The Impact of Childhood Adversity on Suicidality
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Running head: SOCIOLOGY
Sociology
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Author Note
Sociology
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
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1SOCIOLOGY
Child bullying is looked as a very despicable thing for the overall development of the
children from a very tender age. I will discuss the negative role of the child bullying in the
society and how it affects the marital relationships between two people. I had a personal
experience regarding this issue in our neighborhood. This is definitely one of the worst
experiences that a person can have in their lives. The evil of child bullying has been a very
common factor in the recent times in the society and it has been growing in the households ever
since. The psychological impacts of this bullying are very harmful on the children and it
becomes almost very much problematic in the future (Copeland et al. 2014). This is a social and
moral conflict at the same time and the sociological experts must find a way out to resolve this
issue properly. Through my personal experience, I have seen some marital relationships to part
away just because the concerned person was a victim of bullying during his or her childhood.
Child bullying is not some evil that only victimizes male child. Female children are also
the victims of this spoilsport. I have noticed the victims of the child bullying seem to develop an
aggression that results in their harm only. It does not benefit them at all and affects all their
social relationships (Klomek, Sourander and Elonheimo 2015). These social relationships must
be developed and respected by all the persons in the society and their upbringing by parents
plays a big role in this context. Their initial social surroundings help them to grow into a better
human all the time. If this is not the case for some children, their future social life seems to enter
a dark hole (Copeland et al. 2014). The impacts are mainly emotional and psychological.
I saw one of my friends in my neighborhood became highly victimized because he was
more innocent than others and he did not want to mix with them. They hurt his feelings by
words, used slangs against him or beat him down very often. I am pretty sure that the power
dynamics in the society are very crucial for imposing this bullying on the children. It happened
Child bullying is looked as a very despicable thing for the overall development of the
children from a very tender age. I will discuss the negative role of the child bullying in the
society and how it affects the marital relationships between two people. I had a personal
experience regarding this issue in our neighborhood. This is definitely one of the worst
experiences that a person can have in their lives. The evil of child bullying has been a very
common factor in the recent times in the society and it has been growing in the households ever
since. The psychological impacts of this bullying are very harmful on the children and it
becomes almost very much problematic in the future (Copeland et al. 2014). This is a social and
moral conflict at the same time and the sociological experts must find a way out to resolve this
issue properly. Through my personal experience, I have seen some marital relationships to part
away just because the concerned person was a victim of bullying during his or her childhood.
Child bullying is not some evil that only victimizes male child. Female children are also
the victims of this spoilsport. I have noticed the victims of the child bullying seem to develop an
aggression that results in their harm only. It does not benefit them at all and affects all their
social relationships (Klomek, Sourander and Elonheimo 2015). These social relationships must
be developed and respected by all the persons in the society and their upbringing by parents
plays a big role in this context. Their initial social surroundings help them to grow into a better
human all the time. If this is not the case for some children, their future social life seems to enter
a dark hole (Copeland et al. 2014). The impacts are mainly emotional and psychological.
I saw one of my friends in my neighborhood became highly victimized because he was
more innocent than others and he did not want to mix with them. They hurt his feelings by
words, used slangs against him or beat him down very often. I am pretty sure that the power
dynamics in the society are very crucial for imposing this bullying on the children. It happened
![Document Page](https://desklib.com/media/document/docfile/pages/The-Impact-of-Childhood-Adversity-on-Suicidality/2024/09/15/a1d7fc97-d855-427f-b0ca-e755191c8bf7-page-3.webp)
2SOCIOLOGY
in front of me that the harassment and humiliation of the child crossed its extreme line and
activities committed by other people in the neighborhood were completely unnecessary (Orpinas
and Horne 2014). The bullying on the children occur at different places like classrooms before
the beginning of the lessons, playgrounds, locker rooms and school buses. If a child has to listen
to the continuously used slangs against him or his family members, he or she will become
aggressive by provocation. They will also become frustrated within a very short period of time.
This factor emerges as a very critical thing for the society (Klomek, Sourander and Elonheimo
2015). The well being of the little children is completely ignored in this context and it results in
their aggressive behavior all the time. The health of the adult persons in the society is also
harmed through these activities of child bullying (Dewey 2015).
Without the proper attention of the public policy makers of the government, I believe this
child bullying has become one of the biggest problems in the society. According to some
theorists, the negative effects of this theory have extended to their adulthood as well. I have also
seen that the child I mentioned previously had grown adult and married after some years.
However, his marital life was not happy and healthy (Suzuki et al. 2014). That frustrating event
in his childhood always haunted him and he grew out to be violent at times. In these situations, it
was almost impossible to control him and he used to beat his wife and reacted harshly to show
his frustration. I became quite sure that this kind of behavior of the child was due to his previous
experiences in his personal life (Higashiyama et al. 2019). It is the responsibility of the social
workers to make him understand through communicative sessions that all these things were bad
dreams in their lives that should be forgotten. Otherwise, it would leave a black mark in their
mind and they will never be able to spend a good life (Dedić, Đorđević and Dedić 2019).
in front of me that the harassment and humiliation of the child crossed its extreme line and
activities committed by other people in the neighborhood were completely unnecessary (Orpinas
and Horne 2014). The bullying on the children occur at different places like classrooms before
the beginning of the lessons, playgrounds, locker rooms and school buses. If a child has to listen
to the continuously used slangs against him or his family members, he or she will become
aggressive by provocation. They will also become frustrated within a very short period of time.
This factor emerges as a very critical thing for the society (Klomek, Sourander and Elonheimo
2015). The well being of the little children is completely ignored in this context and it results in
their aggressive behavior all the time. The health of the adult persons in the society is also
harmed through these activities of child bullying (Dewey 2015).
Without the proper attention of the public policy makers of the government, I believe this
child bullying has become one of the biggest problems in the society. According to some
theorists, the negative effects of this theory have extended to their adulthood as well. I have also
seen that the child I mentioned previously had grown adult and married after some years.
However, his marital life was not happy and healthy (Suzuki et al. 2014). That frustrating event
in his childhood always haunted him and he grew out to be violent at times. In these situations, it
was almost impossible to control him and he used to beat his wife and reacted harshly to show
his frustration. I became quite sure that this kind of behavior of the child was due to his previous
experiences in his personal life (Higashiyama et al. 2019). It is the responsibility of the social
workers to make him understand through communicative sessions that all these things were bad
dreams in their lives that should be forgotten. Otherwise, it would leave a black mark in their
mind and they will never be able to spend a good life (Dedić, Đorđević and Dedić 2019).
![Document Page](https://desklib.com/media/document/docfile/pages/The-Impact-of-Childhood-Adversity-on-Suicidality/2024/09/15/b8dc33e3-ab6b-46cc-9e2d-20238c05305a-page-4.webp)
3SOCIOLOGY
Here, I would also like to mention that child bullying does not only affect in the
psychological factors of the human beings. Rather, it has a deep impact on the health of the adult
people as well. I have gone through some research works in this context and I have arrived at the
solution that the victims of child bullying generally do not experience good amount of healthy
life in their adulthood (Suzuki et al. 2014). They are also unable to build up a good rapport with
their partners as the psychological impact due to child bullying stops them from being good to
everyone. Their frustrations and anger come out at certain points of time. If the other person in
the marital relationship does not know about this issue, she will definitely react with disgust.
This might have a very bad impression on all the people in the other person. As a result of that,
he or she might opt to go out of the marital relation (Higashiyama et al. 2019). All major
perspectives of life are hampered through the child bullying events like physical health, cognitive
well being and quality of their lives.
According to some critics, I should highlight the fact that some children find a sadistic
pleasure in torturing a helpless or innocent child and it remains as a permanent spot on the minds
of that particular child (Cesene 2016). The child is unable to forget that event and he carries this
distressful event forward throughout his life as a nightmare. The threats or arousing fear in the
minds of other children through intimidation is definitely a bad thing but the theorists are still
finding some solution that will help to find out a solution. I would like to mention through my
professional experience as a social worker that most types of childhood bullying are either verbal
or social. Some kinds of childhood bullying that are seen regularly in the society are pushing and
shoving, kicking and slapping, commenting through slangs and foul words, sexual abuse on little
girls, stealing all the belongings of people and teasing (Cesene 2016). The experts of sociology
Here, I would also like to mention that child bullying does not only affect in the
psychological factors of the human beings. Rather, it has a deep impact on the health of the adult
people as well. I have gone through some research works in this context and I have arrived at the
solution that the victims of child bullying generally do not experience good amount of healthy
life in their adulthood (Suzuki et al. 2014). They are also unable to build up a good rapport with
their partners as the psychological impact due to child bullying stops them from being good to
everyone. Their frustrations and anger come out at certain points of time. If the other person in
the marital relationship does not know about this issue, she will definitely react with disgust.
This might have a very bad impression on all the people in the other person. As a result of that,
he or she might opt to go out of the marital relation (Higashiyama et al. 2019). All major
perspectives of life are hampered through the child bullying events like physical health, cognitive
well being and quality of their lives.
According to some critics, I should highlight the fact that some children find a sadistic
pleasure in torturing a helpless or innocent child and it remains as a permanent spot on the minds
of that particular child (Cesene 2016). The child is unable to forget that event and he carries this
distressful event forward throughout his life as a nightmare. The threats or arousing fear in the
minds of other children through intimidation is definitely a bad thing but the theorists are still
finding some solution that will help to find out a solution. I would like to mention through my
professional experience as a social worker that most types of childhood bullying are either verbal
or social. Some kinds of childhood bullying that are seen regularly in the society are pushing and
shoving, kicking and slapping, commenting through slangs and foul words, sexual abuse on little
girls, stealing all the belongings of people and teasing (Cesene 2016). The experts of sociology
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4SOCIOLOGY
are very aware of these events and they are trying to find out some remedies of this situation
through theoretical means.
In the words of the critics, it has been seen that bullying children on consistently will
create anxiety in the minds of children and it will also result in depression in their minds as well.
Therefore, they might not be able to share a good marital relationship. Too much depression and
anxiety might develop a kind of suicidal instinct in their minds (Cesene 2016). Thus, the ultimate
outcome of the depression might be reflected in their future after they get married. The feeling of
disgust will continue in their minds so they cannot share the happy moments with their wives.
The child bullying will keep coming in their minds constantly and they cannot focus on their
conjugal life properly (Schimmenti et al. 2015). Those events will appear like nightmares in their
lives.
These risk factors will always work actively in their minds and create a barrier in
achieving a happy life. In most of the cases, the social experts do not intervene. So, all these
cases of child bullying are left as it is. The bullied children do not experience good quality of life
and they are not satisfied as well. Their level of emotional intelligence is low along with IQ
level. So, it turns out to be a problem for their conjugal partners to spend the entire life with
them. Another thing I would like to mention in this scenario is the fact that childhood bullying
also develops the behavioral problems in their adulthood. These children are not able to involve
with their family members and parents for a long period of time (Cesene 2016). This is the main
reason they are not able to maintain a healthy relationship with anyone. On the other hand, this
kind of psychological distress continues among them and this is why they find it very hard to
communicate with their conjugal relationship with marital partners. The outcomes of bullying
are always negative in all forms like social, physical and psychological.
are very aware of these events and they are trying to find out some remedies of this situation
through theoretical means.
In the words of the critics, it has been seen that bullying children on consistently will
create anxiety in the minds of children and it will also result in depression in their minds as well.
Therefore, they might not be able to share a good marital relationship. Too much depression and
anxiety might develop a kind of suicidal instinct in their minds (Cesene 2016). Thus, the ultimate
outcome of the depression might be reflected in their future after they get married. The feeling of
disgust will continue in their minds so they cannot share the happy moments with their wives.
The child bullying will keep coming in their minds constantly and they cannot focus on their
conjugal life properly (Schimmenti et al. 2015). Those events will appear like nightmares in their
lives.
These risk factors will always work actively in their minds and create a barrier in
achieving a happy life. In most of the cases, the social experts do not intervene. So, all these
cases of child bullying are left as it is. The bullied children do not experience good quality of life
and they are not satisfied as well. Their level of emotional intelligence is low along with IQ
level. So, it turns out to be a problem for their conjugal partners to spend the entire life with
them. Another thing I would like to mention in this scenario is the fact that childhood bullying
also develops the behavioral problems in their adulthood. These children are not able to involve
with their family members and parents for a long period of time (Cesene 2016). This is the main
reason they are not able to maintain a healthy relationship with anyone. On the other hand, this
kind of psychological distress continues among them and this is why they find it very hard to
communicate with their conjugal relationship with marital partners. The outcomes of bullying
are always negative in all forms like social, physical and psychological.
![Document Page](https://desklib.com/media/document/docfile/pages/The-Impact-of-Childhood-Adversity-on-Suicidality/2024/09/15/9998e4b1-96f3-45d4-879d-cde92843c4bf-page-6.webp)
5SOCIOLOGY
I would like to inform the readers of the essay that the victims of childhood bullying will
go through a sense of toxic stress all along their lives. This will hamper their normal level of
thinking capacity (Malm and Henrich 2019). As a result of these things, children might also go
unresponsive after they feel much distressed. Many health problems might arise that might affect
the physical relationship after marriage (Wolke, Tippett and Dantchev 2015). This might also
give rise to problems regarding childbirth. The inflammatory response in the body and mind of
the people might be distressful by all the aspects. This results in some chronic health problems
that will be a difficult issue in maintaining the marital relationship afterwards. If the victim is a
girl and she had been harassed by an adult, it will be a great distress for the girl to continue with
the marital relationships (Howell et al. 2016). Thus, I would like to highlight the fact that
childhood bullying will seriously be a threat for the well being for everyone.
The occurrence of C - reactive protein (CRP) will be there if the bullied children
experience the inflammatory response in their lives. I read several documents where it has been
highlighted that occurrence of CRP will cause huge inflammatory response in the body and
minds of children if they had been bullied immensely in their tender years. The other partner will
not be able to cope up with these things in their future for a long time. He or she will be forced to
give divorce to the partner if not satisfied (Wolke, Tippett and Dantchev 2015). I would like to
mention about the conflict theory in this context that will help to understand the concept of child
bullying and its connection with marital relationships (Sansone, Watts and Wiederman 2014).
The conflicts in the society or different psychological aspects will be counted as important things
when this activity of bullying is done on children.
Most children are unaware of the outcomes of their activities so they commit out of
jealousy or reasons of that sort. This prevents the intervention from the social experts. The desire
I would like to inform the readers of the essay that the victims of childhood bullying will
go through a sense of toxic stress all along their lives. This will hamper their normal level of
thinking capacity (Malm and Henrich 2019). As a result of these things, children might also go
unresponsive after they feel much distressed. Many health problems might arise that might affect
the physical relationship after marriage (Wolke, Tippett and Dantchev 2015). This might also
give rise to problems regarding childbirth. The inflammatory response in the body and mind of
the people might be distressful by all the aspects. This results in some chronic health problems
that will be a difficult issue in maintaining the marital relationship afterwards. If the victim is a
girl and she had been harassed by an adult, it will be a great distress for the girl to continue with
the marital relationships (Howell et al. 2016). Thus, I would like to highlight the fact that
childhood bullying will seriously be a threat for the well being for everyone.
The occurrence of C - reactive protein (CRP) will be there if the bullied children
experience the inflammatory response in their lives. I read several documents where it has been
highlighted that occurrence of CRP will cause huge inflammatory response in the body and
minds of children if they had been bullied immensely in their tender years. The other partner will
not be able to cope up with these things in their future for a long time. He or she will be forced to
give divorce to the partner if not satisfied (Wolke, Tippett and Dantchev 2015). I would like to
mention about the conflict theory in this context that will help to understand the concept of child
bullying and its connection with marital relationships (Sansone, Watts and Wiederman 2014).
The conflicts in the society or different psychological aspects will be counted as important things
when this activity of bullying is done on children.
Most children are unaware of the outcomes of their activities so they commit out of
jealousy or reasons of that sort. This prevents the intervention from the social experts. The desire
![Document Page](https://desklib.com/media/document/docfile/pages/The-Impact-of-Childhood-Adversity-on-Suicidality/2024/09/15/a947c1eb-8174-4486-a16f-6be349fe376a-page-7.webp)
6SOCIOLOGY
to hold the power in a group also drives the children to commit such activities. It is definitely
justified that the intervention process should be followed by the social workers to resist these
activities (Tunnard et al. 2014). Otherwise, it will create a huge issue within the society if all
these cases are left ignored. Children knowing that they belong to upper social class for the
economic prowess of their families tend to indulge in this type of events. As these children are
categorized as juvenile, some important steps should also be taken to make them understand the
negative outcomes of these issues.
In the concluding section, I should highlight that I have come across some situations
where I have seen the evil impacts of childhood bullying in my neighborhood. Those events had
completely startled me and I noticed how my neighbor suffered the impact childhood bullying all
along his life. I strongly opine that interventions must be implemented so the negative impacts
can be stopped. The negative impacts of childhood bullying will definitely affect the social
relationships like marriage in the later lives of victims because lower emotional intelligence, IQ
level and psychological distress. These factors will cause severe health problems among them
through inflammatory response. I think social workers will need to focus on these issues for the
betterment of the psychological conditions of these victims.
to hold the power in a group also drives the children to commit such activities. It is definitely
justified that the intervention process should be followed by the social workers to resist these
activities (Tunnard et al. 2014). Otherwise, it will create a huge issue within the society if all
these cases are left ignored. Children knowing that they belong to upper social class for the
economic prowess of their families tend to indulge in this type of events. As these children are
categorized as juvenile, some important steps should also be taken to make them understand the
negative outcomes of these issues.
In the concluding section, I should highlight that I have come across some situations
where I have seen the evil impacts of childhood bullying in my neighborhood. Those events had
completely startled me and I noticed how my neighbor suffered the impact childhood bullying all
along his life. I strongly opine that interventions must be implemented so the negative impacts
can be stopped. The negative impacts of childhood bullying will definitely affect the social
relationships like marriage in the later lives of victims because lower emotional intelligence, IQ
level and psychological distress. These factors will cause severe health problems among them
through inflammatory response. I think social workers will need to focus on these issues for the
betterment of the psychological conditions of these victims.
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7SOCIOLOGY
References List
Cesene, D.F., 2016. Understanding the Moderators of Adverse Childhood Experiences on
Mature Adult Satisfaction and Adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Cesene, D.F., 2016. Understanding the Moderators of Adverse Childhood Experiences on
Mature Adult Satisfaction and Adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Copeland, W.E., Wolke, D., Lereya, S.T., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C. and Costello, E.J., 2014.
Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into
adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(21), pp.7570-7575.
Dedić, G., Đorđević, B. and Dedić, S., 2019. Victimization in childhood as a suicide risk factor
in adults. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 76(7), pp.667-674.
Dewey, S.E., 2015. Bullying victimization: The impact of childhood bullying and long-term
effects during adulthood. Alliant International University.
Higashiyama, M., Hayashida, T., Sakuta, K., Fujimura, Y., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., Tanabe, H.,
Kusumi, I. and Inoue, T., 2019. Complex effects of childhood abuse, affective temperament, and
subjective social status on depressive symptoms of adult volunteers from the
community. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 15, p.2477.
Howell, K.H., Barnes, S.E., Miller, L.E. and Graham-Bermann, S.A., 2016. Developmental
variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. Journal of injury
and violence research, 8(1), p.43.
References List
Cesene, D.F., 2016. Understanding the Moderators of Adverse Childhood Experiences on
Mature Adult Satisfaction and Adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Cesene, D.F., 2016. Understanding the Moderators of Adverse Childhood Experiences on
Mature Adult Satisfaction and Adjustment (Doctoral dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Copeland, W.E., Wolke, D., Lereya, S.T., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C. and Costello, E.J., 2014.
Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into
adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(21), pp.7570-7575.
Dedić, G., Đorđević, B. and Dedić, S., 2019. Victimization in childhood as a suicide risk factor
in adults. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 76(7), pp.667-674.
Dewey, S.E., 2015. Bullying victimization: The impact of childhood bullying and long-term
effects during adulthood. Alliant International University.
Higashiyama, M., Hayashida, T., Sakuta, K., Fujimura, Y., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., Tanabe, H.,
Kusumi, I. and Inoue, T., 2019. Complex effects of childhood abuse, affective temperament, and
subjective social status on depressive symptoms of adult volunteers from the
community. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 15, p.2477.
Howell, K.H., Barnes, S.E., Miller, L.E. and Graham-Bermann, S.A., 2016. Developmental
variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. Journal of injury
and violence research, 8(1), p.43.
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8SOCIOLOGY
Klomek, A.B., Sourander, A. and Elonheimo, H., 2015. Bullying by peers in childhood and
effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood. The Lancet
Psychiatry, 2(10), pp.930-941.
Kontak, J.C., Kirk, S.F., Robinson, L., Ohinmaa, A. and Veugelers, P.J., 2019. The relationship
between bullying behaviours in childhood and physician-diagnosed internalizing
disorders. Canadian journal of public health, pp.1-9.
Malm, E.K. and Henrich, C.C., 2019. Longitudinal Relationships Between Parent Factors,
Children’s Bullying, and Victimization Behaviors. Child Psychiatry & Human Development,
pp.1-14.
Orpinas, P. and Horne, A.M., 2014. Bullying in Childhood. Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention
and Health Promotion, pp.573-580.
Sansone, R.A., Watts, D.A. and Wiederman, M.W., 2014. Being bullied in childhood, and pain
and pain perception in adulthood. International journal of social psychiatry, 60(5), pp.449-453.
Schimmenti, A., Di Carlo, G., Passanisi, A. and Caretti, V., 2015. Abuse in childhood and
psychopathic traits in a sample of violent offenders. Psychological trauma: theory, research,
practice, and policy, 7(4), p.340.
Suzuki, A., Poon, L., Papadopoulos, A.S., Kumari, V. and Cleare, A.J., 2014. Long term effects
of childhood trauma on cortisol stress reactivity in adulthood and relationship to the occurrence
of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, pp.289-299.
Klomek, A.B., Sourander, A. and Elonheimo, H., 2015. Bullying by peers in childhood and
effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood. The Lancet
Psychiatry, 2(10), pp.930-941.
Kontak, J.C., Kirk, S.F., Robinson, L., Ohinmaa, A. and Veugelers, P.J., 2019. The relationship
between bullying behaviours in childhood and physician-diagnosed internalizing
disorders. Canadian journal of public health, pp.1-9.
Malm, E.K. and Henrich, C.C., 2019. Longitudinal Relationships Between Parent Factors,
Children’s Bullying, and Victimization Behaviors. Child Psychiatry & Human Development,
pp.1-14.
Orpinas, P. and Horne, A.M., 2014. Bullying in Childhood. Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention
and Health Promotion, pp.573-580.
Sansone, R.A., Watts, D.A. and Wiederman, M.W., 2014. Being bullied in childhood, and pain
and pain perception in adulthood. International journal of social psychiatry, 60(5), pp.449-453.
Schimmenti, A., Di Carlo, G., Passanisi, A. and Caretti, V., 2015. Abuse in childhood and
psychopathic traits in a sample of violent offenders. Psychological trauma: theory, research,
practice, and policy, 7(4), p.340.
Suzuki, A., Poon, L., Papadopoulos, A.S., Kumari, V. and Cleare, A.J., 2014. Long term effects
of childhood trauma on cortisol stress reactivity in adulthood and relationship to the occurrence
of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, pp.289-299.
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9SOCIOLOGY
Tunnard, C., Rane, L.J., Wooderson, S.C., Markopoulou, K., Poon, L., Fekadu, A., Juruena, M.
and Cleare, A.J., 2014. The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in
treatment-resistant depression. Journal of affective disorders, 152, pp.122-130.
Wolke, D., Tippett, N. and Dantchev, S., 2015. Bullying in the family: sibling bullying. The
Lancet Psychiatry, 2(10), pp.917-929.
Tunnard, C., Rane, L.J., Wooderson, S.C., Markopoulou, K., Poon, L., Fekadu, A., Juruena, M.
and Cleare, A.J., 2014. The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in
treatment-resistant depression. Journal of affective disorders, 152, pp.122-130.
Wolke, D., Tippett, N. and Dantchev, S., 2015. Bullying in the family: sibling bullying. The
Lancet Psychiatry, 2(10), pp.917-929.
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