Evaluate the level of educational and psychological support for children with Autism

This dissertation evaluates the level of educational and psychological support available for children with Autism and their families in the UK. It explores the effectiveness of consultations, therapies, and teaching strategies used with Autism children. The impact of teacher's attitudes on the educational outcomes of their students affected by Autism is also examined. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between parents and professionals for the development and education of children with Autism in mainstream schools.

DISSERTATION on
“Evaluate the level of educational and
psychological support that is available for
children with Autism and for their families”
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I owe my deepest gratitude to my mentor who has guided and inspired me with his
knowledge and wisdom. His deep commitment towards high standards motivated me to carry out
and complete the dissertation project in right manner. I would like to give thanks to my team
members and colleagues who helped me for collecting information for completing my studies. I
would express my sincere thanks to my friends and family members who rendered me immense
support throughout this study.
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ABSTRACT
Autism is condition included in the range of “autistic spectrum disorders” (ref. DSM IV-
R). The spectrum includes several syndromes such as autism disorder, pervasive developmental
disorder and Asperger's syndrome.
Autism syndromes is characterized by an impairments in the interactive abilities technical
language needed as well as communication skills. As it comprises of repetitive behaviors
impairments of developmental language, children suffering with this condition require strategies
that could help them as well as the family members to deal with the difficulties faced due to this
condition.
The present dissertation explored the education and support services for children under 8
years of age with autism and their families in UK. Autism is identified at early stage and this is
possible with the help of various behaviors that are done by child which is different from other
infants. Further, it early childhood is the age when we can observe and recognize different
symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (Ruble, Dalrymple and McGrew, 2010). It was found
that an effective role is played by the various support services and educational strategies in
helping the parents to understand this condition.
The research involved collection of primary as well as secondary data. Interviews with
health care professionals provided detailed information about the effectiveness of various
strategies as well as the impact of teachers’ attitude on the educational outcomes of autistic
children. The research concluded that effective collaboration between the experts and parents is
required for supporting parents with autistic children.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................6
1.2 Research aims and objectives................................................................................................7
1.3 Research questions.................................................................................................................8
1.4 Analysis and framework........................................................................................................8
1.5 Structure of dissertation.........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................10
2.2 Effectiveness of consultations and therapies with specialists that helps children and parents
to learn how to deal with the conditions ...................................................................................10
2.3 Effective teaching or educational strategies used with Autism children.............................11
2.4 The impact of teacher's attitudes on the educational o_D1utcomes of their students.........12
2.5 To examine the dynamics of collaboration between parents and professionals for
development and education of children with autism in mainstream schools.............................14
2.6 Factors contributing to the development of Autism............................................................15
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................17
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................17
3.2 Research design...................................................................................................................17
3.3 Philosophy............................................................................................................................17
3.4 Data collection.....................................................................................................................17
3.5 Sampling..............................................................................................................................18
3.6 Data analysis........................................................................................................................18
3.7 Secondary data collection....................................................................................................18
Electronic search........................................................................................................................19
Key search terms........................................................................................................................21
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria.................................................................................................21
3.8 Ethical issues........................................................................................................................22
3.9 Reliability and validity.........................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................23
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................23
4.2 Analysis and discussion.......................................................................................................23
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CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION...................................................30
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................30
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................31
References......................................................................................................................................33
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................35
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
In the contemporary scenario, Autism is considered as most prevailing disability among
the children in their childhood that directly results in attaining lifetime neurobiological disorder
(McPheeters, Warren and Veenstra-VanderWeele, 2011). According to the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (Rodríguez, Saldana and Moreno, 2012), Autism is defined as a
“development of disability significantly affecting verbal and non verbal power of interaction”
(Ratajczak, 2011). Mayo Clinic (2014), states that Autism is a serious mental disorder that
affects communication, social interaction with others, behaviour and different interests and
activities of a child or individual. To be introduced Referring to Piaget’s two-factor theory of
figurative functions (Cherry, 2016) and operative functions, autism is described as limited
cognitive development that delays sensorimotor stage of children that develops further limits in
development of figurative functions, social skills, etc. (Cherry, 2016). At the same time
individual within the society also separates Autistic persons because they have speech problem.
It was in the year 1911 when the term autism was used in order to describe symptoms for
schizophrenia. In the 1980's people started to have better understanding about autism. It was used
in terms of developmental disorder. Further, it was used to describe various type of conditions
related to behaviour. Between 1980’s and 1990’s, behavioural therapy and other learning
environments were part of treatments for different forms of autism (Wolff,2004).
Autism is defined as a syndrome that mainly target the children and last through
adulthood (Miller, Hayeems and Bytautas, 2010). Children diagnosed with Autism face certain
difficulties while engaging in verbal or non-verbal communication among the individual within
society. From the view point of Fein and et. al., (2013) children who has been diagnosed with the
Autism are often creative as they assist themselves through seeing the activities in their own way
or differently. With the help of reviewing the data of past year it has been stated that there is
increase in the number of Autism cases as with conducting the study it is identified that 1 in 68
children is diagnosed with the Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to World Health
Organisation (2016), over the las 15 years the prevalence of autism increased and in present 1 in
160 children is affected by different forms of Autism although other studies reported higher rates
and uncertain prevalence in countries with lower incomes. In the past children with Autism were
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labelled slow or shy. Along with this, they have also been left alone or socially been excluded
from the society. Moreover, children with this order may also engage in unethical practices that
mainly concerned with infanticide as well as physical abuse etc. There are different types of
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that mainly include Rett syndrome, dis-integrative disorder as
well as Asperger's syndrome etc. the foremost type of ASD mainly impedes girls as they face
severe learning disability. Another type of disorder is childhood Disintegrative disorder it is
described as a time of typical improvement in the initial two or three years. After that individual
those who are experiencing ASD mainly faces problems within areas of speech as well as social
abilities. Another disorder includes Asperger's syndrome, under which individual faces difficulty
in expressing their gestures that impact their communication process with the other individual.
Causes of Autism
The key cause of Autism include biological as well as genetic factor that set the ground
for Autism and outcome in attaining the disorder among the children (Malow and et. al., 2012).
Along with this another cause of Autism is also related with emotional disorders or behavior
among the children that is increasing aspect of depression that results in increasing the Autism.
There are some symptoms that consider as the early sign of Autism among the children it mainly
includes children would face problem related with communicating with others, children would
not engage themselves in the playing activities as well as they would use more sign language
while interacting with other individual etc. moreover, Autism may also cause with the abnormal
gene among their family members (Garbacz and McIntyre, 2016). Moreover, from general
observation, it has been analysed that family members are facing difficulty and they are also
pressurized from the societal beliefs and values. Thus, it outcome in taking decisions related with
amending the behavior of children (Orinstein and et. al., 2014). Some of the societal values and
beliefs indicates that they are not allowed to keep autistic children at home (Lord and Jones,
2012).
Significance of the study
With the increasing prevalence of Autism among the children it has determined the
adequate requirement of early intervention so that they can overcome the disorder. More
specifically, earlier the there were 1 out of 100 children who were diagnosed with autism but as
per the current analysis, it has been found that there are about 1 out of 45 children who are
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diagnosed with autism (McGrath and O'Toole, 2012). In order to address Autism in early
childhood the researcher has conducted the study so that they may easily overcome or perceived
the gap related with lacking of current practices in the school for preventing the disorder related
with disability. Along with this, the significance of conducting the study in this field is to gain
the best possible services to the children who have been diagnosed with the Autism. Moreover,
with the help of conducting the study it may also results in gaining insight knowledge regarding
the different intervention protocols that provided by the school or parents so that they may easily
impart the effective care to the children who have been diagnosed with Autism.
Therefore, to complete the dissertation researcher would focus on gaining adequate
education as well as support services for the children who have been diagnosed with Autism so
that they can easily overcome the disorder.
1.2 Research aims and objectives
Aim: The aim of present dissertation is to evaluate the level of educational and psychological
support that is available for children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder and for their
families in UK.
Objectives:
 Effectiveness of consultations and therapies with specialists that helps children and
parents to learn how to deal with the conditions
 Effective teaching or educational strategies used with Autism children
 The impact of teacher's attitudes on the educational outcomes of their students affected
by Autism
 To examine the dynamics of collaboration between parents and professionals for
development and education of children with autism in mainstream schools
1.3 Research questions
 What are the factors contributing to development of autism?
 What teaching strategies are used to prepare the children with autism for school or for
inclusion in mainstream school?
 What therapies were proven as more effective?
 How important is the collaboration between parents caring for children with autism and
educational or health professionals?
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 What services are provided for parents caring for children with autism?
 How can teacher’s attitudes impacts on the educational outcomes of their students?
1.4 Analysis and framework
The present dissertation on the topic that is assessing education and services for children
those who are facing Autism is descriptive in nature as it ensure in-depth analysis of the
strategies that is used by the family members to overcome the disorder. The selected research
design would be appropriate as it mainly focuses on exploring the new ideas as well as
prevalence ratio of the ASD among the children below 8 years so that they can easily engage in
intervention for amending the disorder. In addition to this, primary and secondary sources both
has been used for collecting the required and adequate data regarding the ASD. With the help of
devising questionnaire researcher would easily acquire the relevant data related with Autism. On
the other hand, secondary information has been accumulated in relation with the topic through
assessing range of online articles, journals as well as books. In addition to this, information
related with the disorder has been collected with the 15 care practitioners those who deliver the
required care services to Autism patient and their family members.
1.5 Structure of dissertation
At the time of carrying out the dissertation it is required by the researcher to follow an
effective structure so that they may easily carry out the research on the stated topic. Along with
this the structure of dissertation must also focuses on the sequences that is enumerated as
follows-
Chapter 1: Introduction
The foremost chapter within the dissertation is introduction that mainly focuses on
providing proper guidance regarding the selected topic. Along with this, it also impart the
adequate knowledge and information regarding background of chosen topic so that researcher
may easily develop the aim and objectives related with the topic.
Chapter 2: Literature review
Another chapter within the dissertation include review of literature in which investigator
will review all the published sources such as journals, books as well as articles related with
prevalence of Autism among the children up to the age group 8 years. This chapter also focuses
on the analysis of statement that is given by different authors on the topic related with Autism so
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that researcher may easily get the required information that support them in conducting the
dissertation further.
Also, this chapter includes research methodologies which is considered as a significant
part of dissertation that mainly focuses on the different elements of research that support the
investigator in collecting the required and adequate information related with the stated topic.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Another chapter within the dissertation include research methodologies it is considered as
a significant chapter that mainly focuses on the different elements of research that support the
investigator in collecting the required and adequate information related with the stated topic.
Chapter 4: Findings and analysis
Another significant chapter within the dissertation include data findings and analysis that
mainly focuses on using researchers that are conducted previously. This will help to come up
with appropriate outcome for the current dissertation.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
The last chapter within the structure of dissertation is conclusion and recommendation
that is given by the investigator after accomplishing the dissertation. The recommendation that is
given by the investigator would support in intervening the strategies to families and schools so
that they can easily handle and maybe improving the support for children with Autism. The
present dissertation is going to be ended with a relevant reference list and appendixes.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review is considered as an effective chapter within the dissertation as it support
the researcher in accumulating the information related with the topic through assessing different
secondary sources that is internet, online journals and articles etc. moreover, in this chapter
researcher also present the contradictory statement of different authors that support them in
conducting the research in effective manner. Along with this, literature review also support the
investigator in determining the existing gap among the conducted researcher so that they can
easily fill the required gap. In addition to this, literature review section will support the
researcher in understanding the strategies related with overcoming the Autism disorder among
the children.
2.2 Effectiveness of consultations and therapies with specialists that helps children and parents to
learn how to deal with the conditions
As per the view of Orinstein and et. al. (2014) it can be stated that consultation and
therapies are considered as effective approach and thus it helps specialists to improve the
learning capacity of children and teach parents how to deal with complex conditions in order to
improve the education and support services (Orinstein and et. al., 2014). Thus, it can be
evaluated that consultation and therapies are required to be provided by specialists and thus it
helps in improving the learning capacity within children to overcome their disease. Specialists
and consultations are required to provide proper training in order to deal with the children as well
as their parents so that they can improve their learning capacity and overcome the conditions
faced by individual. Here, consultation play a crucial role as it helps in focusing upon diagnostic
process (Orinstein and et. al., 2014). Thus, involving qualifying doctors aims to obtain
knowledge and skills with greater emphasis upon the management of patients and their issues.
Also, doctors are required to be prepare for practicing such skills in order to help teachers and
students to carry out effective practice. However, Blake, Hoyme and Crotwell (2013) argued that
with the help of consultation, specialists are required to determine the requirements of children
as they are not capable of expressing themselves. Thus, it is crucial for specialists to develop
better relationship with patient suffering autism in order to identify their needs and understand
their requirements so that best results can be attained.
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Further, developing general practice helps in analyzing the development of consultation
in order to better understand the teaching skills and thus improving the health of children through
rendering proper care and support. Baker (2013) Stated that consultants and specialists are
required to improve several skills that helps in supporting children suffering autism and thus
provide them due care and support so that best results can be attained. It is essential for doctors
to render proper advice so that satisfaction can be attained. However, providing required
therapies to children suffering from autism in relation to improve their learning capacity and thus
attain desired results.
Constantino and et. al. (2010) Explained that it is essential for family members to make
children learn different concepts and knowledge so that better understanding could be developed.
However, it is also significant for doctors and specialists to render better quality treatment for
autism patients in regard to overcome from such problem and live better life. Autism condition is
essential to be treated by specialists so that they can understand the needs of patients and
improve their learning capacity so that individual can deal with such conditions. Hence, it is
significant for specialists to provide proper teaching to children so that they can enhance their
learning capacity and thus attain desired success. Also, promoting health care of children is
crucial for both doctors and parents and thus they need to undertake effective practice in relation
to improve their health conditions so that satisfaction could be gained.
2.3 Effective teaching or educational strategies used with Autism children
It is essential for teachers to use task analysis in regard to carry out specific tasks and
thus obtain results into sequential order. As per the opinion Landrigan (2010) of teachers are
required to undertake effective strategy in relation to keep their language simple and concrete so
that they could easily understand the teacher’s language and follow their instructions. While
teaching autism children it is essential for teachers to educate them appropriately and thus
improve their learning capacity. However, Ratajczak (2011) argued that teachers need to
undertake specific skills so that they can help children with autism and educate them properly to
help them learn, read and write. Also, teachers are required to provide autism children specific
knowledge regarding society and improve their behavior so that success can be attained.
However, providing knowledge to them regarding improving their choices and knowledge
regarding identifying colour so that whenever they have to pick the one they pick the right one.
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Also, no confusing statement should be used by teachers which creates conflict among children
suffering from autism.
As per the view of Brugha and et. al. (2011) teachers also need to undertake effective
strategy such they should not use sarcasm within their language and provide proper knowledge to
them so that they can make the autism children understand the needs in order to attain success.
Also, providing clear instructions helps in identifying the needs of children and set daily routine
activities for them so that they get equal time for both play and learn. Providing education is also
essential for such students and thus they need to learn different things while playing, therefore
teachers play crucial role in order to enhance their skills and capabilities.
Lord and et. al. (2012) Stated that it is the right of every child to gain education and thus
teacher requires to provide proper training to autism students and thus improve their
understanding so that best results can be attained. Further, providing training related to
communication helps in improving language so that they can easily communicate with each
other and attain desired results. However, Miller, Hayeems and Bytautas (2010) argued that it is
essential for teachers to undertake effective strategies and thus improve the learning capacity in
regard to improve the mental capacity of children suffering from autism. It is the right of every
children to gain public education and thus overcome disability so that best results can be
attained.
Moreover, general teaching strategies have been undertaken that help students suffering
from autism to learn new things and improve their desired results. Teachers should provide
visual schedules so that it helps children suffering autism and learn with the help of symbols and
pictures. However, a program has been started by the teachers in relation to obtain required skills
and thus improve their learning capacity so that best results can be attained. Further, in regard to
improve the learning activities, it is significant for students to improve their behavior of learning
effective objectives and thus obtain satisfaction.
2.4 The impact of teacher's attitudes on the educational outcomes of their students
As per the view Henderson, Clarke and Snowling (2011) of teachers attitudes could be
assessed upon the educational outcomes of their students in regard to improve their learning
abilities so that best results can be attained. However, identifying the attitudes of teachers affect
the personalities so that improving the performance of autism students. Teachers are required to
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undertake effective programs so that different skills and abilities could be improved of autism
children and thus attain improvement. However, it has been evidenced that teachers positive
attitude have positively influenced student’s personality in order to improve their performance.
Thus, it is essential for teachers to undertake effective educational practices in regard to improve
their learning capabilities and thus raise the performance. However, Solomon (2010) argued that
teachers are required to help their students effectively in order to learn different things and thus
improve their capabilities so that knowledge could be transformed into learning. There are
different perception or attitude of teachers regarding assessing the behavior and personalities so
that performance of students could be improved.
It can be stated that if teacher possess positive attitude towards improving the learning
capabilities of their students it helps in improving knowledge and qualification so that better
result can be attained. Further, it also helps in improving the business success and leads to
develop better performance so that success can be attained (Solomon, 2010). However, Lord and
Jones (2012) argued that teacher possess different attitudes and behavior so that it does not
impact upon the personalities and performances of students and thus carry out better
understanding. Improving the knowledge of autism students and help them to learn different
culture and attitude as per the limited areas of classes and courses.
Thus, teachers play a significant role in improving lifespan education and thus improve
the knowledge transformation so that children suffering from autism could be enhanced. It also
results into improving their learning abilities and thus improve their capacity so that success can
be attained. For instance, it could be evaluated that teachers having positive attitude attains
positive personality and influences the children so that their performance could be attained
effectively. Also, improving lifespan education results into carrying out effective performance so
that better results can be attained. However, it also focuses upon raising the performance of firm
in market and thus achieves desired success. Hence, through assessing the attitude of teachers it
helps in carrying out better performance so that best results can be attained. Malow and et. al.
(2012) Stated that enhancing the attitude of teachers helps in improving the performance of
teachers and thus delivering better care and support in regard to satisfy the learners and attain
success. Further, it has been evaluated that improving the learning capacity of students and thus
it helps in attaining desired results.
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2.5 To examine the dynamics of collaboration between parents and professionals for
development and education of children with autism in mainstream schools
As per the opinion of Andari and et. al. (2010) it can be stated that collaboration between
parents and professionals helps in developing the education among children suffering from
autism. Hence, it is essential for teachers and students to improve their learning capabilities so
that best results can be attained. However, it is crucial for children to get educated and thus
improve learning capacity so that success can be attained. However, Falkus and et. al. (2016)
argued that carrying out effective collaboration within parents and professionals aim to improve
learning needs of workers and thus enhance their capabilities. Therefore, it is essential for both
teachers and parents to develop mutual understanding so that children suffering from autism
could improve their learning and thus build effective relationship with each other. Hence, with
the help of such learning it helps in developing effective mainstream autism schools and help
them to learn different skills and capabilities that would help individual to lean effective skills
and capabilities.
Further, it can be stated that development and education for children is essential in regard
to improve their understanding so that better results can be attained. However, it is significant in
terms of improving learning capabilities and thus helps children suffering from autism to develop
better relationship with each other and thus improving their skills and capabilities. As per the
view of Weis (2013) it can be evaluated that developing collaboration within teachers and
students helps in improving their learning capabilities so that best practices can be carried out in
terms of attaining satisfaction. However, considering the fact that improving the learning
capabilities assists in functioning effectively and thus attain stated goals so that best results can
be attained.
Moreover, all such dynamics helps in improving the education of children and overcome
their autism. It is also essential for teachers to help students in developing their learning
capabilities and thus improve their understanding so that best results can be attained. For
instance, teachers are required to develop their understanding and thus improve their teaching
skills so that students can enhance their learning capabilities. Hence, developing collaboration
within teachers and students helps in improving their skills and capabilities so that better
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relationship can be developed. However, developing teachers and students collaboration assists
in enhancing the skills and capabilities of children and overcome their autism problem.
Further, it can be evaluated that teaches and students are required to develop effective
learning so that best results can be attained. However, it is essential for teachers to understand
their skills and capabilities and thus helps in improving their performance so that required targets
can be attained (Weis, (2013). Also, it is crucial for developing effective bond between student
and teacher relationship so that best results can be attained.
2.6 Factors contributing to the development of Autism
There are numerous of factors that contribute to the development of Autism among the
early childhood or children up to the age group 8 (Notbohm, 2012). The different factors include
genetics factor as well as environmental factors that results in development of Autism within the
children. From the view point of Notbohm (2012) genetics plays significant role in the
development of Autism. For instance, if the sibling or parent has Autistic Spectrum Disorder
(ASD) or may deal in having some chromosomal situation them it is stated that their children
would be more likely to develop or contribute to the ASD (Notbohm, 2012). Moreover, in some
of the cases autistic behavior is often caused by Rubella that is German measles that are present
in pregnant mother. On the other hand, another factor that contribute to the development of
Autism include environmental factor. Sommers-Flanagan and et. al. (2015) has stated that role of
environment in the development of Autism disorder plays significant area within the study. For
instance, it is essential for the children to avoid the toxic in-taking or exposures during the
pregnancy so that they may not results in the development of disorder. On the contrary to this,
Lemonnier and et. al. (2012) has also stated that exposure to heavy metals as well as toxins
would result in raising the risk that is associated with the Autism within the children. In the
circumstance where pregnant mother intake the heavy drugs during the month then it would
result in developing the condition of ASD in the early childhood. In addition to this, for
determining the further causes of development of disorder it is required to assess the theory.
Psychoanalytic theory defines that the key cause of development of childhood autism is
environmental factor (Lemonnier and et. al., 2012). Along with this, it also ensures that different
rehabilitation center would also assist in conducting the studies related with determining the
causes of key autism. However, social model argues that autism is generating among people
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widely and whose impacts is generally observed in individual's bodies and minds (Ratajczak,
2011). Hence, this group confirms that autism is originated from the relationships that connect
people that means from hereditary. Absence of social connection clearly defines that autism
affects mental and physical capability of the patient and it also affects ordinary life cycle
(Ratajczak, 2011).
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology consists of the different research tools that are used by the
investigator so that they can meet the stated objectives of the research. Onion research process
(presented in the picture below) has been used to help structure the present research (Saunders et
al.,2003; Harrison and Reilly, 2011).
Also, methodology includes gaining understanding regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria
that support in meeting the required aims.
3.2 Research design
Another aspect within the research methodology include selecting effective research
design that support the investigator in reveal the new facts and aspect regarding the children with
autism. For the present dissertation researcher involve in conducting in-depth research therefore,
descriptive research design has been chosen for the study (Ihantola and Kihn, 2011). The
justification for choosing this research design is that topic of dissertation is to evaluate the
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educational and support available for Autistic children and their families. Therefore, it requires
in-depth research or investigation for the support and services that are offered by the
practitioners as well as governmental agency.
3.3 Philosophy
Another aspect within the research methodology include philosophy that need to be taken
into the consideration so that researcher can easily engage in proper finding of the research.
Basically there are two types of research-philosophy that is been used by researcher for
conducting the dissertation that is interpretivism and positivism. The selected research
philosophy is interpretivism that directly assists the research in accomplishing the stated aims
and objectives of the study. Along with this, justification for choosing this research philosophy is
that it is subjective in nature and relies on meeting the reality of research.
3.4 Data collection
In order to conduct the research in proper manner researcher need to focus on effective
data collection sources that is primary and secondary sources (Harrison and Reilly, 2011). The
present research is on assessing the educational strategies as well as support services that are
provided to the Autistic children within the UK therefore, researcher will utilize primary method
for collecting the adequate and reliable information from the parents of Autistic children with the
help of conducting interview. It supports the researcher in collecting first hand information from
the families. On the other hand, secondary sources has been also used for conducting the
research in effective and proper manner. With the help of this researcher has utilizes systematic
review of different articles and journals on the specified topic that support in attaining overall
aims and objectives of dissertation.
3.5 Sampling
Another essential element within the research methodology include sampling. It is an
effective approach that results in selecting the small unit from the overall population so that
researcher may easily acquire the required information from the selected sample that results in
performing the research in proper manner (Franklin, 2012). For the present dissertation the
selected sample size is 20 health care professionals in the field of Autism that is sample size 20.
This represent the number of respondents that would provide the required data and information
related with the topic.
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3.6 Data analysis
After accumulating the data from the selected sample researcher focuses on analysis of
data with the help of different techniques that is qualitative and quantitative. In the present
context selected data analysis technique is qualitative as it results in framing the themes of the
questions so that researcher easily measure the theme through enabling in proper analysis.
3.7 Secondary data collection
Search strategy
The key strategy within the research methodology include structural strategy that is used
by the researcher to search the database. With the help of using this strategy researcher combine
the word and outcome in gaining effective results. As the present study focuses on understanding
the education and support services for children those who are diagnosed within Autism.
Therefore, researcher would focus on reviewing the articles as well as journals that are related
with the dissertation topic so that they can easily attain the actual causes related with Autism
(Grafton, Lillis and Mahama, 2011). Along with this, the significance of using this strategy is
that it focuses on understanding the results so that researcher may easily conduct the systematic
review of the gathered information. Search strategy within the dissertation basically focuses on
comprehensive search that is related with searching the different database as well as sources.
Along with this, reviewers would also focus on using the two different approaches, the foremost
approach is searching the different tests so that they may easily measures the given disorder
among the children. While, the second approach must ensure researcher to search relevant
information on the disorder or disease and then focus on evaluating the tests.
Electronic search
Another strategy include investigating the topic with the help of bibliography. Researcher
may easily use the different online sources for searching the relevant data related with the topic.
The process of electronic search mainly starts with the keywords or certain combination of words
which help in retrieving appropriate information from correct source over the database. Generic
sources are opted so that the quality information that is gained by entering respective key word is
valid and reliable for the research (McGrath and O'Toole, 2012). The form of sources that are
available on these database systems are digital and electronically updated. It is important for
20

researcher to conduct electronic search from different valuable and valid database so that diverse
range of information is gathered and utilised.
The nature of keywords used also determines the quality of information which is
collected using electronic search. The digital and electronic libraries have several systems which
control keywords in terms of thesaurus. It gives easy access to wide variety of information
without any extra efforts. On the other hand, free text terms is also a form of keyword which can
be used as an electronic research method. Quality of information is improved when free-text
terms are used. There are another types of keywords that can be used in electronic search
methodology which include broad-based terms. It consists of sources of information that are
available as unpublished. To gather both qualitative and quantitative information database access
is a must.
Electronic search gives researchers diversity in conducting their research and gathering
information. It is the most convenient form of collecting information without investing much of
resources. Keyword search helps in identifying various databases and systems that can be helpful
in managing corpus of information specially qualitative research (Flick, 2011). The issues that
are gathered while using other research methodologies do not occur so easily in case of
electronic search techniques. Full-text keywords are also a form of electronic search that help in
gathering information that are stored in various electronic libraries and database over the system.
Electronic formats are easy to use in research studies and experimentations.
Selected database Description
The Cochrane Library One of the effective database that possess high quality collection
of medical articles as well as documents so that health care can
make proper decisions. Doctors, care practitioners as well as
nurses use the database for gaining the health care knowledge and
information related with the range of diseases. Along with this it
also ensures collection of database and their systematic review that
engage in concluding and analyzing the outcome of medical
research (About Cochrane, 2017). Whereas, this online library
would also aims to attain the high quality of health care knowledge
21

that is often used in respected academic and medical institutions.
Moreover, it has been assessed that database stored in the online
library is utilize in the present context as it basically consists of
reviewed medical articles and different studies that occurred within
the health care.
BioMed Central Another electronic search database that it been used in conducted
in the research include BioMed Central one of the leading online
publishing sites within the UK that specializes in accessing the
journal publication that are uploaded on their database. Along with
this, database also conduct an open research and also engage in
publishing the quality journals that are related with Biological,
Clinical Medicine and health topic. This database largely engage in
the publishing and accessing the science articles. Therefore, in this
context investigator mainly focuses on reviewing the various
published books as well as journals that would meet the aims and
objectives of research.
PsycINFO One of the leading database that provide access to international
published journals and articles that are prepared on the field of
psychology or other field. Along with this, it also possess large
resources that have million of abstract on the psychology. In order
to carry out the dissertation subsequent database is been utilized
that would support the researcher in unlocking the range of
information related with the field of study (Krishnaswamy,
Sivakumar and Mathirajan, 2009). Accordant with the subject that
is support services to Autism children researcher focuses on
empirical studies so that they may engage in gaining the valid and
authentic resources and information related with the topic.
22

In order to conduct research on the selected dissertation topic I have used different key
terms that support me in gaining wast information related with the topic. On the basis of above
terms I have gained required content on the subject that results in proper analysing so that
researcher mat easily engaged in the section of findings. In order to gain information via using
internet or online platform keyword search is considered as an significant aspect through which
researcher can easily collect the adequate and reliable data that results in conducting the research
in proper manner. Hence, it can be aforesaid that involving in such terms help researcher to find
out the applicable facets of the subject matter.
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria
Research conducted after 2011 has been
included.
On the other hand, studies or research
conducted before 2011 have not been selected
in the dissertation.
Articles those who are published in English
have been taken into the consideration.
Studies or research conducted in other
language has been excluded from the research.
Studies or articles that are conducted on
Autism in children has been selected.
While, articles related with Autism in adults
has been excluded from the research.
For successfully carrying out the research on the chosen topic researcher has framed the
inclusion and exclusion criteria that need to focused so that reliable and updated information can
be gathered. The foremost inclusion criteria include that studies that have been done after 2011 is
been selected as through this researcher are able to gain updated information so that they can
easily conduct the research (Modell and Humphrey, 2008). On the other hand, articles or studies
before 2011 has been excluded as it provide the outdated information that results in leading the
research in wrong way. Moreover, inclusion criteria that has been set by researcher include that
articles or studies conducted on Autism in children has been included as it would results in
meeting the stated aims and objectives of dissertation.
23

3.8 Ethical issues
In order to successfully carry out the dissertation researcher need to undertake the ethical
consideration that is related with maintaining privacy or confidentiality among the respondents to
whom they would accumulate the data and information. In some of the circumstances it is
possible that third party or other individual may easily access the data this factor ensure the
confidentiality of the information so that it may not be accessible by them.
3.9 Reliability and validity
In order to overcome the inconsistency as well as dissimilarity within the data and
collected information researcher need to consider the reliability of the data. It also supports the
researcher in testing that study would generate the same results if it has been conducted again on
the same topic (Whiteley and Whiteley, 2006). On the other hand, validity is another concept
within the research methodology that assists in knowing that results are accurate that results in
attaining the stated aims and objectives. In order to assure the validity of data and information it
has been assessed that researcher have taken no information from the articles or document that is
published before 2006. Therefore, the conducted research is reliable and valid as data has been
gathered from the trusted source.
24

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
Data analysis is the another chapter within the dissertation that is mainly depended upon
the measuring and analysing the conducted secondary research. After conducting the research on
the topic this chapter would emphasis on analysing secondary data on Autism within children.
This chapter mainly focuses on analysing and evaluating the data and information that is been
collected by the researcher for carrying out effective research related with measuring the
educational strategies and services that is provided by Autistic children.
4.2 Analysis and findings
Effectiveness of consultations and therapies for autistic children and their parents
According to view points of Garbacz and McIntyre, 2016 it has been identified that
efficacy of Conjoint Behavioural consultation that also for autistic children can be determined as
elementary school. Information that is provided to parents about autism is highly beneficial as
they get to know about the different type of steps that can be taken in order to provide better life
for autistic children's. In this research, the relationship between teachers and parents and the way
their relationship support in solving issues are discussed. This also includes the involvement and
examination of CBC (Conjoint Behaviour Consultation). Further, to conduct the research, there
was 3 children who have autism were considered who go to elementary school. Moreover, they
teachers and parents were also considered. It was identified that, role of CBC was helpful enough
to treat them with social behaviour within class room. This was helpful enough to raise the
relationship between teachers and parents and it also helped them to understand their children
and delivering them proper care and support. It shows that the CBC was helpful enough to
deliver parents and teachers to know more about autistic children's. With adequate information
through consultation helped in delivered proper support and care to children with autism.
On the other hand, as per the findings of McPheeters, Warren and Veenstra-
VanderWeele, 2011 out of 110 children's, there are 1 child in US who has ASD (Autism
Spectrum disorder). This research has focused over treatment with the help of medical support.
There are different type of therapies that can be considered that are helpful enough to make sure
that proper care can be provided to children's with ASD. As per the method used in this research,
25

databases from 2000 to 2010 were searched from Education Resources Information Center,
Medline and PsycInfo. Further, researcher also included different articles and regulatory data in
relation with approved medications. Two reviewers were identified who helped in identifying,
different type of therapies which helped in children's to live a healthy life. As per the analysis, it
has been found the benefits of aripiprazole and risperidone that challenged and other type of
repetitive behaviour that among autistic children. Further, adverse efforts were also identified
due to these therapies. There is a medical treatment that is stimulant medications and
serotoninreuptake inhibitors for which information was limited and their was insufficient
strength of evidence. From this investigation, it can be stated that there are many children's with
ASD who are provided with medical interventions. However, because of limited information
among parents, they are not able take advantage of it.
As per Reschke-Hernández, 2011 apart from medical treatments, there is another type of
treatment that is provided to children's with autism and that is with the help of music therapy. In
this research, there is systematic review of music therapy and treatment for autistic children. This
has been evaluated that, it is effective enough to improve efficiency of children with ASD.
Further, it covers limitations and strengths of music therapy. The analysis was made by
determined the data from 1940 to 2009, children's who are provided with music therapy. This
helped in providing suggestions through which improvement are made in musical therapy. As
per the findings, it has been identified that music therapy does has positive impact over the
health condition of child with autism. With time there was many changes that took place over
this therapy. Further, the information about this is limited to people ans due to this reason, many
of the parents fail to provide their child who have autism with music therapy. However, there are
certain limitations but the influence of this is high and child does get benefited through it.
Teaching or educational strategies used with Autism children
There are different set of areas that has to be considered by professional on which proper
information has to be provided. According to Kagohara, Sigafoos and Lancioni, 2012 one of the
most general teaching that has to be done for ASD children's is for spelling. As per this research,
it aims at checking spelling of words to children's with ASD with the help of common word
processor or spell check function. Further, researchers made use of multiple baseline by make
26

other participants to design with the help of video modelling, follow-up and baseline. In
accordance with the finding, it was identified that during baseline the performance of participants
were below 40% of task and it was used to check the steps correctly. However, when the
intervention of video modelling was introduced with the help of iPod, then the performance level
reached up to 76 to 100%. This way participants were able to make improvement in spelling.
From this, it can be stated that, with the help of iPod and video modelling intervention,
researcher were able to make the performance of students with autism up to 100%.
On the other hand, it is a difficult task for teachers to make sure that they provide proper
care and support to children with autism. In this context, it is important that proper training to be
provided to teachers. As per the research conducted by Morrier, Hess and Heflin, 2011 the
investigation was done for the region of southern state, in order to train teachers towards children
who have autism. Reporting for training was reported with the help of online version of Autism
Treatment Survey. In this context, one of the most effective type of training that was reported
was attendance. This way provided during half or full day workshop. Further, there was about
training provided with the help of from teaching perception programs at universities or colleges.
For this process there were about 50 teachers selected and they were provided training through
different type of training methods. Both primary and secondary research were conducted.
Secondary information was collected by considering different type of researchers that was
conducted by different people. As a result, the training was helpful enough to list out different set
of steps with help of which children's with autism was provided with adequate care and support.
As per research that was conducted on understanding the Impact of training peers and
children with autism on social skills during centre time activities in inclusive classrooms. From
this, it has been identified that by increasing peer to peer social skills, proper services can be
delivered to students with autism. There are cases in which teacher or parents does not have
proper information in order to deliver proper services. In order to determine the effect of
intervention, there was multiple baseline that were designed across participants. Through
training, people got to learn more and to understand the type of issues or problems that are faced
by child (Banda, Hart and Liu-Gitz, 2010). As per the data collected, there were about 60
teachers. On the other hand, it also includes parents as they also lack ineffective understand
about autism. There are certain aspects that has to be considered by them in order to make sure
27

that proper support is being provided to their children's. This research was helpful enough to
understand the areas in which more emphasis to be made so that training gets benefited to
parents and teachers. Training was conducted for about 6 months time and positive outcomes
were received.
Impact of teacher's attitudes on the educational outcomes of their students
As per this type of research, effects of consultation intervention were examined. In this
context, it includes COMPASS (collaborative model for promoting competence and success).
This was designed to make improvement in the education programs for autistic children. As per
the data it has been identified that out of 10 there will 8 and even 9 people who do not have
adequate information or understanding about autism. This research was conducted by Ruble,
Dalrymple and McGrew, 2010 who focused over identifying the benefits of consultation
programs about child autism. Among which COMPASS is an effective strategy that enable to
make sure that proper information is being provided to people about autism. In order to
determine the data and findings, about 35 teachers were selected. For this purpose, random
sampling was used in order to select these teachers. As per the result, it was identified that
students get to develop their learning and understand when they get proper support from teachers
and their parents. However, when the information or the methodology used are not effective
enough, then it has negative impact over the performance and growth of child with autism.
On the other hand, there are different type of perception of people or individuals. Some
may has the willingness to learn new things but there will be some who may not have that
interest over the learning. In accordance with the findings of Busby, R., Ingram, Bowron and
Lyons, 2012 they have identified that perception of teachers towards self-efficacy may have
significant effect over the challenges that are faced by children's who have autism. In this
process, NGT (Normative group Technique) were used in order to identify challenges that were
perceived. Further, there were about 31 teachers were selected. Among these, about 14 of them
were teaching in south-east Alabama. With the help of NGT, it was helpful enough to draft the
six recommendations in order to make sure that teachers improve their perception for different
programs that are held at Troy University. As stated about different people have diverse set of
perception. When it is not positive, then it becomes difficult to make sure that they learn or
develop their understanding towards the programs that improves better support to autistic
28

children. This way 6 of the recommendation are made in this research with the help of which
positive perception can be developed among teachers and so they develop learning attitude.
As per the research conducted by .Rodríguez, Saldana and Moreno, 2012 they focused
over assessing special education and changes in their behaviour positively towards children's
with ASD. All the variables that affects the perception of people in positive manner were
identified. There are many factors that affects the growth and learning aspect. In this context, one
of the elements includes interest over the topic in which they are not willing to develop their
understanding. In order to come up with appropriate information, there were about interviews
conducted and for this purpose about 69 teachers were considered. As per the interview
conducted, it has been identified that there are about two multiple choice Likert type
questionnaire. In this context, one was about the attitude of teachers and other one was regarding
perceived needs of teachers to specific education of pupil with ASD. As per the result, it was
helpful enough to identify the perception of teachers in order to provide proper care and support
to children with autism. Further, there was direct logistic regression analysis that was conducted
in order to test the experience that teachers have with children's. All these helped in understand
the areas in which improvement can be made with the help of which they can look after autistic
children's.
Dynamics of collaboration between parents and professionals for development and
education of children with autism
When a child grows, there are various key people who are helpful enough to makes sure
that proper support is provided to them. As per the case of autism, there are both parents and
teachers, when they support, then they the issues that are faced by child due to autism is reduced
at high extent. Further, with time there are many changes that has taken place in which
improvement in technology has helped to make sure that child with autism can be deliver with
proper care. As per the research conducted on Educating children on the autism spectrum:
preconditions for inclusion and notions of ‘best autism practice’ in the early years by Guldberg,
2010 the study, stated that the relationship between parents and teachers are helpful enough to
support child with autism at high extent. In order to come up with an appropriate outcome, there
was 50 families selected in which child has autism. Further, they were also examined by teachers
and the relationship which they have with parents. As per the findings, it has been identified that
29

when the relationship among parents and teachers are positive, then it is helpful enough to make
sure that proper support is provided to child with autism.
On the other hand, in accordance with the research conducted by Porayska-Pomsta,
Frauenberger and Avramides, 2012 it has been identified that development in technology for
autism is an interdisciplinary approach. With time, there are changes that took place in
technology and it has helped in developing diverse discipline. There are various aspects, that has
been identified through which the areas in which a child with autism lacks are identified that
accordingly strategies are developed through which the areas can be developed. In this context,
ECHOES provided with the opportunity in order to develop TEL (technology enhanced
learning). Further, it also explores social skills with the help of typically developing
environment. With this respect, there was different activities that were included. It includes
education, artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, visual and psychology.
When child suffer from any type of issues like autism, then it raises the level of stress for
parents. There are also conditions in which parents does not prefer to share this to anyone. One
of the main reason for this issue that they do not have proper information about it. As per Rivard,
Terroux, Parent-Boursier and Mercier, 2014 parents whose child have autism have more stress
when compared with other parents whose child does not have any type of problems. This study
was conducted among 118 mothers and 118 fathers. Further, the behaviour was analysed and this
is identified by make proper behavioural analysis by conducted interviews and questionnaire.
Main aim of this research was to analyse the stress that each of the parents that are being taken
for their child with autism.
30

CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
From the above completed dissertation it can be concluded that educational support as
well as psychological support given to the families and parents support their Autistic children in
overcoming their difficulties in their childhood. Along with this, it has been also evaluated that
support given by the charity organization also benefit in changing the mind and attitude of
parents regrading the traditional myths of Autism.
Along with this, it has been also concluded that there is effectiveness of enabling
consultations and therapies with specialists that helps children and parents to learn how to deal
with the conditions. It has been stated that engaging in the consultation activities support the
families and parents of Autistic children to understand their requirement so that they can easily
provide the life to their child. Along with this, consultation activities would also impart the
knowledge and learning to regard the disorder and supporting their children to face the
difficulties so that they can lead the happy lives.
In addition to this, the above study has also summarizes that effective teaching or
educational strategies used with the Autism children so that they can easily overcome the level of
communication difficulties among them. In this context, music therapy is also one of effective
ways with the help of which proper support is being provided to autistic child. Along with this,
educational strategies would also support the children in understanding the disorder in proper
manner so that they may engage in the stressful activities. Whereas, effective strategies for the
autism children would also support them to sustain in the community and society as it would
result in changing the mindset of the facilities and their behavior towards the autistic children.
Moreover, from the above study it has been also concluded that there is direct impact of
teacher's attitudes on the educational outcomes of their students as teacher plays significant role
in enhancing and gaining the adequate information regarding the ASD among the children so that
they may not excluded. In addition to this, teachers play a significant role in improving lifespan
education and thus improve the knowledge transformation so that children suffering from autism
could be enhanced. It also results into improving their learning abilities and thus improve their
capacity so that success can be attained. For instance, it could be evaluated that teachers having
31

positive attitude attains positive personality and influences the children so that their performance
could be attained effectively.
Whereas, from the above study it has been also examined that dynamics of collaboration
between parents and professionals plays significant role for development and education of
children with autism in mainstream schools. With the help of collaboration among the
professional and parents they can easily impact their activities on the children so that they can
easily overcome the difficulties among the communication. Along with this, it has been also
concluded that with the effective collaboration activities among the professional parents and
teacher may easily define the activities and action so that they may easily prompt the child those
who have been diagnosed with the Autism so that they may easily eliminate their difficulties and
issues that they face. Therefore, it has been assessed that with the help of conducting above study
researcher has evaluated the adequate educational strategies and support services is been
provided to the family members so that they can easily cope up with the autistic children.
5.2 Recommendations
From the above conclusion it has been recommended that thee are certain strategies and
activities that need to be imparted within the UK region so that they can easily results in
overcoming the level of autism among the children up to 8 years. The following recommended
strategies are as follows-
Training: As per the analysis, it has been identified that the rate of information that
people have towards autism is very low. Further, people do not share problems that are faced by
their children to any experts and they feel that they will be neglected. In this context, there
should be proper information that should be spread to people so that they understand that autism
is not a serious issue. Further, it will enable people to come out of problems and share it with
others. This is possible with the help of proper training. This will enable people to know about
the reasons due to which child get the issue of autism. Further, it also covers the different type of
steps that can be taken with the help of which the rate of autism can be solved. Further, it also
enables to identify different set of therapy that can be given to autistic children.
Programs in schools: Different set of issues that a child face is identified at schools when
they get to involve with others. When they have proper interaction and playing together, then it
32

enables to identify the problems or issues that are faced by children. In this context, Support
service like Child Autism UK should develop educational programs at schools so that they get to
identify children and parents. This will be effective enough to understand the level of issue that
is faced by child and accordingly training can be provided with the help of which the problems
or issues that are faced can be reduced (Parents & Providers Collaborate to Build a Better
Autism Medical Home. 2013). This can be determined as an effective way through which more
and more people will get to know about his issues. In addition to this, the rate of autistic child
will also be reduced and they can have a normal life.
Collaboration as well as partnership activities: Another recommendation for overcoming
the level of Autism within the children engage in collaboration as well as partnership activities
among the parents and health care professional so that they can easily engage in overcoming the
complexities of autism care. With the help of collaborative working health care practitioners can
easily counsel the parents of autistic children so that they must behave in adequate and proper
manner so that they can easily support their children. Along with this, with the partnership and
collaborative activities parents and professionals must also engage in conducting the social
interaction and activities so that they can easily overcome the negative behavior of autistic
children towards their family members (Stress and psychological well-being among parents of
children with autism spectrum disorder, 2008). On the other hand, autistic children must also
engage themselves collaborative activities that assists the family in changing the attitude and
mindset of other members so that they may deliver kind attitude and gesture towards the autistic
children. Along with this, it is also considered as significant aspect among both that is teacher
and parents as it results in building their understanding regarding the disorder that is been faced
by their children so that they can easily amend their learning as well as relationship among each
others.
33

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APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
 Do you think consultation and therapies are effective at teaching the parents the ways in
which autism can be dealt with?
 How are the consultation and therapies with specialists useful for children suffering with
autism?
 How does the initiatives undertaken by Child Autism UK help parents in better
understanding the condition?
 How does the educational advice provided by The National Autistic Society assist parents
in tackling the condition of autism?
 What do the parents learn from the educational strategies undertaken by UK regarding
autistic children?
 Do you think that scholastic abilities of children are improved with the help of
educational strategies undertaken in UK?
 How important is teacher’s attitude for the educational outcome of children with autism?
 How, according to you, does the concept of “Self- fulfilling prophecy” exhibited by
teachers impacts the educational outcomes of autistic children?
 Do you think positive attitude of teachers towards children with autism facilitates in
improving their educational outcomes?
 Do you think attitude of teachers create a beneficial learning environment for children
with autism?
 Do you think collaboration between parents and teachers results in positive outcomes for
children with autism in mainstream schools?Do you think positive attitude is important
for collaboration?
 Do you think training is necessary ion collaboration?
 What are your views about transitional relationships between parents and teachers?
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