University History: Latin American History Review - Eakin's Concepts

This assignment provides a comprehensive review of key concepts in Latin American history, based on Eakin's work. It addresses the central theme of identity formation, exploring the clash of cultures and the influence of Europeanization. The role of Creoles in the independence movement is examined, alongside the relationship between the Enlightenment and Romanticism. The assignment delves into the characteristics of the Romantic Movement, the similarities between Realist and Naturalist writers in the U.S. and Latin America, and the significance of Euclides da Cunha's work. It also explores the alienation of Modernists from Positivists, the influence of music, poetry, and painting on Modernist ideology, and the significance of the Cannibal Manifesto. Finally, it analyzes the limitations of Romanticism compared to Modernism, and examines the evolution of identity in Brazil and Mexico, highlighting the impact of cultural nationalism.

Running head: LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
Latin American History
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors note

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LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
Answer 1:
The central theme of the book is that in 1491 Latin America did not existed, and the
nations and regions were created from the clashing of cultures that has been ignited by Columbus
in 1492 October. During the nineteenth century, The Liberals in order to create a ‘fictional
community’ inspired by Europe culture, forged a nation-building project. This process requires
confrontation of extraordinary cultural, racial, linguistical as well as social diversity of Latin
America and its goal regarding standardization and homogenization. The Europeanization was
diminished in the verge of integrating homogenization in twentieth-century which arises a new
and unique culture which involves traces of other cultures, that forms a mixed heritage, as the
cultural and racial combination is the vision of the nation (Escobar).
In Latin America, the pursuit of identity is considered the most potent force since the
independence war. In the creation of a new nation, between independence of Panamanian in
1903 and the independence of Haitan in 1804, the pursuit is regarding the new community of
nation constructed among common concepts of traditions, values and symbols.
Answer 2:
Creoles played an essential role in the independence movement across Latin America. By
the end of 18th century to the beginning of 19th century, the participation of Creoles in the
conspiracy against Portugal and Spain presented familiarity with Enlightenment Thinkers of
Europe, as, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu. This
Enlightenment evidently is the purpose of a rebel by Creoles along with great leaders of inspiring
Latin American Independence Movement (Westwood).

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LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
Answer 3:
The concept of Enlightenment has emerged in Europe in the 1790s which has stressed the
focus on emotion, intuition and curiosity among technology and science, on the other hand, the
Romanticism was glorifying the freedom and heroism, the stress factor was more towards the
history to understand the nations and its people and the power of nature on earthly creations. The
spiritual and emotional energy of Romanticism and the rationality factor of Enlightenment are
like two sides of a coin, and both are essential aspects of the Age of Revolution (Escobar).
Answer 4:
Between the 1820s to 1870s the Latin American Romantic Movement has hardly lasted
half a century, its first vehicle is the novel itself and its plot is about tragic romance. The
incarnated American Romanticism has also glorified reinforcing the stereotype of the noble
savage, Latin American Indian heritage. The love story of the Portuguese soldier named Martim,
and the Indian princess named Iracema, was written language Brazilian Portuguese instead of the
metropolis, in which Iracema sacrifices her life for Martim after birth to Moacyr, a two raced
child. A Columbian wrote another love story in Spanish American, ‘beautiful and transitory’,
about Maria and her friend Efrain, in which Maria dies from epilepsy before knowing about
Efrain’s love for her. All these show the impacts of Romanticism on the culture (Onuki).
Answer 5:
In terms of similarity among writers of Latin American and the US is that they follow a
similar style of writing, as the Latin American writers innovate and follows popular literary
movements, for example, Realism, Naturalism and Realism which are also commonly found in
the writers of United States. The ideas and concepts used in Latin American Literature which are
very much similar to the literature of the United States.

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LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
Answer 6:
Euclides da Cunha supports the servants and heralds of signs of progress ahistorical
natural force is driven by Gumplowicz’s which is the force of “syngenism”. Brazilian’s are going
to be miscegenated by this Natural law through several means. Da Cunha posits realism in the
balanced ‘ethnic element’ in fundamental Brazil (Delanty). These show that he is an enduring
and brilliant naturalist and realist.
Answer 7:
The concept of positivism has emerged mainly in Europe, which shows the intellectual
and cultural liberation of the colonial past, and later it was adopted by Latin America. In Mexico,
the history of positivism is considerably used as a shifting concept of the term, Comte’s
positivism is the basis. Modernist thinkers feel alienated as they follow the idea of literature, art
and culture, which is entirely different from what the positivism approaches (Castro).
Answer 8:
As in the field of music, literature, architecture and massively notable painting,
Modernism has found its countenance. Matisse, Picasso and Renoir are three of the most famous
artist of Europe, getting by it Brazilian artists have started their counter Modernist movement
and refashioned it to regain the authenticity. In 1922 during centennial Brazil independence,
some great artists influenced by modernism announced their cultural freedom from Europe, they
organized a ‘Modern art week’ and were all set to generate an authentic Brazilian art and culture
(Beardsell).

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LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
Answer 9:
Anthropophagy or Cannibalism was the most striking picture in Modernism of Brazil.
Oswald de Andrade, who is one of the leading Modernists and has issued a “Cannibal
Manifesto” in 1928. The intellectuals of Brazil intended to devour all impacts of African,
European and Indian indigenous and brings a new and unique Brazilian culture, in order to
vanish the Europe influences; which shows that ‘Cannibal Manifesto’ has evidently proved itself
an excellent example of Modernism for the Brazilians (Alves).
Answer 10:
Romanticism is aristocratic and artistically elitist but purely democratic, as not only
poets, artist, mystics but ordinary people also outcast the limitations of the past role, history,
identity and express themselves as per American believe, but besides of having this much broad
field it still has limitations in comparison to the concept of Modernism (Alvarez). Modernism is
more focused towards the roles of science and technology play in society and it is a philosophical
response in order to the concept of Romanticism. As per Eakin view in his work given is that the
Romanticism itself is a broader field but it is not for everyone as every one might not get
interested in it but in terms of Modernism, it transforms an entire culture and the impact of
Romanticism is limited in comparison to Modernism as this one impacts an entire community
and even further.
Answer 11:
During the twentieth century, the most impactful cultural nationalism has occurred on
Mexican as well as on Brazilian culture. The integration of The Liberal pattern nation-building
project in Mexico was not intended to make people European instead make them cosmic
believer, a culturally and radically mixed people belongs mixed tradition to pre-Columbian

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Mesoamerican culture. The Liberal pattern also wanted to reestablish a refashion people in the
aspect of their lifestyle regardless of any ethnicity, but ironically it was permeated by the
Mexican power, and they intended to make everyone speak Spanish as getting back their
authenticity. The evolution of Brazil has happened after the influence of Africans along with,
which has made them strong and unique with the mixture of Indian and European in it;
otherwise, the Portuguese would have never survived.

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LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
References:
Alvarez, Sonia E. Cultures of politics/politics of cultures: Revisioning Latin American social
movements. Routledge, 2018.
Alves, Cândida Beatriz, and Regina Lúcia Sucupira Pedroza. "Identity, university and integration
in latin america: a psychology study." Psicologia em Revista 24.3 (2018): 855-874.
Beardsell, Peter. "Images of Conquest: Europe and Latin American Identity." The Novel and
Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. 115-117
Castro, Carolina Bruna. "Identity in Latin America." The Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies
(2016): 1-6.
Delanty, Gerard. "The Enlightenment and the Idea of Europe." Formations of European
Modernity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 157-181.
Escobar, Arturo, and Sonia E. Alvarez. "Introduction: theory and protest in Latin America
today." The making of social movements in Latin America. Routledge, 2018. 1-16.
Escobar, Arturo. The making of social movements in Latin America: Identity, strategy, and
democracy. Routledge, 2018.
Onuki, Janina, Fernando Mouron, and Francisco Urdinez. "Latin American perceptions of
regional identity and leadership in comparative perspective." Contexto internacional 38.1
(2016): 433-465.
Westwood, Sallie. "Nationalism and the politics of national identities in Latin America: Gender,
power and racism." Modern Roots. Routledge, 2017. 217-239.