Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Running Head: HD 0
Heart disease
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Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
Epidemiological evidences................................................................................................................2
Strategies...........................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................7
References.............................................................................................................................................8

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Introduction
Heart diseases defines a variety of conditions that impacts patient’s heart. Illnesses
under the group of heart disease comprise ailment of blood vessel, for example coronary
artery diseases, arrhythmias, and heart issues an individual born with (Steenman & Lande,
2017). The term heart disease is normally used interchangeably with another term
“cardiovascular disease. Symptoms of these health issues depends upon what type of heart
disease an individual have. An individual with have diseased may develop symptoms for
example tightness and pain in chest, breathing probelm, weakness, light-headness, dizziness,
fainting, skin turns pale gray or blue, inflammation in the legs, dry or persisting cough,
fatigue, and irregular heart beat. Cardiovascular diseases can be caused by the damage to the
heart valves called atherosclerosis. This health issue can also be caused due to the heart
disease a person born with, coronary heart disease, increased blood pressure, diabetes,
alcohol and drug abuse, and stress. Some of the risk factors associated with these health
issues include being aged, being male, family history, smoking, poor diet, increased blood
pressure, obesity, poor hygiene, increased cholesterol level, and physical inactivity. This
particular essay will discuss about epidemiological evidence of heart disease, its
consequences in Canada, and strategies to tackle these issues.
Epidemiological evidences
Canada

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Heart diseases are not restricted to a specific state or country, it is affecting individual
from all around the world. Particularly in Canada this health issue has became a major
concern for government and non government bodies. this health issues recognised as the
second foremost cause of demise In Canada. Around 50,000 fresh cases of heart disease are
currently detected each year (Padwal et al., 2016). Particularly in 2012-13 nearly 2.4 million
adults aged 20 years or above in Canada live with this health issues. Heart diseases along
with the stroke accounted for around 20 per cent of all expiries in Canada which means
46,854 individuals died in 2011, and remain the main cause of hospitalization in the nation.
Nunavut is recognised as the top-ranked area in Canada, with a 3-year regular death rate of
97.2 every 100,000 inhabitants. The region scores an “A” and positions second solitary to
France, the highest performer with a simple 84.5 expiries per 100,000 caused by heart illness
and stroke every year on usually between the year of 2009 and 2011. Quebec is recognised as
the only area to obtain an “A” score, with a regular death rate of 124.6 expiries per 100,000
inhabitants. General, Canada positions 6th among the sixteen peer republics and scores a “B”
score. Between the year of 2009 and 2011, an average of around 141.9 Canadian people
expired every 100,000 inhabitants because of heart disease and stroke. Quebec, B.C., and the
New Brunswick recognised as the only other areas with lower heart illness and stroke death
rates compared to the Canadian average. On the other hand, 5 other areas also earn “B” marks
compared with Canada’s world-wide peers—Ontario, the Nova Scotia, the Saskatchewan,
Yukon, and the Manitoba. To other regions Alberta and P.E.I. both score “C” scores, as do

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N.W.T. and the lowest -graded province, the Newfoundland and Labrador. With the 202.3
heart illness and stroke expiries per 100,000 inhabitants, Newfoundland and the Labrador
positions just overhead last-place Finland. It has been reported that Finland becomes the only
“D” score, with a regular mortality degree of 251 demises per 100,000 populaces (Nowrouzi-
Kia et al., 2018).
The death rate is higher among adults age 20 and above with the diagnosed heart
disease than those without. Males are two time more probable to diagnosed with heart
diseases. Men are newly identified with heart disease about ten years younger than females.
The number of adults in Canada newly diagnosed with this health issue from 2000/01 to
2012/13 declined from 221,800 to 158,700. The mortality rate, or the cases of expiries per
1000 people with the known hearts disease, has reduced by twenty per cent (Bennett rt al.,
2017). Females in Canada are needlessly suffering and dying from this health issue due to
inequalities and partialities that have resulted in a particular system that is ill- fortified to
identify, treat and provision them. “Heart illness is the main cause of early death for females
in Canada. According to report published in Heart and Stroke (2019), A female expiries of
heart disease in Canada every twenty minutes. Initial signs of an imminent heart disease were
missed in 78 per cent of females, according to a reflective study available in Circulation.
Two-thirds of the heart disease medical research still emphases on men. Females are five
times more probable to expire from heart disease compared to breast cancer. Females are
more probable than men to expire or have an additional heart attack within the initial six

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months of the cardiac event. Females with depression are more probable to be diagnosed with
heart disease, compared with those individuals deprived of depression; males with depression
did not have a meaningfully increased risk of diagnosed with heart disease (Government of
Canada, 2015)
Compare to Canada, USA has more cases of heart disease. As of 2016, around 28.2
million adults’ people were diagnosed with this health issue. Around 634,000 individuals
were died because of heart disease, making it main cause of death (Tatum & Barker, 2018). It
has been also reported that compared around 14 per cent of individual who have a heart
disease will be died from it. The death rate of black females was higher (165.7) and 132.4
every 100000 for non black women (CDC, 2019). Particularly in Australia one person is died
in every 12 minutes, and it affects around 4.2 million Australian. The prevalence of this
health issues amongst Australian population was about one in 20 (4.8 per cent or 1.2 million
individuals) in 2017-18 and has continued fairly constant over time. This specific health
problem has endured more common amongst men (5.4%) compared with women (4.2 per
cent) and with time, the hole does not seem to be narrowing. The percentage of individuals
with heart disease normally upsurges with age (Nichols et al., 2015). In 2017-18, the
percentage of individuals with these health issues was less than 5 per cent under fifty-five
years of age, then progressively ascended to one in 4 (25.8 per cent) Australian people aged
75 years and above with heart illness in 2017-18. There however, was a reduction from 2014-
15 where 30.7 per cent of grownups aged 75 years and above had these issues. The

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occurrence of heart disease in Australia was similar for every age group until the age of 64
years irrespective of gender. For those individuals aged sixty-five years and older, males had
advanced rates of heart illness compared to females for those individuals aged 65-74 years
(19.6 per cent and 12.4 per cent correspondingly) and age of 75 years and above (31.5 per
cent and 20.4% separately) (Lee et al., 2019). Particularly in New Zealand 180,000
individuals diagnosed with heart disease. Among all of the diagnosed people around 33 per
cent died yearly by a heart disease. It is also reported that every 90 minutes one individual in
New Zealand deceases due to heart disease. Particularly in 2016, 2,850 females were died
because of heart disease in New Zealand, and these health issues kills twice as many females
in different regions of New Zealand (Nicolae et al., 2019).
Strategies
The Canadian Heart Health Strategy and Action Plan (CHHS-AP) was established
over a 2-year period between 2006 to 2008 as a self-governing, stakeholder-driven procedure
under the control of the CHHS-AP Routing Committee. The strategy aims to ensure that the
Citizens have the information, resources and provision they require to decrease their risk of
heart diseases and other long-lasting diseases, and lead extended, healthier lives (Jones, Furze
& Buckley, 2020). It has been also reported that managing a healthy diet can also help in the
management of heart disease (Micha et al., 2017). Canadian Governments, the prearticular
health care scheme, the private subdivision, charitable and community establishments, and
persons work together to make environments and facilities that indorse and improve CV

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health. Diseased patients are active, knowledgeable partners in their individual health and
upkeep. Interprofessional groups of health care workers have the data, skills and approaches
to promote well-being, stop CV diseases, and deliver timely, complete, integrated, patient-
focused care for Canadian people with heart and vascular illness. Quebec region has also
proposed a government accomplishment plan to endorse vigorous lifestyles and stop weight-
related difficulties.
The government of Quebec has owed $20 million every year for ten years from taxes
of tobacco to support co-operative projects that indorse favorable lifestyles (Bansal et al.,
2017). In Quebec, all agencies and activities are also obligatory to discuss with the
Department of Health and Societal Facilities about any laws or guidelines they are emerging
that could have an influence on health. Although named the Heart Health Strategy, the
method taken was much more comprehensive and included all heart disease, cerebrovascular,
CV and peripheral – in addition to other methods of heart illness for example congenital,
cardiomyopathic illnesses and arrhythmias (George, Kim & Chung, 2020). It was recognized
from the onset, that maybe the major possible for important influence was through deterrence
across the range of the health scheme. This method is particularly relevant to atherosclerosis,
which accounts for approximately 70 per cent to 80 per cent of the load of heart disease, a
large share of stroke and the maximum of peripheral vascular illness (Virani et al., 2017).
Another framework proposed to reduce heart related problems in Canadian regions is
Pan Canadian model on the deterrence and control of heart disease. The mian vision of this

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framework was to allow the Canadian population to have the best health services for heart
related problems, decrease the occurrence of heart diseases and the increased rates of
awareness, management and control. the main objective of this model is to decrease the
incidence of heart illnesses among the Canadian adults by 13 per cent, and to increase the
awareness among 90 per cent of adults in Canada about the risk of heart diseases and
associated risk factors. It also aims to reduce health inequalities in Canadian regions and to
ensure that all the services are also provided to the aboriginal populations. It also aims to
strengthen the community action plan which includes plan, implement, and examine
programs which help the community actions in the setting of local priorities and develop
personal sense of control or management and resilience in the deterrence of heart disease in
setting where the resides work or play (Howlett et al., 2016).
Conclusion
Heart disease are described a range of health conditions that affects the circulation
system or heart of an individuals. Symptoms associated with heart disease include chest
tightness, fatigue, high blood pressure, shortness of breath, and stress. Some of the risk factor
of this heath issues include being aged, family history, obesity, and high cholesterol levels. It
has bene reported that more than 50,000 new cases of heart discuss diagnosed every year in
Canada. When compared the epidemiological data with other countries it is found that USA
has more death rate due to heart rate. In Australia one individual is died in every 20 minutes.
In New Zealand 180,000 people diagnosed with heart disease. There are different strategies

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has been implemented in Canada to encounter the heart diseases. One of the strategies is
Canadian heart and health strategy and action plan which aims to ensure the easy access to
the heart health services and proper distribution of information treatment. Another strategy
implemented in Canada is pan Canadian model on the stoppage and control of heart disease
which aims to increase awareness, reduce prevalence, and treatment for all the Canadian
people.

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References
Bansal, N., Katz, R., Robinson-Cohen, C., Odden, M. C., Dalrymple, L., Shlipak, M. G., &
Kestenbaum, B. (2017). Absolute rates of heart failure, coronary heart disease, and
stroke in chronic kidney disease: an analysis of 3 community-based cohort
studies. JAMA cardiology, 2(3), 314-318.
Bennett, M., Parkash, R., Nery, P., Sénéchal, M., Mondesert, B., Birnie, D., ... & Campbell,
D. (2017). Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society 2016
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Guidelines. Canadian Journal of
Cardiology, 33(2), 174-188.
CDC (2019). Heart disease facts. Retrieved from.
https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
George, B., Kim, S. M., & Chung, M. J. (2020). Training in structural heart disease: a
fellow’s perspective. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, 10(1), 98.
Government of Canada (2015). Depression and risk factors of hear diseases. Retrieved form:
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2008003/article/10649/5202447-
eng.htm
Howlett, J. G., Chan, M., Ezekowitz, J. A., Harkness, K., Heckman, G. A., Kouz, S., ... &
Ducharme, A. (2016). The Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure
companion: bridging guidelines to your practice. Canadian Journal of
Cardiology, 32(3), 296-310.
Jones, J., Furze, G., & Buckley, J. (2020). Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and
Rehabilitation. Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation in Practice, 1.

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Lee, C. M. Y., Mnatzaganian, G., Woodward, M., Chow, C. K., Sitas, F., Robinson, S., &
Huxley, R. R. (2019). Sex disparities in the management of coronary heart disease in
general practices in Australia. Heart, 105(24), 1898-1904.
Micha, R., Peñalvo, J. L., Cudhea, F., Imamura, F., Rehm, C. D., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017).
Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and
type 2 diabetes in the United States. Jama, 317(9), 912-924.
Nichols, M., Peterson, K., Herbert, J., Alston, L., & Allender, S. (2016). Australian heart
disease statistics 2015. Melbourne: National Heart Foundation of Australia.
Nicolae, M., Gentles, T., Strange, G., Tanous, D., Disney, P., Bullock, A., ... & Hornung, T.
(2019). Adult congenital heart disease in Australia and New Zealand: a call for
optimal care. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 28(4), 521-529.
Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Li, A. K., Nguyen, C., & Casole, J. (2018). Heart disease and occupational
risk factors in the Canadian population: an exploratory study using the Canadian
community health survey. Safety and health at work, 9(2), 144-148.
Padwal, R. S., Bienek, A., McAlister, F. A., Campbell, N. R., & Outcomes Research Task
Force of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. (2016). Epidemiology of
hypertension in Canada: an update. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 32(5), 687-694.
Steenman, M., & Lande, G. (2017). Cardiac aging and heart disease in humans. Biophysical
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Tatum, G. H., & Barker, P. C. (2018). Epidemiology of Heart Defects. Visual Guide to
Neonatal Cardiology, 43.

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Virani, S. A., Bains, M., Code, J., Ducharme, A., Harkness, K., Howlett, J. G., ... & Zieroth,
S. (2017). The need for heart failure advocacy in Canada. Canadian Journal of
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