Environmental Conservation and Sustainability

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of environmental conservation and sustainability efforts across different regions and contexts. It includes a diverse range of sources and studies on topics such as agri-environmental payments, remnant native vegetation conservation, pollinators and pesticides, and more.

3/16/2018
AGRICULTURE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Student Name

Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................2
Map of farm showing farm environmental plan.....................................................................................................3
Management or conservation options to be implemented......................................................................................4
Table showing accumulation of stewardship money and where allocated.............................................................5
Nectar and pollen sources..................................................................................................................................7
Flower-rich margins and plots.......................................................................................................................7
Legume and herb-rich swards........................................................................................................................8
Winter food for seed-eating birds......................................................................................................................8
Additional resources and habitats......................................................................................................................8
Compare and contrast CS in England with EMS in Australia and environmental management India...................9
Components of the 3 schemes of benefit to WA farmers.....................................................................................12
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................16
1

Introduction
Agriculture plays an essential role towards human survival thus making it a primary requirement each
nation, community, and person must consider. The past few decades have seen the use of commercial
methods of farming which have helped improve yields over the short term period but contributed
towards land and environment degradation over the long-term perspective. With chemical fertilizers
and pesticides affecting land resource negatively over the long-term perspective, it has become
important for suitable farming approaches to be adopted. Organic farming has therefore registered a
rise in demand in recent years but scientists have also been placed under pressure to develop new
technologies to address major concerns such as increased farm yields and pest control using harmless
and organic solution, (Barh, Zambare & Azevedo, 2013). The report shall explore different approaches
which can be used by farmers to improve farm production while addressing environmental norms. This
will be achieved by developing a farm environmental plan highlighting the different approaches which
can be used to improve production, retain farmland fertility and protect Flora and Fauna from harmful
chemicals.
2

Map of farm showing farm environmental plan
Key;
3
Nector flower mix
Winter bird food
Legume and herb rich
swards
Flower rich margins
AB5
AB6, 11,12 GS2,17,SW1, BE 3,
WT1 &WT2

Management or conservation options to be implemented
Agriculture management and conversation method stake multiple shapes and in many situations, the
conservation option adopted by a farm will depend on the farm product. Therefore require adopting a
unique approach and conversation option which will ensure the farm maximizes its productivity.
Multiple factors linked to the availability of irrigation water, gradient, type of soil as well as the crops
and animals farmed will continue towards the development of the environmental plan. For this report
develop an environmental plan for the North Pool Farm which covers a total area of 110 ha. The plan
will address environmentally friendly farming approaches which the farm can adopt so as to ensure
maximum profitability. The plan shall also divide the farm production into sections each focusing on
different farming practicing and highlight the benefits of each approach, (OECD, 2006. The Plan shall
address environmentally friendly and sustainable farming practices with relation to Nectar and pollen
sources, winter food for seed-eating birds and Additional resources and habitats. These have been the
hardest hit through the use of chemicals in Agriculture thus making it important for the farm to utilize
biological and environmentally friendly approaches to cultivated crops and animals without damaging
the environment. To maximize the benefits registered on the projects its critical for the environmental
plan to be divided between the different sections and specific amounts of money allocated to each
proposed plan. The investment towards the proposed plans will be recovered over a 5 year period thus
allowing the developers invest more towards the development of the project thus helping to improve
successful implementation.
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Table showing accumulation of stewardship money and where allocated
Option
Total area in
hectares
Total
amount
allocated Remarks
AB1
Nectar flower mix
2 ha
£511
Located in the area with
limited grassland levels.
AB8
Flower-rich margins and
plots
2 ha
£539
Area allocated effected
for ensuring effective
nectar and pollen
pollination
GS4
Legume and herb-rich
swards
2 ha
£309
Essential for nitrogen
fixation in the land to
make more arable.
AB9 Winter bird food 4 ha £640
Effective placed in
accessible and visible
locations of the farm
AB5
Nesting plots for lapwing
and stone curlew 0.4 ha £524
Effective placed in
accessible and visible
locations of the farm
AB6
Enhanced overwinter
stubble
0.4 ha
£436 Effective for winter
AB11
Cultivated areas for
arable plants
0.4 ha
£532
Good arable land
efficiently
AB12
Supplementary winter
feeding for farmland
birds(per
0.4 ha
£632
For bird control
management
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tonne for every 2 ha of
AB9- Winter bird food)
0.4 ha
GS2
Permanent grassland with
very low inputs (outside
SDAs)
0.4 ha
£95 For pasture grazing
GS17
Lenient grazing
supplement
0.4 ha
£44 For farm animals
SW1
4m to 6m buffer strip on
cultivated land
0.4 ha
£353
For control of soil
erosion
BE3
Management of
hedgerows
0.3 ha
£8/100m
Effective soil
conservation
WT1
Buffering in-field ponds
and ditches in improved
grassland
0.3 ha
£201
For protection of soil
management
WT2
Buffering in-field ponds
and ditches on arable land
0.3 ha
£501
Soil control
management practices
TOTAL = 14.1 HA = £4814
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Nectar and pollen sources
Pollinators play an immense role towards any farms success making it important to address insect and
pollinator interests. This is due to their immense contribution towards pollinating crops which ensures
successful fertilization and spearhead of pollen and genetic diversity. The nectar and pollen
pollinators’ project would be distributed by dedicating 1% of the landmass to the pollinator’s project,
(Miller, 2013). This would be distributed across the farms which would ensure even distribution of
pollinators across the farms which would ensure even pollination of flowing plants. The project office
and storage site would be located at the centre of the North Pool Farm thus ensuring even distribution
of the resources and project development.
Nectar flower mix
The primary insect encouraged for pollination at beside to their efficacy towards pollinating flowers
and ability to produce honey which can be harvested and sold in the retail market. In addition to
effective pollination and honey production, they are also tameable insects thus allowing farmers to
house them at specific locations without the fear of losing the hive. This makes bees the ideas
pollination insect but their honey productions required careful management. The honey flavour is
directly influenced by the flower nectar the bees collect thus making it possible to manipulate and
control the type of honey being produced by a hive, (Miller, 2013).This makes flower management
important towards honey production as it influences the flavour and price directly.
Flower-rich margins and plots
Certain flowers also have the ability to repel pest’s insects while still attracting bees. One such flower
which has been classified as environmentally friendly in organic farming is the marigold species. They
produce an abundance of flowers and nectar for bees while at the same time has been known to repel
many pest insects from farms surrounded by marigold plants, (Dicks et al. 2014). This makes it critical
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for the pest insect repelling flowers to be grown on plot blundering which will help repel pest insects
from damaging crop plants without the use of chemical insecticides.
Legume and herb-rich swards
It is also essential to encourage the growth of Legume and herb-rich swards which continue towards
farm animal health. Animal husbandry is a major part of many farms and similar to crop production
the demand for organic farmed animal’s products is on the rise, (Parliament, 2013). By encouraging
the growth of Legume and herb-rich swards farm animals can consumer healthy organic food which
would continue toward healthier and most resilient animals and animal’s products
Winter food for seed-eating birds
Birds were until recently classified as farm pests but organic farming has demonstrated the importance
of birds towards sustainable environmentally friendly farming practices. Worms are a perfect example
of this contribution made by birds. All farmers know that earthworms contribute towards building
solid fertility and do no damage crop plants thus they are encouraged on farms. On the other hand,
caterpillars are notorious for damaging crops and bird’s area natural remedy for caterpillar
management (Williams, Pople, & Showler, 2013). While birds may consumer some crop yields their
contribution towards managing caterpillar infestations plays a bigger benefit to organic farmers as
compared to the amount they consume. This makes it important to manage bird pollution and provide
winter food for birds so as to encourage the birds to roost on the farm even during the winter months.
The location of the winter food for the birds will be suited at North pool Farm at various places so as
to allow birds to feed on any worms ad caterpillars which will be reared so as to protect the seeds from
being eaten by the seed eating birds. Locations for growing winter food are shown below in the table;
Additional resources and habitats
In addition to crops and animal husbandry, it’s also important to consider other aspects linked to
environmental degradation such as soil erosion. Soil erosion occurred due to the implementation of
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poor cultivation techniques but can easily be managed and brought under control. To do this an
effective soil management plan must be developed and soil erosion strategies implemented to prevent
further soil loss which also contributes towards soil fertility depletion.
Compare and contrast CS in England with EMS in Australia and environmental management
India
Australia is made up of a vast arid landscape with limited water resources above ground. This results
in making the majority of Australia un-arable and non-arable for crop farming. While Australia has
been termed as being among the driest places on the planet, there is an abundance of underground
water resources in any part of the country. This makes it possible for farmers to implement
environmentally friendly farming techniques to grow crops and rare animals, (Swaminathan, 2017).
This has been a farming strategy which has been adopted by both the United Kingdom and India which
is well known for the green revolution.
In Western Australia, EMS activities are being directed by the department of Agriculture and are being
implemented by the Land Management Society. The Agriculture department is an EMS working group
which incorporates various stakeholders from meat sector, dairy farm, grain farm, wool rearing, trade
partners, industry players and other relevant stakeholders in adoption of best farming practices and
usage of codes of practices. Further the Agriculture department, has developed an Environmental Farm
Plan in developing EMS products which is more specifically associated with QA product chain , SQF
2000.
South Australia is in progress of developing proposals on EMS for agricultural industry. Various
sectors have been developing EMS for their respective places so as to equip themselves with ISO
14001 standards.
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In Victoria State, the agriculture department are in continuous progress of working on EMS and its
implementation in various stages. Farmers are being encouraged to implement farm polices which
have environmental management principles, which include usage of least partial restoration and water
balance. Further farmers are provided information of range of farm planning techniques and schemes
which they choose to follow.
Generally in Australia, agriculture farming is slowly embracing ISO 14001. Projects such as the role of
on farm quality assurance and environmental quality in achieving sustainable agriculture and land use
management has been adopted. The increased overall increase and demand for productivity has led to
one of the most urgent concerns of environmental management. With the changing environment and
past farm management practices, focus is now shifting on use and management of water, chemical use
management, erosion, animal welfare, greenhouse gas emission animal welfare among others.
India is well recognized for its efforts towards promoting suitable farming and turning arid land into
arable farming land whereby Regions like Rajasthan which was majority classified as Desert has been
converted into arable farmland.
Despite this efforts there has been numerous challenges faced such as pollution. Air, water, land and
air contamination are cross-sectional in the land. Huge expose has been contaminated with pollutants.
Further natural resources, biodiversity and ecosystems have been degraded, leading to poor soils,
depleted aquifers and limited forests. The costal zone management has been encroached by. Climate
change has highly impacted India which has been contributed to high poverty levels, high population
and high reliance on natural resources and water.
Despite to these challenges, the government has made tremendous efforts in attempting to reduce the
challenges occasioned by environmental hazards. The enactment of National Environmental policy has
recognised on values of harnessing market forces and establishing green tribunal to manage
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environment litigations. The government further has enacted and promoted and inclusive approach on
costal planning and management of hazard waste and ensuring there is conservation of land.
India further has been supported by partners such as World Bank, in developing a multipronged
approach to address environmental issues. A program on sound knowledge of products has been rolled
to promote utilization if environmental friendly solutions. Further capacity building initiatives for the
farmers have been established so as to improve their resilience on farm practices. Some of the active
projects include the coastal zone management project, industrial pollution management on pollution
and Ganga River basin conservation plan on water catchment areas.
In England, country side stewardship schemes have led to contribution of an estimate of £900 million
in a period of 6 years. The program helps farmers and woodland managers in improving the state of
existing woodlands, support preparation and management of plans, addressing health issues of trees
and creation of new woodlands so as to ensure land is effectively used.
The conservation management system has been used as a key tool to manage green assets and heritage
of the people. The CMS is a panning based tool which is geared towards conservation tool.
Conservation management practices in England has involved control of socio economic factors which
entails efficient use of materials, recycling materials, restoration of derelict land and maintenance of
capacity of ecosystems. However in the recent past focus has shifted on agriculture, fisheries, forestry,
water conservation wild life and genetic resources.
The conservation management practices has played crucial role in forming linkages on environmental,
social and economic aspects. Hence it focuses on restoration of conservation management and
restoring the culture for sustainability efforts. England has also adopted a similar strategy by
promoting organic farming strategies which have resulted in the farmers being able to produce
healthier organic food which fetches higher prices from consumers.
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Thus generally it is evident that Australia Environmental management systems is playing crucial role
in ensuring that farmers are coordinated and assisted towards conservation management and tillage
services. Various efforts further have been initiated in India, despite the negative state of climate,
various programs and initiatives have been rolled out and various partners such as World Bank joining
hands towards the same process. In UK, it is more philanthropist initiatives which seek to empower the
farmers on best farming approaches which they cane utilised to ensure that farmers adopt to
environmental friendly approaches.
Components of the 3 schemes of benefit to WA farmers
Farm environmental planning plays a critical role towards farms and farmers long-term suitability. The
use of chemicals in farming has had a negative effect on the environment and people who have
consumed the food. While the chemicals help boost farm productivity, they have long-term effects
which result in major losses for the farmers thus making it important to adopt environmentally friendly
farming techniques, (Bezdeicek, Papendick & Lal, 1996).
Currently there is an estimated 60% ha of soils used for cropping are sodic and most of the farming
practices are performed under dry land conditions. The yields often harvested in the sodic conditions
are less than the actual potential output. Further a major problem which has been observed is dry land
salinity of water, (Rengasammy, 2002).
Further an open opportunity for farming in Western Australia is precision farming methods which
prioritise pad docking spatial and temporal management of atmosphere conditions. Thus opportunities
are available in usage of precision farming which is aimed at improving control of input variables like
the seeds, water usage, chemicals and fertiliser additions, (Cook & Bramley, 1998). The demand for
agriculture land for use in field such as firewood avenues, food and fibber are increasing thus requiring
urgent balance of conservation biodiversity. Thus measures and avenues such as land sparing and wild
life friendly farming techniques are being adopted to meet this demand, (Derpsch et al, 2010).
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In UK, environment schemes have led to improvement on farm management practices which include
landscape management, improved soil profile, increased water quality and protection of natural
environments. Research has shown that these schemes have significant contribution on the overall
farmer’s income and offering high standards and good practices of environmental managements,
(Courtney et al, 2012). These practices are applicable to farmers in Western Australia and are
beneficial in improving their overall productivity which translates to increase income. The three tier
stewardship namely Entry level stewardship, (ELS), Organic level stewardship (OELS) and Higher
level stewardship (HLS), (ESS, Online 2018), are critical in ensuring that farmers adhere to effective
farming practices which improves the overall productivity. Adoption of such system to Western
Australia farmers is crucial towards ensuring sustainable environment.
The Entry levels scheme models are aimed at encouraging large number of farmers to offer simple and
yet effective management practices on environment. Payouts often go for £30/hectare, to an estimate
of £60/hectare in organic levels which go for a period of 5- 10 years, it requires a threshold of 30
points in an hectare of land calculated through average weight age, (Raymong et al, 2016). Farmers are
given options of choosing management practices which entails hedgerow management, minimum input
of grassland and soil management practices earning 100 points in total venture, (Dobbs & Pretty,
2008). All this schemes when effectively implemented, ensures that the environmental is positively
taken cared of and ensures proper management practices. This model is applicable for farmers in
Western Australia as it will lead to sustainable land use and ensures that farmers agree to contractual
terms which conserve the environment.
i) Long-term farmland fertility
The common agriculture practices are the high usage of agriculture chemicals deep tillage and
hazardous irrigation methods which depletes the soil fertility. The interrelated problems associated
with environmental problems linked to soil degradation, soil erosion and green house effects, (Bastida
13

et al, 2008). The soil degradation occurrence is associated with loss of soil fertility. Further farmland
fertility has been exonerated with the continuous drainage of wasteland waste on the land.
One of the biggest benefits linked to sustainable farming has been linked to land fertility management.
Utilizing natural organic farming techniques ensure soil remains fertile and healthy from the long-term
perspective. While productive may remain lower than chemically treated farms, the yield is higher
when compared over the long-term perspective. Chemical treatment of farmland delivers large benefits
over the short term period but damaging the soil composition and biology which results in destroyed
soil over the long-term period, (Caldwell & Wilton, 2017). Adopting suitable farming techniques such
as rotational farming allows for the plots to be utilized growing different crops thus allowing for
different nutrients to be extracted from the solid. One cycle also involved the introduction of livestock
to the paddock which feeds on the foliage and in turn drop manure on the paddock. This a traditional
but effective paddock management strategy which can be further improved with modern technology
and research to deliver higher yields, (Antil et al, 2005).
There is need to further enhance organic amendments on farming practices, as it plays a crucial role in
climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration process. Further there is need for long term
application of compost materials which ensures that the soil organic content is raised by 90 % through
storage for the purposes of mineralization process in the planting seasons, (Abbott & Murphy, 2007).
ii) Preservation of native flora and fauna
It is also important to keep in mind the natural flora and fauna found in a region requires be protecting
and preserving. Irresponsible farming techniques have resulted in several plant and animal species
facing extinctions imply due to them not being economically viable to farmers, (Daehler, 2003) It’s
critical for farms to segregate a portion of their landmass towards natural flora and fauna. North Pool
Farm will be dedicating 2% of its total landmass towards this cause and would implement necessary
measures to protect the flora and fauna falling within these sections. It’s important to retain natural
14

plants and animals despite them not delivering any final benefit to and the farm as a contribution made
by the farm towards nature, (Jones, 2010). The protected areas must not be disturbed and a natural
flora and fauna allowed growing undisturbed within the paddocks. This natural growth would require
being monitors and documented with seeds collected for storage or distribution to areas where the flora
and fauna may require an introduction.
Further the native flora and fauna is crucial in ensuring that soil erosion is controlled and land
degradation minimised. Further it improves the salinity of water and provides a conducive habitant of
unique biodiversity and rare species, (Lockwood, Walpole & Miles, 2000). Evidence has suggested
that the benefits of the native flaura and flora are great for the farmer and catchment values attached.
The benefits flaura and flora has on the individual include improvement of economic outcomes
through improvement on land value, production increase and reduction of management waste, (Morton
et al., 2002). In improving production outcomes in increases production yields, improving pasture and
increase in terms of stock weight and increase in fertility rate. Further it improves of pollination of
crops, maintenance of water and landscape and reduction in pest usage and reduced management
actions. Further it restores native vegetation through protection of vegetation and reversal of negative
effects habitat fragmentation, (Caberry et al., 2002).
iii) Suitable management of farmland and farming practices –erosion and soli
management
Farmland management requires proper management where farmers must be able to implement certain
soil management measures to prevent soil loss and damage. Soil erosion has also been identified as
major contributors towards soil health depletion making it important for effective soil management
approaches to be put in place so as to retain soil within the farm, (Renard, 1997). This would require a
detailed survey to be performed on the farm to determine affected regions after which effective plan
can be developed to address the concern, (Tucker & Hargreaves, 2009). This is not limited to soil
15

erosion mitigation measures and managing farm resources which can be used to improve farm
productivity as well as produce energy to be utilized on the farm.
In a study conducted in Manaus, Brazil on application of organic fertilizers and charcoal towards
increasing nutrient levels. it assessed on carbons supplied through chicken manure, compost, charcoal
and forest leaves and tested under two forms of sorghum and rice, (Recosky, 2003). The carbon mix
provided through the chicken manure resulted to high p-value and further enhanced levels of soil Ph,
calcium levels and magnesium. Further it showed that charcoal manure showed improved levels of
grain volume production on farms, (Sierra et al., 2003).
Further ensuring that there is balanced use of chemical fertilizer is of essence in faming, this can
sustain the quality of the soil. Evidence has shown that excess usage of fertilization could lead to
stimulation of bacterial in the soil, thus a rational strategy on application of fertilizer is of essence,
(Xu, Li & Bowker, 2017).
Conclusion
With more hue and cries being registered across the globe regarding environmental concerns, farmers
must also be able to adopt environmentally friendly farming techniques. This is essential due to the
adverse effect conventional commercial farming method shave on both the environment and
consumers thus prompting the need to safer strategies and techniques to utilized on farms keeping in
mind the environment as well as the high yield for maximum profitability.
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