Functional Anatomy for Corrective Exercises and Fitness Training

Running head: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
1.
Postural
abnormality
Lower Back Pain or Lumber spine pain
Tight muscles Erector spine
Weak muscles Flexor muscles
Suggested
corrective
exercises
(Strengthenin
g and
Stretching)
Hamstring stretching helps to improve position.
Apart from that, standing hip flexor stretching is
important in this case.
Strengthening exercises include plank, bird dog,
Hip Bridges etc.
Postural
abnormality
Kyphosis of the spine.
Tight muscles Pectoralis major and minor muscles
Weak muscles Rapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids
Suggested
corrective
exercises
(Strengthenin
g and
Stretching)
Important exercises which can involve in treatment
of Kyphosis include abdominal stretching, foam
rolling of thoracic spine, head retraction etc.
Postural
abnormality
Periscapular Bursitis
Tight
muscles
Serratus anterior muscle
Weak
muscles
Serratus anterior muscle
Suggested
corrective
exercises
(Strengthen
ing and
Stretching)
Exersises include holding the elbow of the
injured arm with the other arm. Then the arm
is pulled gently across the body for 15 to 30
seconds.

2FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
2.
Injury Condition Posture and muscles
involved
Sciatica Pain in lower back which
radiates along sciatic nerve. The
term sciatica refers to
radiculopathy due to irritation in
one or multiple parts of sciatic
nerve
Muscle involved with this
conditions are semitendiosus,
biceps femoris and
semimembranosus of the
posteriror thigh and hamstring
portion of the adductor magnus.
Neck pain It refers to discomfort in neck
area which is related with
structural disorders of cervical
vertebrae, intervertebral discs,
muscles etc.
Muscles which are mostly
connected with neck pain are
trapezius muscles, platysma
muscle and sternocleidomastoid
muscles.
Patellofem
oral knee
pain
It refers to the knee pain around
patella. It is also known as
runner’s knee.
Muscle involved quadriceps,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
oblique.
Lower
back pain
Lower back pain refers to intense
pain in the lumbar region. It is
also known as Lumbar spine
pain. Mostly, Lower back pain
occurs due to muscle sprain.
There are three types of muscles
connected with lower back pain
such as extensor muscles, flexor
muscles and oblique muscles.
Shoulder
impingem
ent
Shoulder impingement is
described as pain in the rotator
cuff tendons. This is common in
athletes who are involved
repetitive overhead activity using
arm. It is also known as rotator
cuff tendinitis
Muscles connected to the rotator
cuff are generally affected by this
pain. Muscles includes,
supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
Subscapularis, Teres minor.

3FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
3.
1. Diminished
muscle
strength and
endurance
Poor posture, requires support from phasic fibres, as a
result deeper supporting muscles waste away due to
insufficient use. The presence of unused weak muscle,
can affect the vertebra.
2. Limited
flexibility
Flexibility plays an important role in case of performing
daily tasks. It helps to provide comfort and reduce risk
factors. Poor posture can limit the flexibility which can
affect the function of different organs.
3. Increased
muscle tension
and tone
A group of muscle fibres undergoes continuous
contraction to maintain muscle tone. Poor muscle tone
leads to poor posture.
4. Limited
function
Poor posture is the asymmetrical body position. This can
affect the function of different organs. As the organs
required adequate structure to function properly.
4.
Joint
complex
Planes of
movement
Movement
types
Range of
motion in
degrees for
each
movement
type
Shoulder
joint
(example)
1. Sagittal Plane
2. Frontal Plane
3. Horizontal Plane
1. Flexion and
extension
2. Adduction and
abduction
3. Horizontal Flexion
and horizontal
1. 0-90 degrees
2. 0-90 degrees
3. 0-180 degrees

4FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
extension
Elbow joint Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane.
Flexion
Extension
Pronation
Supination
0 to 160 degrees.
145 to 0 degree
0 to 90 degree
0 to 90 degree.
Hip joint Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane.
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral
Medial rotation
0 to 125 degree.
115 to 0 degree.
0 to 15 degrees.
0 to 45 degrees.
45 to 0 degrees.
0 to 45 degrees.
Knee joint Sagittal plane Flexion
Extension
0 to 130 degrees.
120 to 0 degrees.
Ankle joint Fronatl plane
Transverse plane
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
0 to 50 degrees.
0 to 20 degrees.
Wrist joint Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Flexion
Extension
0 to 90 degrees.
0 to 70 degrees.

5FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Sagittal plane. Abduction
Adduction.
0 to 25 degrees.
0 to 65 degrees
5.
Muscle
s
Movement description Muscle involved
Agonist In a movement, agonist muscles
provides the force to complete the
movement.
Bicep muscle in bicep curl
exercise.
Antago
nist
Simultaneous contraction and
relaxation of two muscles.
Biceps and triceps.
Synergi
st
Stabilizes a joint around which the
movement occurs.
Brachioradialis and brachialis in
bicep curl exercise
Fixator Stabilizes the origin of antagonist
muscles
Rotator cuff muscle in bicep curl
exercise.
6. According to Julius Wolff, bone in a healthy individual adapts according to the load
provided on the bone. The bone will undergo remodelling if the loading on that bone
increases. This will help the bone to become stronger. There are different factors can affect
the bone growth.
Genetic characteristic

6FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
Every person has a specific genetic characteristic which determines the height, weight
etc. Different genes involved in bone growth and improper activation of these genes can lead
to complications related to bone growth.
Nutrition
Nutrients are required in bonne development. Calcium, phosphorius, proteins are the
important component of bone. Vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium nd phosphorus.
These nutrients plays an important role in bone development. Malnourished children may not
reach their genetic potentials due to lack of nutrients.
Hormones
Several hormones are involved in growth and maintenance of growth. Hormones such
as growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroxine regulates calcium metabolism, protein synthesis
etc. Estrogen and testosterone are also important in case of cessation of bone growth.
Bones can adapt the situation and remodel accordingly but due to these mentioned
factors remodelling can be hampered.
7.
Factor that
affects the
centre of
gravity
Description of how posture is affected
Pregnancy The abdominal muscles stretches during pregnancy. As these
muscles are not able to contract properly, proper alignment of
the lower back is hampered.
Overweight Excess weight can lead to stooped shoulders, bent spine,
misalignment of hip and protruding belly.
Inappropriate Inappropriate footwear like high heels cause unnecessary

7FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
footwear stress on the neck and back, which leads to permanent
postural changes.
Poor work
practices
(office worker)
Improper sitting habit and keeping wallet at the back pocket
can lead to curved spine.
8.
Factor that affects
agility
Description of how it impacts agility
Fine motor skills It refers to the small movements in wrists, hands, feet,
figure and toes. It helps in writing, grasping, etc. These
are important for children, as weak fine motor skill lead
to decrease in agility among children.
Gross motor skills Gross motor skills allows involvement of large muscles
in arms and legs. Apart from that these are related to
balance, coordination, reaction time, physical strength.
Hand eye skills It refers to the coordination between hands and eyes at
the time of simultaneous movement of both the parts.
Weak hand eye skill can affect the everyday tasks like
writing.
9. Lordosis
It refers to the normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumber and cervical portions of
spine. However, when the curver arches too far inward it can affect lower back portion.