Review and Analysis of Renewable Energy Development in Asian Economies
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This paper evaluates two articles on renewable energy generation in Asian economies, discussing barriers and opportunities for development. It highlights the need for government support and international energy trade.
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1 Articles’ review and analysis – renewable energy development in Asian economies Abstract The paper attempts to evaluate the findings of two articles related to renewable energy generation in Asian economies and to compare the results. While the infrastructural development of such industries requires high level of investment, there is also lack of adequate government support. So perhaps an energy trade could distribute the cost among all the Asian countries. The paper summarizes the findings of the articles (both belonging to almost same time period) and evaluates them with respect to their relevance to the policymakers and the economies. Introduction With the increasing concerns of green house gasses’ emission and imposition of carbon pricing, focus is on renewable energy generation. This is more so for the developing nations where there is a lack of consciousness among the consumers about the benefits of using renewable energy sources. Also the governments undergo short of funds which are more required in other sectors like health and education. Also government spend mostly on non renewable energy or electricity generation. However with the increased awareness of global warming and pollution issues affecting environmental costs, etc, the Asian nations are being more active in participating in renewable energy generation. Yet, despite being aware of the outcome and its impact, the economies are unable to practically shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources. The paper presents summaries and analysis of two articles in this respect. These articles point out the barriers needed to overcome for effective power generation through renewable energy resources. One article discusses effectiveness of energy trade between Asian countries by investing in production of the energy in which a nation has comparative advantage. The focus of both articles is the Asian economies and the need and opportunity for exploring renewable energy sources.
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2 Summaries Summary 1 Taggart et al (2012) explores the different factors related to the geography of Asia, the availability of low emission energy resources and rapid economic growth leading to increased demands for energy. All these provide an opportunity or scope for considering a Pan-Asian Energy Infrastructure. At higher levels of aggregation renewable can be managed easily. Hence a mass level production is essential. The paper supports large scale international connectivity. In this case Asia comprising of China, Japan, South Korea and ten Association of Southeast Asian Nation states and Australia defines the scale. DESERTEC Industrial Initiative (DII) provided a suitable template for this purpose. DII develops Europe and South Africa’s regional renewable energy resources. Some of these initiatives can be adopted for Asia as well. The continent has sufficient solar, wind and geothermal resources. The resources like pumped storage, hydro and natural gas help in loan balancing. One-third of greenhouse gasses in the world are Asia’s contribution. China has abundance of wind energy and Australia is marked for their abundance of solar energy. They contribute to 60% of Asia’s electricity consumption. Applying comparative advantage each nation should focus on the production it is best or most efficient at (wind in China and solar in Australia). Then second best resources can be focussed upon for each nation. A Pan Asian infrastructure can then distribute this. Although there are scopes for ocean energy generation, the respective technology is not adequately developed. This kind of infrastructure can help reduce consumer costs and increase supply efficiency. This is done through cross-border energy market competition. With imposition of carbon pricing and increased connectivity across the borders, Asian economies have all the reason to eventually shift its reliance to coal, natural gas and hydro power for base loan power. Unrelated intermittencies in different geographical regions can cancel out due to this model. However coal can provide a backup capacity for the grids
3 and also meet seasonal demand needs. Dispatch of conventional and renewable energy generation can be estimated by use of software. The study focuses mainly on the impacts, assuming that each nation will have a suitable internal transmission network and portfolio or renewable energy generation. This can be set up through internal policy and funding system. Cost is lowest at 30 GW capacity and reduction of $6.55 billion reduction per year. To sustain its rapid economic growth Asian nations need to build energy infrastructure while reducing carbon emissions. The Pan Asian Energy Infrastructure is an example of this. With 14 Asian economies coming together for enhanced international energy trade can bring about positive results in long run. Such tabula rasa thinking can create long run benefits. Summary 2 Dulal et al (2013), in their article points out the different barriers to diffusion of renewable sources of energy technologies in Asian countries. The frameworks for renewable sources of energy are insufficient in the Asian countries. Hence the authors urge the need for government intervention from a strategic dimension. The barriers comprise economic, socio- cultural, institutional and technical factors. On other hand demand for energy is on the rise. But this increased demand originating from increasing population is currently being met mostly by fossil fuels. The mains sources are imported fuel and domestically produced coal. By 2020 India is forecasted to produce five times more carbon compared to the baseline determined by 2000. The nation’s population growth rate of 1.4% will make it surpass the population of China by 2040. This is also the case with other Asian nations. In Taiwan 91.29% of energy demand were met by fossil fuels in 2008. There has been a drastic increase in the number of car owners in Malaysia. Asia’s share is 37.3% in total energy demand of the world. The three economies responsible mainly for this are China, India and Japan. But electrification rates are low. If this continues governments will be burden with costs arising from environment, healthcare and loss of workers’ productivity due to the increasing air
4 pollution. The initiatives taken by the market forces cannot be enough to move the economy towards low emission sources. The lack of technological advancements in these areas is a prime factor for the backlog. Also governments are providing subsidies for electricity generation and fossil fuel use but not towards renewable energy generation. The huge cost for setting up the plant for renewable energy generation necessitates use of government subsidies and their intervention. China has taken an aggressive policy towards renewable energy generation. Private sectors are stepping in with government help of concession on loans etc. In India government invests mostly in hydroelectric power generation. While the up-front capital costs are high, market size is small in comparison to the investment. So in order to have large scale diffusion, reaping the scope provided by increasing demand for fuel, there should be government support and also donors in order to fulfil the costs and upgrade technologies. Government can provide subsidies, fiscal incentives, renewable energy certificates (renewable purchase obligations imposed on energy distributor). Institutions can play a role in promotion of using renewable energy (making customers aware and expanding its demand). Comparison of Findings In the first article by Taggart et al, the findings show how an interconnected distribution network all over the Asian continent can lead to an efficient energy trade. Cost of transmission will decrease first and then increase after a network capacity but this increased cost will be shared by all the countries and hence the burden will not be huge on a single nation. Such a pan Asian initiative is formulated after the similar model by DII in Europe and North Africa. However, the same model will be applicable in the Asian economies if explored properly. There is huge scope for the initiative since Asian nations face increasing demands. Now this scope factor is also highlighted in the second article by Dulal et al (2013). Both the articles point out the increasing population resulting in increasing demand for fuels.
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5 Both articles also suggest that at present majority of the fuel needs are met by fossil fuels. Cost is a crucial factor while considering generation of renewable energy. This is suggested by both the studies. While the first study recommends a pan Asian initiative, the second one focuses upon role of government in supporting the development of renewable energy industries in every Asian country. Both articles also points out the need for a good technological infrastructure. The second article points out the need for donor and government support but also admits that in most countries even government cannot provide the much needed fund for such production. This article also points out the lack of consumers for this industry. This is a disadvantage when coupled with the increased cost of capital. The first article actually shows how to get rid of this problem by a joint effort of all Asian nations. Evaluation Both the articles focus on the Asian economies and the need for renewable energy sources in these economies. One disadvantage is that both the articles are little old when spoken in present context. Over last few years there has been increased awareness of global warming and carbon pricing. Hence the governments are becoming more active eventually. However the findings are important for policy makers, both local and international. The governments of each Asian economy have the reasons to invest in renewable energy sources. Cost of capital and transmission of energy can be addressed properly when the cost is distributed among nations. The findings of both studies are helpful in pointing out the common barriers of this industry and also the ways to resolve the same. However there is no suggestion about developing the market for using these sources of energy. This is one of the prime issues; consumers need to be interested to use renewable energy resources. The second article highlights the importance of institutional factors in promoting the use of renewable energy. But there should be persistent efforts to make people accept the use of this energy.
6 This will be possible when the price of renewable energy is lesser compared to that of fossil fuels.
7 References 1.Dulal, H.B., Shah, K.U., Sapkota, C.,Uma, G. & B.R. Kandel (2013). Renewable energy diffusion in Asia: Can it happen without government support?Energy Policy. 2.Taggert, S. James, G., Dong, Z, and C. Russell (2012). The future of renewable linked by a transnational Asian grid.Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(2), 348-359