Nursing Assignment Case Study Analysis 2022

Running head: NURSING ASSIGNMENT
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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Introduction
Pathophysiological analysis is the process discipline that focuses on the primary
reason due to which patients suffer from their disease conditions. This paper discusses about
the case study of Mrs. Helena Jones (48), who has a long history of multiple sclerosis (13
years) and recently has been diagnosed with the type 2 diabetes mellitus as co-morbidity.
This paper therefore, would discuss about the pathophysiology of both of these health
complications for Mrs. Helena Jones and then with discussion of the first sign and symptom
common in both of her health complication, three nursing interventions would be determined.
Part 1
Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
While discussing the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the elusive nature
of the causes should be discussed as this disease is considered to be an Inflammatory
Demyelinating Disease (IDD) or idiopathic disorder (Passos, Sato, Becker & Fujihara, 2016).
As per Manjaly et al. (2019), the presence of this health complication among patients is
determined due to the presence of plaques in the inflammatory demyelination of the central
nervous system. When the active immune cells from the patient’s body invades the central
nervous system, then it leads to an inflammatory reaction and the accumulation of plaque is
considered to be the reason of myelin destruction. As per Finke et al. (2015), there are
multiple reasons due to which these plaques form lesions in the CNS. These lesions present
multiple aspects of immunological and pathological reactions in patient’s body. These influx
of immunological cells are comprised of t cells, major histocompatibility class (MHC) II, and
lymphocytes and these are known to be involved in the stripping of axons within CNS.
Further, both the stripping of axon and damages caused by plaque formation leads to the
hypertrophic astrocytes that leads to the chronic development of the condition (Passos, Sato,

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Becker& Fujihara, 2016). Hence, from this above-mentioned analysis it could be observed
that the combination of immunological and pathological conditions leads to this critical
health condition in patients.
Pathophysiology of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The analysis of pathophysiology related to type 2 diabetes mellitus is complicated in
multiple aspects as various conditions associated with patient’s physiological complications
and lifestyle could lead to development of this disease condition. These reasons include
deficiency of insulin, insulin resistance, further due to the genetic as well as environmental
influence the risk factor related to diabetes type 2 increases (Kautzky-Willer, Harreiter&
Pacini, 2016). As per Zheng, Ley and Hu (2018), majority of the patient are affected with
diabetes type 2 are associated with lack of physical activity and insulin resistance. Due to
genetic modification, the insulin secretion gets hampered and then with the excess secretion
of glucagon, a condition namely hyperglycaemia occurs. During glucose stimulation, as per
Zaccardi, Webb, Yates and Davies (2018), the beta cell dysfunction leads to the insulin
secretion dysfunction and then leads to the glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes. For the
proper function of the beta cells or the proper secretion of beta cells, the cells require glucose
to be transported to the cell that is conducted by the glucose transporter 2. As per autzky-
Willer, Harreiter and Pacini (2016), this transporter and its functioning both are affected due
to the genetic modification and hence the onset of disease condition is observed. Therefore,
this is pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes which is observed in patients.
First sign or symptom common both in MS and T2DM
The first sign or symptom which could be observed in Mrs. Helena Jones is her
physical weakness and numbness in legs and hips. As per Petzold et al. (2016), this is the
symptom which could be observed in both type 2 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. To

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understand the common causes of numbness in both MS and T2DM, the pathophysiological;
aspects of both the diseases and associated numbness should be assessed. As per Faissner et
al. (2016), there are four type of numbness that are observed among patients, such as the
paresthesia, dysesthesia, hyperpathia and anesthesia, within which, the first three types are
commonly observed in patients suffering from MS. As perValet, Stoquart, Glibert,
Hakizimana and Lejeune (2016), due to severe demyelination in the central nervous system
including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the nerve fibers that helps to collect signals
from the body to central nervous system are affected. This disturbance in the sensory fibers
increases with time and hence, the patients suffer from mild to severe numbness in their
body. On the other hand, numbness in T2DM is occurred due to the hypertension condition
that ultimately leads to diabetic neuropathy and all the nerves that transfer signals from
central nervous system to the hands and feet are damaged (Pavate, Nerurkar, Ansari&
Bansode, 2019). Therefore, this is the reason due to which patients that are diagnosed with
T2DM are diagnosed with tingling sensation in toes, fingers, feet and hands. This is the
reason, this is a symptom in case of MS and T2DM (Kautzky-Willer, Harreiter & Pacini,
2016).
Second sign or symptom common both in MS and T2DM
The second sign of both MS and T2DM that could be identified for the health
complication of Mrs. Helena Jones is her difficulties of vision due to which she wears
glasses. As per Dayer, Abdollahzadeh, Nadery& Nasab (2016), vision related complication is
one of the crucial symptom of patients with MS. These complications are associated with
diplopia or double vision, optic neuritis, blurred vision, and improper or uncontrolled eye
movement that finally leads to complete loss of vision. The pathophysiology of this health
complication could be understood from the aspect that due to plaque formation and lesion
generation in the CNS of patient, due to which the optic nerves are damaged. Further, due to