Capital Asset Pricing Model: Assumptions, Criticisms, and Importance

This essay provides an in-depth analysis of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), including its assumptions, criticisms, and importance. It explains how CAPM is used to calculate the cost of capital and make investment decisions. The essay also explores alternative models and highlights the advantages of using CAPM. Overall, it concludes that despite its limitations, CAPM remains a valuable tool in the financial market.

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Strategic Finance

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Table of Contents
Introduction to CAPM.....................................................................................................................3
Criticisms of Model.........................................................................................................................4
Assumption of true market portfolio...........................................................................................4
Assumption of Beta.....................................................................................................................4
Argument for future cash flows...................................................................................................5
Concern in relation to risk free borrowing assumption...............................................................5
Alternative model............................................................................................................................6
Importance of CAPM......................................................................................................................6
Advantages of CAPM......................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................9
References......................................................................................................................................11

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Introduction to CAPM
Capital asset pricing model is the technique which is used by the businesses for the
ascertainment of the cost of capital for their entity. This is very useful and so it is necessary that
all the information in this relationship shall be identified. The essay will be representing the
manner in which this is useful with the undertaken assumptions also. All of the aspects are
covered and in that the assumptions which are involved will also be undertaken. This is the
technique which will be of great use for the business as will also be helpful in the making of
various decisions which are relevant for the business (Chong, Jin and Phillips, 2014). This is the
model in which the risk and return both are taken into account and by that the relation among
them is identified. There will be consideration of all the elements which are involved in relation
to them. By that, the calculation of the rate of capital is made which is attained after involving all
the aspects and so is the accurate one. In this, the risk premium and beta both are taken into
account so that all the uncertainties involved are determined and involved in advance. There is
the involvement of the systematic risk in this and due to that, it is widely used (Fama and French,
2012). By the help of this, the impact of the diversification and other elements on the returns is
eliminated. There is the sensitivity which is involved in relation to the return which is obtained
on the stock in comparison to the market portfolio and for that the beta is taken into
consideration. It is taken into consideration in this model that the beta will be the main factor in
the determination of the cost of equity capital for investors. There is the formula which is used
for the calculation of the same in which the risk-free rate, risk premium, and beta are taken into
use. The beta will be multiplied with the risk premium and then the outcome will be added to the
risk-free rate. The result which will be attained is identified as the cost of equity capital.

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Criticisms of Model
The relationship which is present among all of them is identified and understood in an effective
manner by the help of this model. There are several criticisms which have been faced by the
CAPM model in relation to its validity (Zabarankin, Pavlikov, and Uryasev, 2014). The making
of the capital asset pricing model is dependent on certain assumptions which were used in its
formulation. This is one of the best models and provides accurate results and then also faces the
issues. It has been argued by many people that the model is not appropriate due to a large
number of assumptions which are made under this.
Assumption of true market portfolio
In this model, it is assumed that there is a true market portfolio and according to Richard roll,
this is not possible as there is no such portfolio (Roll, 1977). Due to this, the model is considered
to be inaccurate and inadequate by him. It has been provided by him that a portfolio will be
considered to be diversified only if there has been consideration of all the investments which
have been made in all the assets and that too covered in the whole world. In accordance with this,
the method of incorporating the inefficient market proxies is inefficient which is used in CAPM
as there is not the involvement of all the financial assets into this. Therefore the use of mean-
variance in this is not correct and by that, the perfect employee will be represented as less
efficient.
Assumption of Beta
Another argument which was posted against the capital asset pricing model is that the capital
structure which is there in the company changes from time to time but the beta value which is

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taken into use is calculated with the help of the historical data. It does not cover all the changes
which have been made and also the expected market return is based on the estimate in which
there are high chances of having an error.
Argument for future cash flows
The argument has been made against the assumption which is present in respect of the future
cash flows. It is assumed under this method that the future cash flows which will be available
with the business can be estimated by the company (Dayala, 2012). It is criticized that if the
ascertainment of the cash flows can be made in an accurate manner then the need for the
calculation of the cost of capital does not arise. The main issue is with the identification of the
cash flows for the coming period and if that is done accurately then the need will eliminate to use
the capital asset, pricing model.
Concern in relation to risk free borrowing assumption
It is also considered in the calculation under CAPM that it is possible for the investors to make
the borrowing at the risk-free rate which is not possible in the practical world. This is also a
major concern and for that, the same is taken into account while considering the issue so that the
required decision can be made. There is no party in the market who will be providing the funds
at the risk-free rate as every person is sitting to earn the profits and so there will be some interest
which will have to be earned by them (Berk and Van Binsbergen, 2016). Due to that, there will
be some addition which will be made to the risk-free rate and the same will be charged from all
the borrowers. By this, the interest of all will be considered and no party will be at disadvantage.
There is the need to consider such aspects and the focus shall be made on that so that the
assumptions which are involved and are practically impossible can be focused. There will be an
action which will be taken to eliminate the impact of the same or to minimize the result of it.

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Alternative model
The CAPM model was made with various expectations but they were not fulfilled due to various
inefficiencies involved in it (Johnstone, 2016). The model includes many such assumptions and
is based on the market portfolio theory and due to this, there are several challenges as there is
difficulty in testing the involved requirements. There are many such users who are in favor of the
model and they argue that in spite of various assumptions the model can be used in a successful
manner as it provides accurate results. There are many models which have been developed as the
alternative of the model and one of them is three-factor models. In CAPM there is only one
variable which is covered and to eliminate this limitation the three variable models has been
prepared in which there are three variables which are taken into consideration by which the stock
returns are explained (Sundaresan, 2013). According to this model the stock return itself is not
only the one factor and in addition to this book to market ratio and market capitalization there
was a relation which was identified by the help of this model and it stated that there is higher
return which is attained in the stocks which have small-cap stock or ones which have higher
book to market ratios. By the help of this, it was proved that in the calculation of the return there
is more importance of the two variables than that of the beta which is included in the capital asset
pricing model.
Importance of CAPM
In the practical world, the CAPM is still more important and used by the companies and is not
affected by the inefficiencies which are identified by many people in it. There is the paper which
is presented by Harvey and Graham and according to that, there are still 73.49% people who are
using the CAPM model and are satisfied with the results which are provided by it (Dempsey,
2013). In the market, there are different practitioners who are having various views and it is not

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possible to satisfy the requirement of all. If one aspect will be included and it will be improved
then the other will raise another issue (Kan, Robotti and Shanken, 2013). In the financial market,
there are several variables and the changes also take place on a continuous basis. It will be
required that there shall be the adoption of the one technique as the changes which happen on a
regular basis are not possible to be taken into account. There will be one or the aspect which will
be changing and so the assumptions which are made under the capital asset pricing model are not
irrelevant and will be required to be taken into account. The equation which is used in this
includes the risk free rate and risk premium together with the beta. By them the rate will be
calculated which is used for the decision making. The calculation can be made by that such as a
company has beta of 0.6 and risk free rate is 10%. The risk premium is identified to be 15%. The
calculation for the same will be as follows:
Ke = Rf + b (Rm – Rf)
= 10 + 0.6 * 15
= 19%
This will be the rate which will be treated as the rate of equity and the same will be used by the
business for the further calculation.
Advantages of CAPM
There is an easy process which is involved in the calculation of CAPM and also the comparison
is made possible among all the investment proposals which are available. Due to this, it is used
in a wider manner among all the companies (Elbannan, 2015). Another assumption which is
made in the capital asset pricing model is in relation to the risk-free rate. It is assumed that over

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the complete discounting period the rate will be remaining constant which is practically not
possible. There are various changes which are involved in the rate and they are needed to be
included as by that the cost of capital which is calculated is affected.
All of these issues have been raised but then also the capital asset pricing model is used by the
majority of the businesses as they have faith in the result which is provided by it. By the help of
CAPM, it will be possible for the investors to reduce the risk which is involved in the portfolio
management (Eisfeldt and Papanikolaou, 2013). They will be able to make the portfolio in such a
manner that the risk can be avoided and by this, it will be on the efficient frontier. There is still
the value of the model as this will be helpful in various processes which are undertaken and will
be providing the business with the positive results. The evaluation of the portfolio will be made
possible by the help of this model and also the comparison of the performance of any single
stock can also be made with the complete market.
The proper understanding of the model can be gained with the help of the graph which is
provided below:
Figure 1: Capital asset pricing model
(Source: Analyst prep, 2018)

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It can be seen that there is the risk free rate and also the risk premium is available. The point
where the beta is 1 is the place where the beta of investment and market will be equal. They
determine the systematic risk which is present and thus the decisions can be made accordingly.
The risk free rate will be added to this so that the return on the equity is determined.
The securities which will not be providing the investors with the benefit will be determined with
the help of this and that will be in the interest of the investors as they will be able to take the
decision accordingly. All the non-beneficial stocks will be eliminated from the portfolio so that
overall returns of the investors are maintained and no adverse impact is faced by them. There
will be steps which will be taken so that the risk which is involved will be affecting the returns
can be determined and the corrective actions can be made in respect of them.
Conclusion
After the complete evaluation, it can be concluded that the problems which are involved in
Capital asset pricing model are involved in almost all the financial models which are available in
the market. The other models such as the dividend growth model and various others also include
some of the issues and the cost of equity which is calculated with the help of CAPM is better and
there is no harm in using this model. This can be used by the businesses and the result which will
be attained from the use of it is reliable and companies can rely on the same. They can take the
decision on the basis of the cost of capital which is calculated under this approach and that will
be the most adequate and accurate one. No issue will be arising by the use of it and there will be
no adverse impact which will have to be faced. Due to all of these arguments, it can be said that
although there are a various assumption and many people criticize the same then also the

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companies can use the capital asset pricing method and this will be considered to be one of the
best models in the financial market.

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References
Analyst prep. (2018) The Capital Asset Pricing Model. [Online] Available at:
https://analystprep.com/study-notes/frm/part-1/the-capital-asset-pricing-model/ [Accessed 18
June 2019]
Berk, J.B. and Van Binsbergen, J.H. (2016) Assessing asset pricing models using revealed
preference. Journal of Financial Economics, 119(1), pp.1-23.
Chong, J., Jin, Y. and Phillips, G. (2014) The Entrepreneur's Cost of Capital: Incorporating
Downside Risk. Business Valuation Review, 33(3), pp.81-91.
Dayala, R. (2012) The capital asset pricing model: A fundamental critique. Business Valuation
Review, 31(1), pp.23-34.
Dempsey, M. (2013) The capital asset pricing model (CAPM): the history of a failed
revolutionary idea in finance?. Abacus, 49, pp.7-23.
Eisfeldt, A.L., and Papanikolaou, D. (2013) Organization capital and the cross‐section of
expected returns. The Journal of Finance, 68(4), pp.1365-1406.
Elbannan, M.A. (2015) The capital asset pricing model: an overview of the theory. International
Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1), pp.216-228.
Fama, E.F. and French, K.R. (2012) Size, value, and momentum in international stock
returns. Journal of financial economics, 105(3), pp.457-472.

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Johnstone, D. (2016) The effect of information on uncertainty and the cost of
capital. Contemporary Accounting Research, 33(2), pp.752-774.
Kan, R., Robotti, C., and Shanken, J. (2013) Pricing model performance and the two‐pass cross‐
sectional regression methodology. The Journal of Finance, 68(6), pp.2617-2649.
Roll, R. (1977) A critique of the asset pricing theory's tests Part I: On past and potential
testability of the theory. Journal of financial economics, 4(2), pp.129-176.
Sundaresan, S. (2013) A review of Merton’s model of the firm’s capital structure with its wide
applications. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ., 5(1), pp.21-41.
Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. and Uryasev, S. (2014) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with
drawdown measure. European Journal of Operational Research, 234(2), pp.508-517.