18 : Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a) Earthworks activities, equipment and techniques....................................................................1
b) Methods for creating complex foundations, pilling works and drainage works.....................2
c) Methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction including provision for
utilities.........................................................................................................................................3
d) Methods and techniques for large complex earthmoving operations and deep excavations...4
e) Methods and techniques for dealing with ground and slope stability for slopes which found
to be unstable in vicinity of industrial park area..........................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
a) Hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working on structures, in confined
spaces and temporary on highways.............................................................................................5
b) A safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for civil engineering activity...........5
c) Health and safety legislations with code of practices related to civil engineering sites..........6
d) Justification on site safety plan and risk assessments.............................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
a) Evaluation on environment, quality, geotechnical and economic context of civil engineering
problem........................................................................................................................................7
b) A proposed solution on identified civil engineering problem.................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering provides techniques for development of construction, building designs and
surrounding environment, that further leads to maintenance of environment too (Das, 2019). The
basis of this concept is based on process of construction and technique, which are taken into
account to develop various structures. The present paper is going to reveal methods and
techniques, for earthwork activities, required for development of a site if 1km by 1km area,
which could contain ten industrial buildings and factories. This site will be constructed nearby
the parallel expressway which is 12km apart from megacity of London. In this regard, site safety
plan with risk assessment is also developed for mention construction activity. Along with this, a
civil engineering problem with justified solution, including activities like slope-stabilisation,
excavation, laying of drains and more, are going to reveal in given report.
TASK 1
a) Earthworks activities, equipment and techniques
For constructing a site, various process is carried out like development of a site plan,
surrounding infrastructure and more. One of the most important activity which has given on
priority in civil engineering, is earthwork which involves a number of processes like digging out
earth having a large amount of rocks, soil and concrete materials (Navon, 2020). It helps in
evacuating the suitable land for structuring applicable structuring process. Along with this, other
activities involve in civil engineering are directive planning criteria, managing and directing
system based applications, road material compaction and more. Some essential activities are
described as below –
Excavation and load: The excavation process is carried out to develop foundation of
construction site, by breaking down soil and rocks in simpler parts.
Haul and deposit: These activities involve drilling and construction tasks in process of
excavation by using cranes, tractors, bulldozers and other earthwork equipment.
Earthmoving equipment are mostly used in today’s modern world due to availability of
high efficiency, which has replaced human power that traditionally used in past, to dig and move
out earth (Dupen, 2019). But with development of latest technologies, a number of equipment
are used for the same, which reduces demand of manpower as well as save plenty of time for
construction. In context with present project which is based on constructing a site that lie within
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12 km from megacity of London and Heathrow airport. In this regard, to ensure there is a smooth
condition for earthwork and activities for earthmoving, the following equipment will be used –
Excavators: It includes applications like demolition, excavation, heavy lifting, mining,
dredging and more, so, can be used for excavating and earthwork in present project. This
machine consists a base chain, a long arm having an attached bucket, operator system to control
excavator and so on (Amalia, Mochtar and Mochtar, 2019).
Skid-steer loaders: Since the present site is going to construct nearby a river, therefore,
skid-steer loaders for earthwork. It will provide good grip on mid because it is tyre mounted
machine which can easily skid on own axis, so it has the minimal impact on other finished
construction sites also.
b) Methods for creating complex foundations, pilling works and drainage works
To create complex foundation, drainage and pilling works, a number of methods can be
used. For present scenario of constructing a site, foundation can be developed by considering
following steps –
 Investigating characteristics of soil first, where foundation process need to be carried out.
 Determining actual corners of foundation on soil in order to carry out formation process
successfully.
 Conducting the excavation process to increase efficiency of overall processing.
 Carrying out footing installation to concrete within wood forms via directly in the
trenches.
 To avoid any contact with moisture, especially in muddy soil, seal the footing.
 For building the basement of foundation, concrete blocks will be used, which will help in
ensuing a smooth development of stern walls for same.
Methods and techniques for pilling works:
Pile foundation is based mainly on two categories – one which is emphasised on actresses
which are being used; while another one includes types of construction process for conducting
the pile formation process (Sanjayan, Nazari and Nematollahi, 2019) . In context with present
scenario, for constructing a 1 km by 1km site, load bearing, soil compaction piles and Concrete
piles will be used, where following techniques will be used for installing thee piling system as
well as ground stabilization activities – Features of different piles; Factors which restricts
successful completion for installation process of pilling; Presence of space as well as headroom
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on given site; and bring restriction within noise development. These techniques will help in
allowing the installation of piling system in effective manner, which further leads to maintain
process designing as well with efficiency (FCC collaboration, 2019).
Methods and techniques for drainage works:
 Locating the route under which a drainage system can be laid down of developed, that
will help in maintaining the proper drainage works.
 Take suitable pipe for carrying out the development process of looping drainage system,
by identifying its flexibility rolls which can be easily fitted.
 Digging the trench for setting up drainage pipe which will further help in maintaining the
drainage system route having presence of holes
 Then lining the trench and installing the pipes within drainage system
 The last step is refill the trench and replace sob present
c) Methods and techniques used in culvert and underpass construction including provision for
utilities
Culvert construction defines as tunnel structure which is constructed under roadways for
providing cross drainage and taking electrical cables or other materials from one side to other
(MEN and et. al., 2019). This process can be carried out by using certain steps, which includes –
carrying out the excavation activity for constructing half culvert; then prepare bed of culvert by
adhering different levels which are based on original drawings of construction as per approval of
engineer; now, placing screed concrete along with rubble wall; carried out deck concrete parapet
wall and finishing work; then conduct diversion of traffic. Following these steps, will help in
proper culvert construction within present project.
Underpass construction: It includes construction of pedestrian passageway or tunnel
based road by carrying out a number of methods. It includes Precast concrete units; In situ
concrete; and Thrust - bored units. For constructing the underpass in present project, thrust-bored
unite method will be used.
Provision for utilities: It is based on various types of infrastructure services which are
being provided to society in the form of public services (Petalas, Dafalias and Papadimitriou,
2019). So, as per guidance given by government, provision of utilities in present project will be
provided in different forms of supply utilities to other industrial organisations, who can construct
their buildings on this site.
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d) Methods and techniques for large complex earthmoving operations and deep excavations
The methods which are essential for carrying out complex earthmoving operations, to
maintain the productive as well as effective development of same includes loading and hauling.
The first method i.e. loading refers to a process of transporting earth materials from piles by
using wheel loaders and excavators, which have been employed within machinery for conducting
the loading process (Moss, 2020). While another method hauling is based on development and
involvement of equipment like trucks which has tendency to travel on different roads and deal
with changing slopes and ground conditions. Therefore, using these deep excavation methods
helps in bringing better productivity rate in present project by smoothing the earthmoving
operations.
For conducting deep excavation methods, a number of methods and techniques, can be
used, such as Full open cut method; Bracing excavation method; and Anchored excavation
method. Full open cut method is based on development of foundation’s division into two major
slopes which are cut open (MEN and et. al., 2019). This process include spine noted technique
i.e. side excavation process which provides support to hold foundation wall. While bracing
excavation method is based on horizontal struts, that present in front of retaining wall. This
technique is used to hold pressure of excavation wall material. Under present project, Anchored
excavation method is used, where anchors are installed to the counters which act against pressure
of earth.
e) Methods and techniques for dealing with ground and slope stability for slopes which found to
be unstable in vicinity of industrial park area
For effective developments of ground and slope stability, a number of methods can be
employed, which helps in reducing and dealing with issues more easily. It includes - maintaining
and developing effective control on seepage forces; and decreasing driving forces that increasing
the resisting forces as well on ground slopes (FCC collaboration, 2019). It has also been noted
that carrying out drainage methods also helps in deep well formation, including vertical drains,
drainage galleries, sub horizontal drains, interceptor trench drains with maintenance of relief
trenches. This will also help in dealing with issues of stability. While for issues related to slope
stabilization, methods which can be used in present project includes – Alteration in slope
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geometry; Surface water controlling; Internal seepage controlling; Setting provision for retention
which will increase resisting forces as well.
TASK 2
a) Hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working on structures, in confined
spaces and temporary on highways
Considering the construction process in present project, it is essential to maintain different
types of productivity. For this process, mitigation strategy can be developed as per described
hazards or risks – Falls from work at huge height refers to be major risks which might occur
during construction process (Sanjayan, Nazari and Nematollahi, 2019) . Similarly, breakdown of
fragile surface and roofs; falling of objects like heavy equipment etc. are considered as some risk
carrying activities.
Hazards and Risks: It has been evaluated most of hazards risks that might occur in
construction work, can be mitigated by estimating the amount of work carried out by each
individual. Through this process, different set of activities as well as equipment which are heavy
and risk prone, can be evaluated, which helps in developing better strategies for handling the
same.
Techniques and methods for carrying out safe and productive activities within deep
excavation, which includes maintenance of relevant data regarding with subsurface soil and
water table location (Amalia, Mochtar and Mochtar, 2019) (Navon, 2020). For this purpose,
maintaining the excavation sides and carrying out protective system, along with type of soil
needs to be done first. Then, determine underground utilities as per basis of pipelines, electric
and optical fibre cables. This will help in assessing the chemical hazard potential also, that might
occur during construction work and raise difficulties in
b) A safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for civil engineering activity
Safety plans
The proper planning including the setting of various civil engineering activity helps in
applying safety approaches. In present project, proper controllable work engagement to control
potential hazards will be considered first, which helps in identifying long term processing of
management as well as delivering the efficient control processing system (Dupen, 2019). Along
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with this, civil working planning will be managed for creating acceptable planning procedure and
formulation of risk management activities with implication of several precautions.
Risk assessments
The risk assessment planning within civil engineering structure will be accessed by
applying improvement statement and several approaches which are based on long term working
procedure (Moss, 2020). After assessing potential risk, cost-effective solutions will be
considered, which helps in achieving work implication with planned work engagement in set
duration. Furthermore, risk assessment in present construction project will be connected with
macro and meso level, which includes construction and technological risk, time and cost risk,
work quality and more.
Method statements
For generating effective and long term engagement in present construction project, it is
also essential to conduct an analysis of various risk methods and mitigating the same (Petalas,
Dafalias and Papadimitriou, 2019). For this purpose, methods like managing materials, resources
and equipment by timely monitoring the availability of productivity segment, focusing on
resource management criteria and more. In addition to this, considering the outcomes of projects
outcome, building up effective team of labour and associated people of construction field, will
help in getting high achievement.
c) Health and safety legislations with code of practices related to civil engineering sites
Code of practice if connect with civil engineering work then it will help in providing
proper and safe working environment to labours and associated people at construction site (Das,
2019). For this purpose, programs based on occupational health and safety will be incorporated
in present project, by concerning on positive working environment, protection from fire,
chemicals and explosive agents, proper maintenance of usage of heavy equipment and
machinery, etc. This would help in equipped the working site with lifting appliances to load
heavy materials, stairs, ladders, scaffolds and more (MEN and et. al., 2019). Along with this,
proper supervision segment including codes of practice management also need to be accessed.
Considering the legislations to construct site in London, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Act 1970 will be implemented. This would help in providing safe and
healthy working environment for workers, by enforcing and setting the standards. Under this
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process, adequate training will also be provided to employees that helps in making them self-
independent to safe themselves from any hazardous (FCC collaboration, 2019).
d) Justification on site safety plan and risk assessments
Incorporating the OSHA act and code of practice within workplace setting of civil
engineering activities, will help in minimising the occurrence of potential risk at site. It also
helps in providing safety and adequate environment to workers, so that high contribution of them
can be gained for constructing site in desired manner.
TASK 3
a) Evaluation on environment, quality, geotechnical and economic context of civil engineering
problem
In civil engineering process, main principle of rock and soil mechanics are used first before
any construction, to determine surface condition in terms of environmental, geotechnical,
economic and quality. This would help in preparing entire planning for earthwork activities,
excavation, pilling works and more (Sanjayan, Nazari and Nematollahi, 2019). For this purpose,
nanotechnology has been utilised under present project to determine soil characteristics and
surrounding environment suitability for construction. Along with this, environmental factors
which might affect due to activities like waste slurry or rock powder including dumping of
chemicals and other hazardous resources, are considered to manage the same. Furthermore,
cement concentration that could hampering top surface of soil due to excess usage of immobilize
toxic also concerned during planning process for controlling it.
b) A proposed solution on identified civil engineering problem
As a number of problems may occur during civil engineering construction, like wastage of
slurry and materials, uncontrolled landfills, dumping of chemicals etc. hamper the entire
construction process, because it highly put adverse impact on environment (Navon, 2020).
Therefore, to resolve the same, Green building certification will be obtained first for site
construction. Along with this, material analysis will be done for certification of present project to
minimize the negative impact of construction work on environment. Furthermore, to follow
ethical code of conduct, BS7750 Environmental Management system will be applied, that
provide organisational safety standards to associated people and labours. working in the
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construction sites (Amalia, Mochtar and Mochtar, 2019). While for improving economical,
geotechnical environmental and quality, alternative form of energy will be used.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Das, B. B. (2019). Department of Civil Engineering.
Dupen, B. (2019). Applied strength of materials for engineering technology. School of
Polytechnic, Purdue University Fort Wayne.
Moss, R. E. S. (2020). Applied civil engineering risk analysis. Springer International Publishing.
Petalas, A. L., Dafalias, Y. F., & Papadimitriou, A. G. (2019). SANISAND‐FN: An evolving
fabric‐based sand model accounting for stress principal axes rotation. International
Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 43(1), 97-123.
MEN, J. & et. al. (2019). Discussion on the construction of practical training platform for civil
engineering. Journal of Architectural Education in Institutions of Higher Learning, (1),
21.
FCC collaboration. (2019). FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual
Design Report Volume 2. European Physical Journal: Special Topics, 228(2), 261-623.
Sanjayan, J. G., Nazari, A., & Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing Technology:
Construction and Building Applications. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Zhao, G. F., Yin, Q., Russell, A. R., Li, Y., Wu, W., & Li, Q. (2019). On the linear elastic
responses of the 2D bonded discrete element model. International Journal for Numerical
and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 43(1), 166-182.
Amalia, D., Mochtar, I. B., & Mochtar, N. E. (2019). Application of digital image technology for
determining geometry, stratigraphy, and position of cracks inside earth
slope. International Journal, 17(63), 297-306.
Navon, R. (2020). The Last Lecture: The Need for Civil Engineering Education to Stimulate
Thinking Instead of Only Teaching. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, 146(5), 02520001.
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