(PDF) Bioethical and Legal Issues in 3D Bioprinting

3D Bio-print: A socio ethical
view of Bioprinting Human
Organs and Tissue
Structuring

ABSTRACT
Innovations in every field is necessity as it brings positive reviews on the development of various
activities. To analyse implication of 3D bio-printing for identifying health issues and in better
determination of diseases is quite necessary in medical and science. This report is also consisting
of the debates from various authors will be helpful for making effective determination of all
operations. However, this thematic analysis will be helpful in bringing a clear view over this bio-
engineering technique. However, in the recent time, there has been influences of various
techniques and methods for developing and restructuring the organs such as artificial, leg, hand
and several parts of body. Main approaches of scientists for bringing the artificial face, eyes etc.
will help society. To analyse these issues bio-engineering plays the main role in analysing body
strength of an individual and level of drugs will be handled by them.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Research Aim and Objectives................................................................................................1
Research Questions................................................................................................................1
Literature review....................................................................................................................2
Literature Gap.........................................................................................................................4
Research Methodology...........................................................................................................4
Statistical data presentation....................................................................................................6
Analysing the data..................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................12
Questionnaire........................................................................................................................12
Descriptive Statistics (Frequency table)...............................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Revolution and reforms in bio medical field is necessary to resolve various medical issues.
3D bioprinting of human organs and tissues will be an innovative idea that has up lifted
technique of tissue engineering. The major advantages and influences of this technique which
mimics the macro and micro environment of human body tissues such as in Stem cell and
creating artificial organs.
In the present research study, there will be analysis made on various fields and operations of
activities which will be suggestive in uplifting level of science in society. Thus, bringing this
technique in all segmentation of world and also in every field which encourages society towards
health awareness. This research will also consist of various literature reviews and methods to be
addressed in analysing the environment. Moreover, there will be use of various research methods
and techniques for analysing issues and collecting information from environment.
MAIN BODY
Research Aim and Objectives
To analyse implication of 3D bio-printing for identifying health issues and in better
determination of diseases is quite necessary in medical and science. However, there can be
various aim and objectives to the research study which are needed to be addressed by
professionals such as:
Aim: “To implicate 3D bio printing technique for reducing biomedical challenges in society for
developing tissues & organs”
Objectives:
 To analyse fabrication of artificial tissues and organs for future transplants.
 To identify effectiveness of 3D bio printing in operating various medical issues.
 To resolve the Patients-specific cancer or relevant diseases through proper therapy.
 To suggest implication of effective techniques for bringing reforms in medical field.
Research Questions
 How to analyse fabrication of artificial tissues and organs for future transplants?
 What are the effectiveness of 3D bio printing in operating various medical issues?
 How to resolve the Patients-specific cancer or relevant diseases through proper therapy?
 What are the suggestions that will implicate effective techniques for bringing reforms in
medical field?
1

Literature review
This part of research study will emphasis on analysing all possible issues in the medical field
which will be resolved through bringing reforms and innovation in technologies. There will be
influences of various thoughts and details about Bio-medical activities and the current obstacles
stated in society. The debates from various authors will be helpful for making effective
determination of all operations. However, this thematic analysis will be helpful in bringing a
clear view over this bio-engineering technique.
Theme 1: To analyse fabrication of artificial tissues and organs for future transplants
According to Schimek and et.al., (2018), transplants helps a person in overcoming with the
life-threatening diseases as well as benefit them in recovering from medical issues. It brings the
new life and help patient for better living. Currently, there can be various medical challenges
which were being faced by society such as insufficient transplant and rejection of changes by
body. Therefore, it helps in diagnosing the diseases and improves decisions making of medical
professionals for resolving issues. Bioengineering, (2017) stated that, this 3D printed medical
devices will bring proper inspection of all the issues in case of disease like cancer, orthopaedic
problems, heart, liver and various tissues relevant issues will be diagnosed as well as resolved. It
will be a reforming operation that in turn will help in uplifting operational advantages in the field
of science.
As per the views of Zaimes and et.al., (2018), reforms and innovation in medical will be
much effective as it resolves various major issues and bring a new life to the individuals.
Through 3D bio-print it brings a visually accurate view of organs that helps in treating the patient
and make proper analysis over health obstacles. However, in the recent time, there has been
influences of various techniques and methods for developing and restructuring the organs such as
artificial, leg, hand and several parts of body. Main approaches of scientists for bringing the
artificial face, eyes etc. will help society. Mbous and et.al., (2017) stated that, the costs of
implication of such techniques into operations will be higher than the traditional methods of
transplanting organs. Moreover, this technique will not be affordable by all individuals with
respect to have property medication and treatment to their diseases.
Theme 2: To Identify effectiveness of 3D bio printing in operating various medical issues
Baekkeskov, Hubbell and Phelps, (2017) demonstrated that to improve health prosperity of
people, there will be need of having appropriate therapies and medical influences for managing
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the obstacles and bringing a healthy life to an individual. In 3D bio printing the genetic designs
of an organ have been estimated and analysed by computer software. Which creates a blue print
and then present allowance to that drafted design which will be proceed for constructing the
tissues. This bio engineering approach will create an opportunity for handicapped and disabled
people for better life span. Duisit and et.al., (2018) said that, implants or replacement of any
organ will be based on proper investigation and body history of a patient. Thus, suitable
treatment will bring effective results and body will respond in the same manner.
Theme 3: To resolve the Patients-specific cancer or relevant diseases through proper
therapy
As per the views of Ruiz and et.al., (2017), in respect with diagnosing the cancer and
relevant diseases there will be main role and effective impacts on health. Cancer at any part of
the body which requires, that particular portion to be removed or replaced. This disease is known
as uneven growth of cells which will regularly grow and damage a body. To overcome with such
issue, it is necessary to have proper information about proper area which is damaging the body. It
will be innovative and reforming influence for treating cancer at any part of the body. Forsberg
and et.al., (2017) demonstrates that to remove this causes, which leads higher death rates in
every economy. Thus, bringing this technique will help doctors or scientists in better research
and discovery of techniques that will be helpful in bringing better medical facilities to patients.
According to Schimek and et.al., (2018), the molecular profiling helps in realising cancer in
a patient which allows doctors for better personalization and medication to that individual.
Moreover, the main motive behind implicating such medical help is for developing companion
diagnostics. Therefore, there will be identification of specific mutation for specific patient.
Along with this, developing drugs and treatment for each patient will be exact and accurate in
resolving their issues. Bioengineering, (2017) define that, there are several viral diseases which
also affect a human body and are life threating such as Ebola, HIV etc. thus, to resolve such
issues which requires proper R&D on medicines. To analyse these issues bio-engineering plays
the main role in analysing body strength of an individual and level of drugs will be handled by
them.
Theme 4: To suggest implication of effective techniques for bringing reforms in medical
field
3

As ascertained by Zaimes and et.al., (2018), increment in medical practices such as
bringing technical influences will be helpful in presenting proper knowledge and information
about serious diseases. It will positively affect in making proper training to the medical
practitioners in learning and developing fruitful medication. It will be a great approach in the
field of proper research and development of medicines that will bring prompt results in recovery
of a patient. Mbous and et.al., (2017) stated that implications of such technology will bring
drastic changes in the medical history. There can be reduction in the dependency of an individual
on a donor of any organ.
According to Baekkeskov, Hubbell and Phelps, (2017), liver and heart cells were made by
the birth of a human being. Thus, creation and recovery of these organs are the main challenges
in the medical science. Therefore, people started depending on donor of these organs. Most of
the time organs which were transplant and replaced in a body do not work adequately as well as
do not respond properly. It charges higher costs to the patient as well as also brings them the
dissatisfaction with surgical operations. Moreover, implication of such techniques will help in
improving medical facilities all over the world. Duisit and et.al., (2018) presented that 3D
printing will be termed as tomorrow’s medicine which will make rapid changes in operation
tactics, medication and treatment to any life-threatening diseases.
Literature Gap
Analysing issues and conducting an appropriate determination of all facts require proper
implication of journals and articles to be examined. Thus, the reviews of various authors in the
field of medical and sciences were discussed on which there are still some issues which were not
being discussed or analysed. Improper number of sources as well as time management has made
influences in non-profitable analysis.
Research Methodology
Research Philosophy:
To study the facts which are the main cause in a research study there will be use of
appropriate methods and techniques that helps in developing new theories to be implicated.
Philosophy is consisting of various types among them Interpretivism has been selected by
researcher in this study (Mahan, Brevik and Ødegaard, 2018). It will bring in-depth analysis
about the issues with investigating data through qualitative techniques.
Research design:
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There are two designs which have been operated by researchers in studies such as
inductive and deductive. To analyse the reviews of medical professionals as well as exploring a
revolutionary phenomenon which will help in making proper determination and examination of
all facts. Thus, with influences to the same the scholar has selected Inductive methods which will
bring authentic information.
Research approach:
Qualitative and quantitative are the two approaches which were usually addressed in a
study. In the present research to analyse effectiveness of 3D bio print there will be implication of
quantitative analysis. It consists of descriptive statistics which governs proper analysis of data
base (Inductive and Deductive approach, 2018).
Sampling:
In relation with conducting a fruitful research study over the facts there will be
requirement of sampled which are required to study. In relation with analysing the importance of
3D bio printing there has been collection of data from randomly selected 10 medical
practitioners. Thus, they will be asked several questions and their reviews will be helpful in
making proper judgment on the research issues.
Data collection:
Collecting information will bring details about research issues and obstacles will be
analysed for drafting proper conclusion. There are two techniques such as primary and secondary
which will be helpful in gathering information and analysing them for bringing proper analysis
on operations. Primary research is consisting of implicating the initial methods such as asking
questionnaires, focused group analysis, interviews etc. while secondary examination refers to
analysing journals, articles, books and various sources through internet. In the present research,
scholars have aimed at operating the research through primary methods.
Data analysis:
After gathering the relevant and authentic data and the opinion of various medical
practitioners will be analysed by scholars to draft the valid conclusion (Huang, 2017). On the
basis of such data base the importance of implicating 3D bioprinting will be examined and
professionals in medical sector will be suggested in implicating reformative development into
practice.
Ethical consideration:
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As per analysing all the sources and opinion of individual researcher has make efforts in
collecting information as well as arranging them in a way that will bring proper justifications and
reviews regarding research issues. Consideration of all research ethics and regulation have
helped in giving a legal look to the report.
Reliability and validity:
In analysing the research issues there is need of having reliable and valid information
which will bring clear analysis and information about research study (Rosendale, Engstrom and
Josephson, 2017). In the present research project there has been influences of various details
which were being derived from the authentic sources. All the resources were listed in reference
list as well as in text in the content to give report a legal look.
Research limitation:
As per collecting information and making proper examination of the facts there were
various obstacles which have been faced by researcher. Time limit awarded to conduct this study
was the main issues there are various authentic and reliable sources were not being studied due to
improper time as well as responses from medical practitioners.
Statistical data presentation
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant mean difference between 3D bio printing
and development in medical facilities
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant mean difference between 3D bio
printing and development in medical facilities
T-test:
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Question 1: What is
your opinion about, the
fabrication of artificial
human organ and tissue
will bring positive
reviews in future
transplant surgeries?
10 2.20 1.398 .442
6

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
Question 1: What is
your opinion about,
the fabrication of
artificial human
organ and tissue will
bring positive
reviews in future
transplant surgeries?
4.975 9 .001 2.200 1.20 3.20
Descriptive analysis:
Question 1: What is your opinion about, the fabrication of
artificial human organ and tissue will bring positive reviews
in future transplant surgeries?
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 4 40.0 40.0 40.0
2 3 30.0 30.0 70.0
3 1 10.0 10.0 80.0
4 1 10.0 10.0 90.0
5 1 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 10 100.0 100.0
Question 2: Is the 3D bioprinting effective in addressing the
medical health issues or diseases?
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 6 60.0 60.0 60.0
2 4 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 10 100.0 100.0
7

Question 3: Does this technique will be helpful in resolving
the life-threatening diseases like cancer, HIV, Tuberculosis
etc.?
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 4 40.0 40.0 40.0
2 2 20.0 20.0 60.0
3 2 20.0 20.0 80.0
4 1 10.0 10.0 90.0
5 1 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 10 100.0 100.0
Question 4: Does the application of such technique will bring
reforms in medication and operations?
Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 3 30.0 30.0 30.0
2 3 30.0 30.0 60.0
3 2 20.0 20.0 80.0
4 1 10.0 10.0 90.0
5 1 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 10 100.0 100.0
One-way ANOVA
ANOVA
Question 1: What is your opinion about, the fabrication of artificial human
organ and tissue will bring positive reviews in future transplant surgeries?
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
Groups .600 1 .600 .282 .610
Within Groups 17.000 8 2.125
Total 17.600 9
8

Analysing the data
T-test: As per analyzing the applied technique for detrending the t-test statistics on which
it can be said that, the t value is 4.97, sig. 2 tailed is 0.001. therefore, the p value is less than 0.05
which insist that, there is a significant mean difference between 3D bio printing and development
in medical facilities.
Descriptive statistics: Questions have been asked to the professionals as per their opinion
regarding implication of 3D bio printing. Moreover, it can be said that, there are positive reviews
from all questions which were being asked to them. It can be said that; this technique will be
helpful in uplifting the medical activities.
One-way ANOVA: To analyze outcomes based on dependent variable and independent
variable on which hypothesis has been addressed. Thus, as per the signification value which is
0.610 as more than p value (0.05). thus, it can be said that, there is no significant mean difference
between 3D bio printing and development in medical facilities.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above research, it can be said that, implication of 3D bio Printing has had
helped the medical sector in various operations. It includes various bio engineering of organs as
well as tissues which will be helpful in securing life of people. Moreover, the gathered data was
analysed by implicating statistical tool which brings positive outcomes. Therefore, implication of
this technique will be helpful in resolving medical issues.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Baekkeskov, S., Hubbell, J. A. and Phelps, E. A., 2017. Bioengineering strategies for inducing
tolerance in autoimmune diabetes. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 114. pp.256-265.
Bioengineering, A. S., 2017. Transparency: Disclosure of Financial Interests. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56(12).
Duisit, J. and et.al., 2018. Decellularization of the porcine ear generates a biocompatible,
nonimmunogenic extracellular matrix platform for face subunit bioengineering. Annals of
surgery. 267(6). pp.1191-1201.
Forsberg, P. L. and et.al., 2017. Impact of mussel bioengineering on fine-grained sediment
dynamics in a coastal lagoon: A numerical modelling investigation. Journal of Marine
Systems. 176. pp.1-12.
Huang, H. Y., 2017. The Relations of Multiple Intelligences and Foreign Language
Learning. GSTF Journal of Law and Social Sciences (JLSS). 5(2).
Mahan, K. R., Brevik, L. M. and Ødegaard, M., 2018. Characterizing CLIL teaching: new
insights from a lower secondary classroom. International Journal of Bilingual Education
and Bilingualism. pp.1-18.
Mbous, Y. P. and et.al., 2017. Applications of deep eutectic solvents in biotechnology and
bioengineering—promises and challenges. Biotechnology advances. 35(2). pp.105-134.
Rosendale, N., Engstrom, J. and Josephson, S., 2017. The State of Diversity and Cultural
Diversity Training in Neurology Residency Programs (S6. 008). Neurology, 88(16
Supplement), pp.S6-008.
Ruiz, M. P. and et.al., 2017. Bioengineering a single-protein junction. Journal of the American
Chemical Society. 139(43). pp.15337-15346.
Schimek, K. and et.al., 2018. Bioengineering of a full-thickness skin equivalent in a 96-well
insert format for substance permeation studies and organ-on-a-chip
applications. Bioengineering. 5(2). p.43.
Zaimes, G. N. and et.al., 2018. Promoting soil bioengineering in the Mediterranean ecoregion
with new tools and approaches. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural
Management and Informatics. 4(1). pp.68-82.
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Online
Inductive and Deductive approach. 2018. [Online]. Available through :<
http://deborahgabriel.com/2013/03/17/inductive-and-deductive-approaches-to-research/ >.
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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Question 1: What is your opinion about, the fabrication of artificial human organ and
tissue will bring positive reviews in future transplant surgeries?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Question 2: Is the 3D bioprinting effective in addressing the medical health issues or
diseases?
Yes
No
Question 3: Does this technique will be helpful in resolving the life-threatening diseases
like cancer, HIV, Tuberculosis etc.?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Question 4: Does the application of such technique will bring reforms in medication and
operations?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Descriptive Statistics (Frequency table)
Statistics
12

Question 1:
What is your
opinion
about, the
fabrication of
artificial
human organ
and tissue
will bring
positive
reviews in
future
transplant
surgeries?
Question 2: Is
the 3D
bioprinting
effective in
addressing
the medical
health issues
or diseases?
Question 3:
Does this
technique
will be
helpful in
resolving the
life-
threatening
diseases like
cancer, HIV,
Tuberculosis
etc.?
Question 4:
Does the
application of
such
technique
will bring
reforms in
medication
and
operations?
N Valid 10 10 10 10
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.20 1.40 2.30 2.40
Std. Error of Mean .442 .163 .448 .427
Median 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00
Mode 1 1 1 1a
Std. Deviation 1.398 .516 1.418 1.350
Variance 1.956 .267 2.011 1.822
Skewness 1.085 .484 .801 .772
Std. Error of
Skewness .687 .687 .687 .687
Kurtosis .265 -2.277 -.378 -.125
Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.334 1.334 1.334 1.334
Range 4 1 4 4
Minimum 1 1 1 1
Maximum 5 2 5 5
Percentiles 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30
40 1.40 1.00 1.40 2.00
50 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00
60 2.00 1.60 2.60 2.60
70 2.70 2.00 3.00 3.00
75 3.25 2.00 3.25 3.25
13

80 3.80 2.00 3.80 3.80
90 4.90 2.00 4.90 4.90
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
14