Role of miRNA in Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review

Literature Review
[Students Name]
[Students ID]
[Date]

2
Literature review
Topic: Role OF miRNA in colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the fourth directing reason for cancer-related
casualties around the. There are several reasons for CRC to prevail, but the primary reason is the
liver metastasis for mortality in CRC patients, arising in about 60% of patients with no helpful
therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are significant regulators for gene expression and cellular
homeostasis (Xio, et al., 2008). This review presents the sent of studies that were identified,
observed, and reviewed to provide an in-depth study on the role of miRNA in colorectal cancer
and specify the clinically related miRNA,s and evaluate their potential aim in targeting colorectal
cancer.
It has been noted by Ye, et al., (2019), the essential part of miRNAs in the pathogenesis
of cancer has been adequately reported that involves CRC and related disease. miRNAs are
realized as targets for genomic-based lesions, which are mostly inactivated tumor suppressors,
activated oncogenes, and cancer cells that result in epigenetic silencing, amplification, and
deletion. Besides that, miRNAs are recognized to manage the suppressor signaling pathways and
the oncogenic. More than that, it participates in the proliferation, metastasis, and growth invasion
of cancer cells. Several functional types of research have reported the anti-tumorigenic
properties of particular miRNAs presented in cancer cells, and their probability to be used as
unique anti-cancer molecules. Few of the miRNA-based medications have already been attained
to enter the phase 2 clinical trials. According to Danese, et al., (2017), nearly 30% of human
genes are under the supervision of small molecules known as microRNAs. These molecules
work to impede specific genes to modify into essential proteins and govern most necessary
procedures like cell development and division. However, their process to accomplish so is still
unclear. Presently various researchers have worked with the European Molecular Biology
Laboratory (EMBL) have formulated a recent technique that disclosed the procedure of effort for
microRNAs within a test tube.

3
Another study published by Wang, et al., (2019), indicates that microRNAs obstruct the
initiation of the translation process, which is the quickest and core step in the procedure that
spins genetic data stocked on messenger RNAs that turns into proteins. Also, the central dogma
in molecular biology explains that the DNA where genetic data is stored is transcribed via units
of messenger RNAs that are later translated into proteins. These MicroRNAs are tiny molecules
that have no link to encode the essential proteins by themselves; however, they get connected
and attached to messenger RNAs. They have functions and the purpose of working as locks for
messenger RNAs and precluding their translation process into proteins. However, their whole
process is still unknown, and this effect of protein synthesis impedes a long-standing mystery. It
has been difficult to immediately assess when and how microRNAs stuck the messenger RNAs
and impeded their functions.
As noted by Chang, et al., (2008), the new strategy to researching micro RNAs inactivity
in a test tube helps pave the way to related research of human and microRNAs. These
MicroRNAs are essential as they have a crucial role in several diseases like a viral disease,
cancer, and diabetes. The recent in vitro operation will not just assist in relieving the light on
various roles of microRNAs in infection but could also perform as a purpose for new techniques
in the discovery of drugs. Several Non-coding RNAs are abbreviated as ncRNAs; these are the
types of RNA that are not used in translation as they cannot be translated simply into protein.
ncRNAs were previously evaluated and known as junk RNA. But in the past decades, along with
the improvement in high-throughput sequencing technology, many researchers have known the
significant function of ncRNAs. These molecules of ncRNAs consist of available kinds of RNA
that include long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and
microRNAs (miRNAs). Although the majority of the biological processes are conducted by
proteins present in organisms, ncRNAs furthermore play vital parts in several biological
methods.
Colon cancer (COAD) is a widespread malignant tumor that transpires at the intersection
of the sigmoid colon and rectum. COAD disease, in 2018, was ranked as second in the list of