2
QING DYNASTY
“1644-1912”, leading to many unrecorded history and unparalleled economy rise, and
development in cultural aspects. China in the 18th century was the most flourished
country, with natural resources, huge number of population, capitals and estates. In that
period, they traded variety of fruits and vegetable which was introduced by “New World
(American), including sweet potatoes, peanuts and tobacco3. Although, Qing Dynasty had
a fall in the late 18th century, because of its rising population, which was stagnant at
“100” million, increased to 150 in “1650 B.C”, and in “1800” to “300 million”, rapidly
increasing to “450” million in the end of 19th century. The lands were filled and there
were less space to migrate even in the “Southern and Central provinces”. They have used
their remaining land for growing crops aligned to “North World (American) crops” by
them, which was insufficient to accommodate the increasing population, along with the
culture of equal inheritance among sons consumed the lands, which led to political
imbalance4. In the end of 19th century, the bureaucracy was struggling with the
uncontrolled population, and the bureaucracy was overburdened with the responsibility of
standardization, controlling, and scheduling the taxes for near about 2,50,000 people.
Therefore, it can be understood that the expansion of Western culture and their luxurious
and uncontrolled lifestyle led to the destruction.
There were even famines and droughts as well as manmade floods due to their
lack attention to controlling water. Therefore, increased weaknesses in land, and
3 KALIPCI, Müge. "ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE OPIUM WARS FOR IMPERIAL CHINA: THE
DOWNFALL OF AN EMPIRE." Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Dergisi 18, no. 3 (2018): 291-304
4 Keevak, Michael. Embassies to China: Diplomacy and Cultural Encounters Before the Opium Wars.
Springer, 2017.

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