1 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE Essay organization The author has defined the topic presented in the paper. The author has mentioned that the audience often fails to correctly interpret the information presented in the journal. In the paper the author attempted to throw light on the importance of finding out the truth about the importance of vaccination of children. The background information to the topic has been established by the author. The author mentions that fraudulent information if backed by a noteworthy publisher can have an improper impact on the readers. The general population is misguided when they implement the key insights from fraudulent research papers in practice (Bowman, 2014). Further analysis reveals that the author has been successful in clarifying the intension of the essay. The introductory paragraph of the essay states that the paper analyses the impact of fraudulent information on viewers, found in the research paper titled ‘Measles, Mumps and Rubella (the MMR Vaccine)’ published in 1998. According to Gastel amd Day (2016), a road map is to be provided by the author in a paper that gives a brief idea about the objective of the paper and the key points that are to be included in the paper. The paragraphs are poorly structured in that the headings included in the paper are not appropriate and indicative on the content of the paragraphs. While the headings for abstract and introduction are mentioned, those for conclusion and body paragraphs are not presented. The conclusion of the paper is clear and no new ideas are presented at this juncture. The conclusion leaves me with a sense of the importance of the paper in relation to the importance of translation of research papers into practice, and implications for health professional practice. According to Brett et al., (2014) public action is guided by the acceptance of information found in research papers.
2 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE Essay content The author does not clearly state that there is no link between autism and MMR. In the body of the paper it has been mentioned that the article by Wakefield (1998) had mentioned that measles vaccination is associated with the development of Autism Spectral Disorder. However, in the conclusion section it has been mentioned that Andrew Wakefield’s ‘article published in 1998 suggests that measles, mumps and rubella vaccine was not linked with autism spectrum syndrome. The author further failed to provide credible evidence from peer reviewed sources to point out that there was no link between autism and MMR vaccinations. The author reviewed only one paper of Tanne (2002) to support the claim. The research is of less value as the publication date is old. As opined by Flick (2014) a claim is best supported by a rich pool of literature that encompasses different sources. The author reflected on how the anti-vaccination movement used miss-information to support their campaign. The movement based their protest on two notions. First, it was believed that there is no real association between the vaccinations itself to wiping out the disease as a whole. Secondly, there lies a school of belief that articles discussing the matter are fraudulent. The example that the author used was that the fraudulent information published by Andrew Wakefield was responsible for a noteworthy negative impact on the communities in the United Kingdom. The ultimate outcome of the scenario was that parents refrained from treating their children with vaccination. They had the fear that the children would suffer from autism in later time. As per personal understanding, it would have been advisable if additional information was included regarding the statistics on demographic data reflecting the incidence of non-adherence to vaccination guidelines. Statistical data is important to understand the exact impact of an
3 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE incidence on the population (Green & Thorogood, 2018). Such data provides a coherent and comprehensive overview of the selected population feature. The author identified why information provided to the public should be based on valid research. It is mentioned in the essay that fraudulent information places the general population at the risk of harm. Moreover it has been highlighted that incorrect information shakes the trust of the public on publishers. It would have been appropriate if more detailed information was provided on the importance of validity of information provided to the public. From the research ofBoulware et al.,(2016) it is clear that timely, reliable and accurate information is vital for ensuring effective decision making in the public in relation to health. Community organizations are held responsible for bringing in inappropriate reforms in healthcare when poor quality information is passes on to the public. Proper information free of bias influences power change and healthcare authority. Credible information While some of the references cited by the author are legitimate, some are not. The sources retrieved from ‘betterhealth.vic.gov.au’ website cannot be accessed online. Further, the source of ‘Medterms.com’ website is also not accessible. Since credibility of sources holds prime significance, the credibility of the sources would be highlighted at this juncture. The three sources from the ‘betterhealth.vic.gov.au’ site are credible since they are websites of government body. Such information is perceived credible since the information are retrieved from peer reviewed journals and other credible sources backed by evidence (Flick, 2014). The article of the newspaper The Guardian is not a credible source since such papers mostly cover personal opinion. Further, the information presented is guided by the nature of the target audience and the
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4 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE present political and societal scenario in the county (DePoy & Gitlin, 2015). The citation of the two journal articles are the two most credible sources since they are peer reviewed papers. Article from academic and scholarly journals are credible as they undergo a rigorous process of review before been made accessible to the public. The source of ‘medterms.com’, ‘The free dictionary’, and Wikipedia are not credible since there is no evidence stating the authenticity of the information. In case of Wikipedia, there are high chances that the information is edited by individuals, adding to poor quality of information. The ‘.com’ domain signifies commercial site and information presented in such sites are of commercial interest, signifying bias. Though the information might not be always false, the complete picture might not be brought into limelight (Green & Thorogood, 2018). Referencing ReferenceLabel if correct/incorrectCorrected reference During the time of January 1991 and December 1998. (Tanne,2002) IncorrectDuring the time of January 1991 and December 1998 (Tanne, 2002). Therefore, a fraudulent article suggesting that, (Wakefield, 1998) measles vaccination IncorrectTherefore, a fraudulent article suggesting that measles vaccination is associated with the development of Autism Spectral Disorder can lead to parents not vaccinating children for measles
5 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE (Wakefield, 1998). As a result placing general population in harm of death. (Moore, 2006) IncorrectAs a result placing general population in harm of death (Moore, 2006). Presentation The author of the essay did not comply with the APA 6 formatting guidelines. Correct formatHow the student has formatted the paper Times New Roman fontNo use of Times New Roman font The main headings are centered alignedThe main headings such as Abstract and Introduction are written as left aligned The first line of each new paragraph is indented The first line of each new paragraph is not indented Moore.A. (2006). Bad science in the headlines: Who takes responsibility when science is distorted in the mass media?.EMBO reports, 7(12),1193-1196. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400862. Moore.A. (2006). "Bad science in the headlines: Who takes responsibility when science is distorted in the mass media?". EMBO reports,7(12),1193-1196. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400862. Better Health. (2013). Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhca Better Health.(2013).Rubella. Retrieved May.4.2014
6 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE rticles.nsf/pages/Rubella [Accessed 4 May. 2014]. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/ bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Rubella Boseley. S (2010). Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare.The Guardian. [Accessed 3 May. 2014] Boseley. S (2010). "Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare". The Guardian .Retrieved May.3.2014 Written expression and style The essay attempted to adhere to the guidelines of writing an academic paper. The language of the paper is formal. Further, the sentences have been written in third person. Most of the sentences are written in active voice. For example, the sentence “From this situation, the power that medical journals and articles have on humanity is really evident” is an example of active voice. Some of the sentences are not grammatically correct, for example, the sentences stating “As the audience would believe that the material found in a journal is correct” and “Moreover, accepting the importance of vaccination”. The sentences itself do not make any particular sense to the reader. The most confusing sentence as highlighted from the essay is “In addition, if the information is supported by a well accredited publisher”. Insufficient information is presented in this sentence. The sentence seems to be one having a cause and effect clause. While the cause is highlighted as “if the information is supported by a well accredited publisher”, the effect is not mentioned, making the sentence a poorly written one. Sentencesthat are written usingcause and
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7 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE effect are supposed to involve an action that is making something happen and the result of that action.It is expected that academic papers present clear sentences with meanings.
8 LEARNING IN HEALTH SCIENCE References APA Sample Paper (2018). Available at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/ [Accessed 19 May. 2018]. Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2016). Race and trust in the health care system.Public health reports. DOI https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/118.4.358 Bowman, J. D. (2014). Predatory publishing, questionable peer review, and fraudulent conferences.American journal of pharmaceutical education,78(10), 176. DOI https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7810176 Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., Mockford, C., Herron‐Marx, S., Hughes, J., Tysall, C., & Suleman, R. (2014). Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review.Health Expectations,17(5), 637-650. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00795.x DePoy, E., & Gitlin, L. N. (2015).Introduction to Research-E-Book: Understanding and Applying Multiple Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books? hl=en&lr=&id=XDETBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=health+science+research, +book&ots=m9f5wxhiQl&sig=Tci2tvTQrPjnnjZznRf9hFMcEuk&redir_esc=y#v=onepa ge&q=health%20science%20research%2C%20book&f=false Flick, U. (2014).An introduction to qualitative research. Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HB-