12. Introduction. Vulnerability among the indigenous an

Introduction
Vulnerability among the indigenous and Aboriginal and Torres Islander people can be
comprehended via a socio-ecological framework that acknowledges the fact that effects arise
from multifaceted interactions of the risk features, abuse aspects and abuse of the grown-ups.
There is no adequate research relative to the abuse of older aboriginal and Torres Islander people
(Waterworth, et al., 2016). However, the available sources show that there are several factors
that contribute to disparities in the well-being of Torres Islander people and indigenous people
(Schembr, et al., 2016). Racism, climate change and social disruptions are among the top
features that lead to the disparities between these communities. This paper will also review the
critique of the exploration of the aged care for the cultural and spiritual need for residents in
Australia. The policymakers need to carry out detailed research on the risk factors, defensive
factors and the needs of particular groups which include the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people (Shahid, Teng, Bessarab, & Aoun, 2016). There also exist various guidelines for the
ethical principles that human beings are supposed to follow. The guidelines and principles will
be vital for discussion since they develop and monitor clinical practices. The primary appraisal
tool that will be used in this discussion is the Critical Appraisal Skills Program.
Factors That Affect the Aboriginal People
The differences between the well-being of indigenous and non-indigenous people remain
prevalent in Australia (Rahman, 2016). The indigenous people have shorter life anticipation as
paralleled to the non-indigenous people. Research shows that 70% of the health gap that exists
between non-indigenous and indigenous people in Australia can be elucidated by the existence of
non-communicable chronic ailments whereby cardiovascular is the highest contributor (Shahid,
Teng, Bessarab, & Aoun, 2016). Health risk behavior has a substantial effect on several non-

2
communicable diseases and many indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people in most cases
engage in dangerous health risk factors including tobacco smoking, and drug abuse. There is a
need to consider any efforts that may be used to reduce the health risk behavior within the broad
economic and social context in which persons live and how these personal determinants of health
affect the day to day living conditions (Gwynne & Lincoln, 2017). It is possible and necessary to
critique the culture of the Australian public health system and consider the ineffectiveness of
several primary health interferences that are aimed at targeting the indigenous populations.
The factors that can influence the health behaviors of indigenous Australians are not well
understood. Behavior is commonly known to be influenced by factors that are within the
immediate control of a person which includes the perceived control and the attitude towards that
behavior (Waterworth, Pescud, Braham, & Dimmock, 2015). There are however factors that are
beyond human control that can affect the health behavior of the Indigenous and Torres Islander
people. Social disruption for instance, which is associated with historical events promotes health
risk behaviors (Parker & Milroy, 2014). Alcohol and tobacco smoking have particularly been
highly associated with social disruptions. Additionally, stress that is linked with the daily life
challenges may trigger the practice of health risk behaviors. Research shows that cultural identity
and distinctiveness can be psychologically distinctive and hence promote positive health
behavior (Daly, 2016).
Racism
Racism was common during the colonization of Australia. The indigenous and Torres
Islander people were forced to live in mission camps were there was a restriction to the freedom
of hunting, socialization with relatives and practicing traditional ceremonies (Kaspar, 2014).
Segregation and assimilation were later employed together with institutionalism and

3
geographical restrictions (Rahman, 2016). There are instances where the indigenous and Torres
Islander people were restricted from speaking their mother tongue, practicing their culture and
also educating their young ones on the history of traditions. The limitations that were associated
with colonization resulted in the loss of liberty and this transformed the cultural and societal
comportment of the Indigenous Australians. Long-time gone carnages and continued
discrimination have created long term physical and physiological impacts on the indigenous
people. The latter is reflected in several statistics and psychological circumstances (Waterworth,
Dimmock, Pescud, & Braham, 2016).
Climate Change
Indigenous people are also highly affected by climate change due to inhabitation in areas
that are undergoing rapid change and the burden of mortality and morbidity faced by the group.
Sensitivity to climate change and health outcomes is determined by the health outcomes and
behavioral factors among others (Wilk & Cooke, 2015). Research shows that the health of
indigenous people is linked to the control over their social environment, dignity and justice but
not a poor provision of medicines or doctors. The indigenous people anticipated developments in
the theory of the social determinants over the 20th century. Lack of control over the lives of
aboriginals has contributed to the burden of chronic disease and substance abuse. The increased
rate of health problems indicates chronic stress in groups as it is viewed in the Torres Islander
people. The indigenous people are twice likely to be hospitalized for mental and other disorders
as other Australians (Kaspar, 2014).

4
Ethical Guidelines and Principles
All research that involves research in human should follow certain principles and
guidelines. The two noteworthy classifications of moral principles and ethical idea are
utilitarianism and deontology (Waterworth, Dimmock, Pescud, & Braham, 2016). Deontology is
the moral way of thinking that necessitates that both the methods and the ultimate objective must
be good and moral; and the utilitarian school of moral idea argues that the true objective
legitimizes the methods notwithstanding when the methods are not good (Baum & Fisher, 2014).
These principles are crucial to the nursing career since they develop and monitor our clinical
exercise. They give a valuation gadget to yourself and your acquaintances to promise clinical
proficiency and safety. Skilled nursing facsimiles are also used to give a scheme to producing
clinical capability programs or competence valuations for a specific clinical unit or proprietor
(Schembr, et al., 2016). They might be employed as investigation gadgets to evaluate a
therapeutic caretaker's care if the boss wonders the attendant has formed dangerous work
tendencies or is not holding fast to build up authoritative approaches or broadly acknowledged
principles set up by state and state laws or leading social coverage connotations (Parker &
Milroy, 2014).
Expert models help us, our managerial clutch, and our medicinal facilities to delegate
assignments to the accredited and unlicensed workforce, promise sufficient certification, and
even make approaches for a new invention, for instance, web grounded life (Gwynne & Lincoln,
2017). For instance, if a medical caretaker reveals on a web-based life website that the person is
considering a particular patient, it conceivably damages the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act. Disregarding an expert standard can uncover you and your human services

5
association to risk and potential loss of licensure (Schembr, et al., 2016). Proficient norms
guarantee that we are accountable for our clinical adoptions and actions and for keeping up
aptitude during our vocation. They are patient fixated, advance the most ideal outcome, and limit
the presentation to the danger of mischief. These gauges urge us to constantly upgrade our
insight base through participation, happening with instruction, and the modern guidelines
(Waterworth, Pescud, Braham, & Dimmock, 2015).
Ethical Considerations
The ethical principles that medical attendants must hold fast to are the standards of
equity, value, no maleficence, accountability, constancy, liberation, and reliability.
Medical entourages must be sensible when they dispense overhaul, for example, amongst
the patients in the assembly of patients that they are working with. Care must be rationally,
evenhandedly, and fairly appropriated among a crowd of patients. Usefulness is undertaking
prodigious and the correct thing for the patient (Hunt, Ramjan, McDonald, Koch, Baird, &
Salamonson , 2015). Non maleficence is doing no mischief, as expressed in the chronicled
Hippocratic Oath. Damage can be deliberate or inadvertent. Responsibility is accepting duty
concerning one's conduct. Homoeopathic caretakers are accountable to their nurture care and
various occurences. They should recognize the mainstream of the skilled and discrete results that
can happen as the repercussion of their doings.
Self-sufficiency and patient self-assurance are upheld when the medical attendant
concedes the client as one of a kind person who has the regular model to have their moods,
views, potentials and opinions. Homoeopathic concierges convince patients to settle on their own
selection with no choices or stress from the attendant (Yi, Landais, Kolahdooz, & Sharma,
2015). The patient has the freedom to discharge or recognize all medications.

6
Veracity is total honest with patients; therapeutic caretakers must not retain every bit of
pertinent info from clients nevertheless when it might speed patient distress. The most largely
happening moral matters and worries in social insurance incorporate the allotment of rare assets
and part of the bargain (Baum & Fisher, 2014).
Bioethics is a subcategory of ethics. Bioethics tends to ethical apprehensions like those
that happen as the result of pushing science and innovative improvements. The absolute most
normal, current bioethical issues rotate around undifferentiated cells, cloning, and hereditary
building (Baum & Fisher, 2014).
Journal Critique
Scientists use critical appraisal tools to guarantee that their literature is well embodied.
The critique tools involved include;
Critical Appraisal Tools
In most cases, researchers use critical appraisal tools to comprehend Health Research.
Different skills can be used to appraise a journal. One of the critique tools used in most cases is
Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP).
CASP gives assets and learning and improvement chances to help basic examination abilities
advancement in Australia and UK (Gwynne & Lincoln, 2017).
By using CASP, the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine creates worksheets to help
with basic critical appraisal of research including methodical audits and randomized controlled
preliminaries (Griffiths, Coleman, Lee, & Madden, 2016).
CASP can assist authors to evaluate the pertinence and nature of research in a case where
there is adequate data. Revealing rules help the researchers to completely depict all the
significant insights regarding their investigations. We can utilize revealing rules to check how to

7
finish an article is, to see whether it is worth basically evaluating it further (Gwynne & Lincoln,
2017). We would then be able to utilize basic evaluation agenda inquiries to survey how great
the depicted strategies are and what the outcomes really mean (Griffiths, Coleman, Lee, &
Madden, 2016).
Critique of Exploring Australian Aboriginal Aged Care Resident’s Cultural and Spiritual
Needs in South Australia
(Nina , Ann, & Mohammad , 2019) Identified gaps that existed between the quality of
healthcare provided to the aged Torres Strait Islander people. There was no much research done
on the quality of healthcare provided by the Aboriginal aged 50 and above. This journal was
aimed at bridging the gap between the research that was done in the past and the reality that the
Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander people faced.
The paper has followed the entire format keenly in addressing all parts required in a
formal writing. The article has the standard form in that there is an abstract, the methodology
used, the results and conclusions. The latter has been used to explore the aged care for the needs
of the people of South Australia (Nina , Ann, & Mohammad , 2019).
In the background, the authors have succinctly tackled the topic and the issue concerning
residential aged care. The authors have paid much attention to culture and the impacts that it has
on healthcare. The writers argue that culture is crucial since it can be used to improve the quality
of care. In the journal article, (Ann, Mohammad & Nina, 2019) argue that culture adds to the
understanding of nurses on the diverse populations and also helps them to encourage a holistic
approach to healthcare. The authors use valid information when they point out that most of the
people living in Australia who are aged 50 and above are aboriginals who live in aged care

8
centers. The authors have consulted several sources to come with several facts. They point out
that most of the aboriginals living in the aged care live with chronic disease, mental health
conditions, and face deteriorating health status. The Aboriginals also face exclusion from
generation to generation (Nina , Ann, & Mohammad , 2019). The author discusses the impacts of
exclusion on the heath of aboriginals. The authors have also succinctly explained the
implications of health which have been caused by the consequences of History. Absence of
social care has been identified to be the root cause of exclusion. The paper points out that most
of the aboriginals are deeply rooted in their particular traditional areas of land and rituals.
The paper also discusses the aims of residential aged care. The paper argues that the
primary objective is to provide responsive and flexible services to healthcare. The authors did a
valid investigation by approaching the aged care facilities, which had many aboriginals. The
authors found out that the Aboriginals and Torres Islander people were prone to severe health
conditions since they were more exposed to multiple health conditions and were hence socially
disadvantaged. The latter could lead to reduced life expectancy (Nina , Ann, & Mohammad ,
2019).
Data Collection
The data collected was very consistent since the authors used different methods of data
collections. The researchers also used a semi-structured interview schedule in data collection,
and all data collection was done particularly to the affected people. The data collection process
allowed for the principle of authority and empowerment of participants. This approach is valid
and crucial since it encourages the participants to share holistic perspectives concerning their
experiences. The authors also administered prompts and discussions (Nina , Ann, &

9
Mohammad , 2019). The latter is essential since it helps researchers to gather detailed
information and do away with the fears that the respondents might possess.
Data Analysis
During data analysis, the authors used the interpretive analysis and quantitative research
to analyze the data that was already collected. The data analysis was done by utilizing four steps
which included; reading the transcripts, to familiarize themselves with the data and also initial
insights into the codes. The authors also used code categorization into themes and sub-themes,
the definition of the themes and sub-themes, and finally, they reviewed the themes laying their
basis on the context (Nina , Ann, & Mohammad , 2019). There were also an inadequate number
of toilets, and this could negatively impact the health and well-being of the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander People. The theme of care practice was of importance since it reviewed the
status of the care practice around various aspects. This was important since, in its absence, would
make the nurses not able to fulfill the quality care framework.
Outcomes
The finding by the research showed that there was a strong relationship between the
financial capacity and focus for the Torres Strait Islander people and the Aboriginal culture care
centers. There was no celebration and integration in cultural events. The authors also found out
that there was limited government intervention and funding. The latter contributed to the poor
health status of the aged Aboriginals.
The journal was consistent in the description of care planning in the current care practice.
The paper also discusses the care plan and how it follows the guidelines that it expresses. The
document also discusses the cultural competency of caregivers. The competency of caregivers is
vital since it leads to a dependent understanding of the patients (Nina , Ann, & Mohammad ,

10
2019). The journal has also been identified as the marginalization of the aboriginal as a primary
causative agent to the poor quality patient care for the aged. The paper expressed the intensity of
care that the aboriginals need in the healthcare facilities. The authors give recommendations on
how the gaps could be bridged.
Conclusion
The vulnerability of the Aboriginal and Torres Islander people has been one of the most
important areas of discussion in Australia. There are several factors that directly or indirectly
affect the life of these people. The differences between the Aboriginals and non-aboriginals in
their life expectancy can be explained through the investigation of their life expectancy whereby
the non-indigenous are found to have longer life expectancy than the Torres Islander people.
Behaviors also influence a person’s well-being. However, social interruption has been beyond a
person’s control and hence not easily controllable at an individual level. Racism in Australia also
contributes to several health effects faced by Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people. As
far as research on human behavior is done, the research that takes place should have some
guidelines and procedures. The guidelines and procedures are vital in a clinical setting since they
influence the working of nurses and influence the outcomes in the long run. It would be
important for the government of Australia to provide equity in terms of job allocation in Hospital
for the original and aboriginal people. The latter will ensure that the rights of the indigenous
people are well taken care of and eventually this will lead to prolonged life expectancy for the
Torres Strait Islanders and the indigenous people. There have been several articles that have been
used to Critique the Exploration of Australian Aboriginal aged care resident’s cultural and
spiritual needs in South Australia. The latter shows the gap in therapeutic. It also gives a
recommendation on the methodologies that need to be used for the policymakers to consider

11
providing policies that will favor Torres Islander people. It is important to create public
awareness for the issue concerning equity and well-being in nursing care.
The results from data analysis were meant to give valid results, just as the authors
summarized them. The journal gave three subthemes from the aboriginals. The themes were all
tackled in several topics just as highlighted in the journal. The process of data collection, the
authors learned that there was unavailability of healthcare facilities for the aged. Among the
resources that were inadequate include the absence of Aboriginal culture facilities.in an instance
were the cultural resources were available, then the instances of reduced age care would be
minimal and the cases of low quality healthcare would be absent.

12
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