for the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, nurses are
needed to serve safe and quality care which is free of prejudice and racism. To address this, I
would attempt to talk to Mrs. Mary regarding her beliefs about the healthcare system and health.
As a result, this will help me in understanding the differences and similarities among my view of
health and her. I aim to work collaboratively with Mrs. Mary while developing trust and the
therapeutic relationship to gain positive health outcomes. The results of this study are expected
to assist and creating an individualized care plan that will allow in delivering culturally safe care
(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia – Home, 2019).
Identification of one health issue related to the client
It is seen that Mrs. Mary is suffering from diabetes mellitus, where she gets enough
financial support but minimum access to healthcare services. However, the Nursing and
Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), code of conduct for nurses states that it is significant to
acknowledge the economic and social factors that create an impact on the health of the
community and the individual (Laverty, McDermott & Calma, 2017). By complying with this
code, I will try to overcome this determinant of health. I would ask Mrs. Mary regarding her
financial condition and suggest her to report to the social worker who helps in providing
Indigenous financial support services like the Department of Human Services. By talking to Mrs.
Universal racism is determined to be a major issue based on colonization that presents a
common connection among psychological stress, socioeconomic disadvantage and racism that
negatively affects the health of the Aboriginal Australians. This makes racism a relevant social
determinant of health among the Aboriginal Australians. It helps in increasing prevention along
with symptomatic treatment. Aboriginal Australians focus more on the aspects of spiritual and
mental wellbeing (Shepherd, Hazel Delgado, Sivasubramanian & Paradies, 2018). In order to
provide culturally safe care for the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, nurses are
needed to serve safe and quality care which is free of prejudice and racism. To address this, I
would attempt to talk to Mrs. Mary regarding her beliefs about the healthcare system and health.
As a result, this will help me in understanding the differences and similarities among my view of
health and her. I aim to work collaboratively with Mrs. Mary while developing trust and the
therapeutic relationship to gain positive health outcomes. The results of this study are expected
to assist and creating an individualized care plan that will allow in delivering culturally safe care
(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia – Home, 2019).
Identification of one health issue related to the client
It is seen that Mrs. Mary is suffering from diabetes mellitus, where she gets enough
financial support but minimum access to healthcare services. However, the Nursing and
Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), code of conduct for nurses states that it is significant to
acknowledge the economic and social factors that create an impact on the health of the
community and the individual (Laverty, McDermott & Calma, 2017). By complying with this
code, I will try to overcome this determinant of health. I would ask Mrs. Mary regarding her
financial condition and suggest her to report to the social worker who helps in providing
Indigenous financial support services like the Department of Human Services. By talking to Mrs.
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Mary regarding her cultural beliefs and customs, finding mutual understanding and requesting
for more information will help in understanding the cultural factors that will be relevant for
providing culturally safe care.
To address the issue of minimum access to healthcare services that creates difficulty for
her to receive treatment, I would refer her to a social worker who would help in providing
sufficient access to healthcare services like Royal Flying Doctor. This practice supports the
NMBA code of conduct for nurses that advocates access to culturally safe healthcare and quality
care (Home – ALSNSWACT, 2019). However, I will focus towards understanding the reactions
and responses of different situations faced by Mrs. Mary, as well as her assumptions regarding
wellness and health. This will help me in understanding my own cultural experience and
understanding and incorporating culturally safe care within the nursing practice. Understanding
the social determinants based on Mrs. Mary's culture will help me in facilitating significant
knowledge regarding the major aspects to her ill health based on diabetes mellitus.
Identification of the requirements for using and distributing resources
In order to work as a part of the multidisciplinary team, to obtain cultural competence,
providing cultural safety and involving in ethical practice, there possess certain professional
responsibilities of a nurse. There is a need to implement strategies for providing self-care to
Aboriginal clients (Cultural safety crucial in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare,
2018). To achieve a culturally safe environment for the clients and for myself, I acknowledged
that there is a need to emphasize alternative services, access, cultural competence and cultural
knowledge.
Mary regarding her cultural beliefs and customs, finding mutual understanding and requesting
for more information will help in understanding the cultural factors that will be relevant for
providing culturally safe care.
To address the issue of minimum access to healthcare services that creates difficulty for
her to receive treatment, I would refer her to a social worker who would help in providing
sufficient access to healthcare services like Royal Flying Doctor. This practice supports the
NMBA code of conduct for nurses that advocates access to culturally safe healthcare and quality
care (Home – ALSNSWACT, 2019). However, I will focus towards understanding the reactions
and responses of different situations faced by Mrs. Mary, as well as her assumptions regarding
wellness and health. This will help me in understanding my own cultural experience and
understanding and incorporating culturally safe care within the nursing practice. Understanding
the social determinants based on Mrs. Mary's culture will help me in facilitating significant
knowledge regarding the major aspects to her ill health based on diabetes mellitus.
Identification of the requirements for using and distributing resources
In order to work as a part of the multidisciplinary team, to obtain cultural competence,
providing cultural safety and involving in ethical practice, there possess certain professional
responsibilities of a nurse. There is a need to implement strategies for providing self-care to
Aboriginal clients (Cultural safety crucial in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare,
2018). To achieve a culturally safe environment for the clients and for myself, I acknowledged
that there is a need to emphasize alternative services, access, cultural competence and cultural
knowledge.

7
Cultural competence
To maintain cultural competence, the nurses are required to follow contemporary
economic and social conditions, diverse environmental and cultural experiences and pervasive
historical legacy of colonization of Indigenous people (Schill & Caxaj, 2019). I acknowledged
that it is significant for a nurse to involve with client respectfully who comes from a diverse
cultural background.
Cultural knowledge
There is a requirement to give importance to cultural knowledge that helps in
understanding the components of culture along with their role in defining and shaping health
behavior (Gray, Rowe & Barnes, 2015). As a result, gaining appropriate knowledge will help me
in the future to serve appropriate, culturally safe care to the Aboriginal clients.
Alternative services
The Cultural Respect Framework is determined to be an alternative service that requires
the healthcare practitioners to adopt the strategies within the healthcare services to provide
culturally safe care. On the other hand, the planning and delivery of relevant and culturally
secure alternative health services are significant (Nagle, Heartfield, Mcdonald, Morrow, Kruger,
Bryce, Hartney, 2017). I gathered knowledge that there is a need to identify and commit that
cultural respect requires to be implemented across all the systems to provide culturally safe care
to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients.
Cultural competence
To maintain cultural competence, the nurses are required to follow contemporary
economic and social conditions, diverse environmental and cultural experiences and pervasive
historical legacy of colonization of Indigenous people (Schill & Caxaj, 2019). I acknowledged
that it is significant for a nurse to involve with client respectfully who comes from a diverse
cultural background.
Cultural knowledge
There is a requirement to give importance to cultural knowledge that helps in
understanding the components of culture along with their role in defining and shaping health
behavior (Gray, Rowe & Barnes, 2015). As a result, gaining appropriate knowledge will help me
in the future to serve appropriate, culturally safe care to the Aboriginal clients.
Alternative services
The Cultural Respect Framework is determined to be an alternative service that requires
the healthcare practitioners to adopt the strategies within the healthcare services to provide
culturally safe care. On the other hand, the planning and delivery of relevant and culturally
secure alternative health services are significant (Nagle, Heartfield, Mcdonald, Morrow, Kruger,
Bryce, Hartney, 2017). I gathered knowledge that there is a need to identify and commit that
cultural respect requires to be implemented across all the systems to provide culturally safe care
to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients.

8
Conclusion
The paper demonstrated an understanding and importance of delivering culturally safe
care that helps in enhancing the health outcomes of the minority populations. To provide
culturally safe care, healthcare professionals need to create a more rounded outlook of health that
can be attained by challenging one's view of cultural health as well as understanding. The
theoretical, cultural outlines serve opportunities for nurses to create cultural consciousness. It
enables the implementation of care that is to be provided to a patient and identifies the
characteristics of their care. Nursing is determined to be a profession that gives immense priority
in providing culturally safe care. As stated by NMBAs professional standards (2018), to facilitate
effective and safe care, the nurses must aim to improve their practices by enhancing culturally
safe care and cultural competence.
Conclusion
The paper demonstrated an understanding and importance of delivering culturally safe
care that helps in enhancing the health outcomes of the minority populations. To provide
culturally safe care, healthcare professionals need to create a more rounded outlook of health that
can be attained by challenging one's view of cultural health as well as understanding. The
theoretical, cultural outlines serve opportunities for nurses to create cultural consciousness. It
enables the implementation of care that is to be provided to a patient and identifies the
characteristics of their care. Nursing is determined to be a profession that gives immense priority
in providing culturally safe care. As stated by NMBAs professional standards (2018), to facilitate
effective and safe care, the nurses must aim to improve their practices by enhancing culturally
safe care and cultural competence.
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9
References
Cashin, Heartfield, Bryce, Devey, Buckley, Cox, Fisher. (2017). Standards for practice for
registered nurses in Australia. Collegian, 24(3), 255-266. doi:
10.1016/j.colegn.2016.03.002
Cuesta-Briand, B., Bessarab, D., Shahid, S., & Thompson, S. (2016). Connecting tracks:
Exploring the roles of an Aboriginal women's cancer support network. Health and Social
Care in the Community (Print Edition), 24(6), 779-788.
Cultural safety crucial in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare. (2018). Australian
Healthcare & Hospitals Association. Retrieved 21 September 2019, from
https://ahha.asn.au/news/cultural-safety-crucial-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-
healthcare
Cusack, Lynette. (2018). Midwife standards for practice. Australian Midwifery News, 18(3), 9-
10.
Findings from University of British Columbia in Qualitative Health Research Reported.
(2016). Health & Medicine Week, 2850.
Gray, M., Rowe, J., & Barnes, M. (2015). Australian midwives’ interpretation of the re-
registration, recency of practice standard. Australian Health Review, 39(4), 462-466.
doiI: 10.1071/AH14070
Grellier, J., & Goerke, V. (2010). Communications Skills Toolkit: Unlocking the secrets of
tertiary success. (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning.
References
Cashin, Heartfield, Bryce, Devey, Buckley, Cox, Fisher. (2017). Standards for practice for
registered nurses in Australia. Collegian, 24(3), 255-266. doi:
10.1016/j.colegn.2016.03.002
Cuesta-Briand, B., Bessarab, D., Shahid, S., & Thompson, S. (2016). Connecting tracks:
Exploring the roles of an Aboriginal women's cancer support network. Health and Social
Care in the Community (Print Edition), 24(6), 779-788.
Cultural safety crucial in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare. (2018). Australian
Healthcare & Hospitals Association. Retrieved 21 September 2019, from
https://ahha.asn.au/news/cultural-safety-crucial-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-
healthcare
Cusack, Lynette. (2018). Midwife standards for practice. Australian Midwifery News, 18(3), 9-
10.
Findings from University of British Columbia in Qualitative Health Research Reported.
(2016). Health & Medicine Week, 2850.
Gray, M., Rowe, J., & Barnes, M. (2015). Australian midwives’ interpretation of the re-
registration, recency of practice standard. Australian Health Review, 39(4), 462-466.
doiI: 10.1071/AH14070
Grellier, J., & Goerke, V. (2010). Communications Skills Toolkit: Unlocking the secrets of
tertiary success. (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning.

10
Hole, R., Evans, M., Berg, L., Bottorff, J., Dingwall, C., Alexis, C., Smith, M. (2015). Visibility
and Voice: Aboriginal People Experience Culturally Safe and Unsafe Health
Care. Qualitative Health Research, 25(12), 1662-1674. doi: 10.1177/1049732314566325
Home – ALSNSWACT. (2019). Aboriginal Legal Service (NSW/ACT). Retrieved 21 September
2019, from https://www.alsnswact.org.au/
Laverty, M., McDermott, D., & Calma, T. (2017). Embedding cultural safety in Australia's main
health care standards. Medical Journal Of Australia, 207(1), 15-16.
doi:10.5694/mja17.00328
Nagle, Heartfield, Mcdonald, Morrow, Kruger, Bryce, Hartney. (2017). A necessary practice
parameter: Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia Midwife standards for
practice. Women and Birth, 30, 10-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.08.028
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Home . (2019). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au.
Retrieved 21 September 2019, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/
Schill, K., & Caxaj, S. (2019). Cultural safety strategies for rural Indigenous palliative care: a
scoping review. BMC Palliative Care, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12904-019-0404-y
Shepherd, S., Hazel Delgado, R., Sivasubramanian, D., & Paradies, Y. (2018). Predictors of
distress and the protective impact of cultural engagement for Indigenous
prisoners. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(6), 367-383. doi:
10.1080/10509674.2018.1510867
Hole, R., Evans, M., Berg, L., Bottorff, J., Dingwall, C., Alexis, C., Smith, M. (2015). Visibility
and Voice: Aboriginal People Experience Culturally Safe and Unsafe Health
Care. Qualitative Health Research, 25(12), 1662-1674. doi: 10.1177/1049732314566325
Home – ALSNSWACT. (2019). Aboriginal Legal Service (NSW/ACT). Retrieved 21 September
2019, from https://www.alsnswact.org.au/
Laverty, M., McDermott, D., & Calma, T. (2017). Embedding cultural safety in Australia's main
health care standards. Medical Journal Of Australia, 207(1), 15-16.
doi:10.5694/mja17.00328
Nagle, Heartfield, Mcdonald, Morrow, Kruger, Bryce, Hartney. (2017). A necessary practice
parameter: Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia Midwife standards for
practice. Women and Birth, 30, 10-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.08.028
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Home . (2019). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au.
Retrieved 21 September 2019, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/
Schill, K., & Caxaj, S. (2019). Cultural safety strategies for rural Indigenous palliative care: a
scoping review. BMC Palliative Care, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12904-019-0404-y
Shepherd, S., Hazel Delgado, R., Sivasubramanian, D., & Paradies, Y. (2018). Predictors of
distress and the protective impact of cultural engagement for Indigenous
prisoners. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(6), 367-383. doi:
10.1080/10509674.2018.1510867

11
Thomas Gadsden, Gai Wilson, James Totterdell, John Willis, Ashima Gupta, Alwin Chong,
Andrew Milat. (2019). Can a continuous quality improvement program create culturally
safe emergency departments for Aboriginal people in Australia? A multiple baseline
study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4049-6
Usher, K., Mills, J., West, R., & Power, T. (2017). Cultural safety in nursing and
midwifery. Contexts of Nursing: An Introduction, 337-350.
Thomas Gadsden, Gai Wilson, James Totterdell, John Willis, Ashima Gupta, Alwin Chong,
Andrew Milat. (2019). Can a continuous quality improvement program create culturally
safe emergency departments for Aboriginal people in Australia? A multiple baseline
study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4049-6
Usher, K., Mills, J., West, R., & Power, T. (2017). Cultural safety in nursing and
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