Literature Review: Coffee Industry Sustainability in Brazil and India

This literature review examines the sustainability of the coffee industry, focusing on practices in Brazil and India. The review highlights the environmental impact of coffee production, including water usage, carbon emissions, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. It explores sustainable practices such as agroforestry, water footprint management, and the integration of social responsibility into the business model. The review compares the coffee industries of Brazil and India, examining the adoption of sustainable techniques, government initiatives, and the role of economic factors. It also identifies gaps in the existing literature, particularly in terms of detailed data, local sector research, and the exploration of future sustainable production techniques. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to address these gaps and to improve the livelihoods of coffee farmers, while also promoting sustainable practices.

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Literature Review
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1LITERATURE REVIEW
Sustainability in the Coffee Industry
One of the industries which are exposed to unstainable technique is the coffee industry
from the beginning. The atmosphere of the earth is dynamic. The scientist is analyzing the
climate and viewing it from a different perspective. It is obvious at present how the unsuitable
way of humans is hurting the earth (Samper & Quiñones-Ruiz, 2017). The most important factor
in reducing this is to develop a sustained way of production. The industries have a significant
way of achieving this, and one such way is the coffee industry. Coffee is the beloved beverage of
all time, and it may, and the coffee industry is, therefore, applying sustainable practice. The
concept of sustainability is around the years for thirty years. Sustainability is important because
the industries it is the ode of the renewable mode of the harvest. Therefore, it will help in
minimizing pollution, and therefore, it will narrow down the use of non-renewable resources
(Niemuth et al. 2014). The coffee industry is expanded in all the countries and the cultures, and it
is one of the major responsibilities, and it is beginning to go green. In the time of the coffee
harvest, the farmers are engaging in the coffee industry generally soak the coffee cherry in the
available water and break the mucilage of the fruit. Therefore the process of eutrophication
begins with this study. It is the excessive nutrients that cause oxygen depletion in the available
local water body, which kills several organisms like algae. There are harmful techniques of
coffee companies like that pf Starbuck, who is responsible for the damage that has happened in
the coffee industry (Levy, Reinecke & Manning, 2016) The people have started to take note
down and began to hold the companies responsible for the same. The companies like that of
espresso, which has added nearly five million trees in order to protect the coffee plantation (Lal
et al. 2016). This is helping the coffee families in order to build a sustainable future in order to
improve the soil quality, which will be essential for coffee production. There are also other

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techniques which is taken in order to build a holistic system of the carbon emission in the state.
One of the significant project that has cropped up PUR project which is designed in order to
build an agroforestry initiative which is a way to make the coffee farms more resilient in the
effect of the climate change. By strategically planting the trees with the coffee plantation, the soil
and the climate are improving. There are other ways as well when the coffee companies get
involved in the process; for example, the reusable crops could be incorporated in the process,
which is beneficial in the process. There is another result of sustainability as well, like using less
water in coffee production and farming, which will emit less carbon dioxide in the air (Lindblom
et al. 2017). Sustainability can be incorporated from the production process to the business
model. These sustainable techniques will not only help the environment but the consumer and
the industries in the long run.
Sustainability in Coffee Plantation in India
Research scholars have claimed that in the tropical forest of in there are birds species and
there is nearly 344 coffee plantation on the area which is owned by the family. It is because the
birds are known to be an overall indicator of the ecosystem vitality, and the researchers are
expected to find the host of the Arabica farms. It is shown that the Robusta variety has a higher
density of birds than the Arabica plantation, therefore, which is only found in the western ghat
area of the countries (Srivastava et al. 2016). Therefore in the case of India, it can be observed
that the western ghat of the country which cultivates Arabica has the most favorable condition
than the rest part of the country. Therefore it can easily be stated that the western ghat area has
good sustainable techniques in the area. It is observed that the Indian farms are using a different
technique from that of brazil (Singh, Singh & Singh, 2015). While the researchers have seen that
most of them only use fertilizers and therefore depend on the organic model, .only, 19% of the

3LITERATURE REVIEW
Robusta plantation also uses pesticides compared to the other countries (Sabina et al. 2016). This
is also because the Robusta variety of coffee is hard to be attacked by insects. As it is observed
from the rest of the world, it has also grown plants from the rest of the world. In terms of
Indonesia, the western ghat of India has nearly three times more forest cover. It is not only
facilitated sustainable technique from, and the completive technique that has been yielded from
this is through the intensive farming technique. The model can be said as as efficient, sustainable
and profitable. The country has also incorporated the concept of water footprint in the process.
The concept of the water footprint means the volume of the water, which will be required for the
production of the good as well as the services in the country (Martins et al. 2018). In India, the
water demand for the production of the coffee is majorly satisfied because of rainfall, and there
is a small percentage that requires irrigation in India. However, it has been observed that there is
a wastewater generation in India. Which has resulted in several harmful effects in this process
(Posada & Sieverding, 2014).. It has been observed that there is a difficulty in India as the
heterogeneity of the socio-economic structure and the variety of the socio-economic factors have
contributed the inability of the government in order to grow coffee, and there are small and large
farms which have grown and are not following sustainability techniques however the
government is doing its parts and have introduced several economic reforms in the state, and
there are also liberalization as well as cost pressure which have intensified the Indian coffee
sector and have forced them not follow sustainability program, however as observed from the
weeks of other scholars it can be said that farms are voluntarily coming up and adopting the
sustainable standard in the country (Borrella, Mataix & Carrasco‐Gallego, 2015).
Sustainability In Coffee Plantation In Brazil

4LITERATURE REVIEW
Social responsibility, as well as sustainability, has resulted in the greater integration
between the chain of the productive agents in the Brazilian agribusiness and has greatly affected
the improvement of the state. It is because of this only brazil who was 50 years as a food
importer has now emerged as one of the global agricultural power. In this period, the industry of
the coffee in the country has allowed for most of the population which have to access to a
healthy in terms of diversified produces in the country and have exported higher volume in the
county (Hospes, 2014). In the case of Brazil, it has been observed that the agro-industry of coffee
has strengthened due to the brazil adoption of sustainable agriculture, especially in the coffee
industry. Brazil is always constantly introducing new coffee industry in the state. The
government has always tried to bring the coffee industry together, and the sustainable chain in
the process has remained the same in the process. The governments are bringing the farms closer
with the constant introduction in the technologies as well as innovation. It has also introduced the
digital inclusion in the process and the dissemination has lead to the improvement in the
production process, which has lead to a considerable increase in the increase of productivity and
output of goos quality production in both the small and medium-sized producers. The primary
information which is available through research states that the most sustainable coffee
production area in Brazil is the state of Minas Gerais like it was western ghat for India. The
authors have claimed that the cultivators have integrated management technique, soil handling as
well as conservation in the wastewater integrated management, preservation of ecosystem as
well as fair treatment and good labor condition among other (Lopes & Guilherme, 2016). The
main difference that is with the Indian coffee producer is the wastewater problem, and it has
been observed that the coffee plantation in the subcontinent does not pay heed to the wastewater
production and there is also lack of management skill in most of the firm and Brazilian

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sustainability program is ahead of the Indian in terms of these areas. The scholars have
researched the condition and have claimed that the economic performance of brazil as a country
also contribute to the sustainable coffee plantation in the area. The government has taken various
measures, for example, framing public policy in order to make the strategies and adopt better
agricultural practices in the country. These factors have able to create a sustainable coffee
industry and have increased the gross income of the planters; however, there is a lot to be done
on the aspect (Santos et al. 2018). The last point that the scholars have put forward is adopting
sustainable production has not compromised on the economic performance in the sector and, in
fact, had a positive impact on the Brazilian coffee industry (Librán-Embid, Coster & Metzger,
2017). These indications prove that brazil is in the right path through integration and have in fact
ensured lead to the competitive and have contributed to the coffee trade in the country
Literature gap
However, there is a literature gap on this topic. Firstly certain research has very general
data, and the concept is very vague and not particular. In terms of the water availability of the
and the quality may be understood from the research, there are also systematic levels for the
research. There is much research on the waterproof technique in the process. The research has
lacked particularly especially in the local sector, both in terms of India and brazil. Especially in
terms of India, it is a diversified country; therefore, and generalizing research is not beneficial
for the proper understanding of the subject. There is also a lack of research on the techniques of
sustainable production. The researchers have concentrated their research mainly on the
techniques and innovations which has already been employed by both the countries and have not
extended their dimension in the possible and the future of projects elsewhere. The researchers

6LITERATURE REVIEW
have also had put a very narrow scope in the area. There are also numerous successes in the area
by scholars; however, there are still things that need to be done, and the livelihood of the farmers
is also not explored through the work of the scholars. The sampling done is also very short in
order to gain accurate results.

7LITERATURE REVIEW
References
Borrella, I., Mataix, C., & Carrasco‐Gallego, R. (2015). Smallholder farmers in the speciality
coffee industry: opportunities, constraints and the businesses that are making it
possible. IDS Bulletin, 46(3), 29-44.
Hospes, O. (2014). Marking the success or end of global multi-stakeholder governance? The rise
of national sustainability standards in Indonesia and Brazil for palm oil and
soy. Agriculture and Human Values, 31(3), 425-437.
Lal, R., Kraybill, D., Hansen, D. O., Singh, B. R., Mosogoya, T., & Eik, L. O. (2016). Climate
change and multi-dimensional sustainability in African agriculture. Columbus: Springer.
Levy, D., Reinecke, J., & Manning, S. (2016). The political dynamics of sustainable coffee:
Contested value regimes and the transformation of sustainability. Journal of
Management Studies, 53(3), 364-401.
Librán-Embid, F., De Coster, G., & Metzger, J. P. (2017). Effects of bird and bat exclusion on
coffee pest control at multiple spatial scales. Landscape ecology, 32(9), 1907-1920.
Lindblom, J., Lundström, C., Ljung, M., & Jonsson, A. (2017). Promoting sustainable
intensification in precision agriculture: review of decision support systems development
and strategies. Precision Agriculture, 18(3), 309-331.
Lopes, A. S., & Guilherme, L. G. (2016). A career perspective on soil management in the
Cerrado region of Brazil. In Advances in Agronomy (Vol. 137, pp. 1-72). Academic
Press.

8LITERATURE REVIEW
Martins, L. D., Eugenio, F. C., Rodrigues, W. N., Tomaz, M. A., Santos, A. R., & Ramalho, J. C.
(2018). Carbon and water footprints in Brazilian coffee plantations-the spatial and
temporal distribution. Emirates journal of food and agriculture.
Niemuth, S., Hamann, L., Luschnat, K., Smolarz, P., & Golombek, S. (2014). CSR in the coffee
industry: Sustainability issues at Nestlé-Nespresso and Starbucks. Journal of European
Management & Public Affairs Studies, 2(1), 31-36.
Posada, R., & Sieverding, E. (2014). Arbuscular mycorrhiza in Colombian coffee plantations
fertilized with coffee pulps as organic manure. Journal of Applied Botany and food
quality, 87.
Sabiha, N. E., Salim, R., Rahman, S., & Rola-Rubzen, M. F. (2016). Measuring environmental
sustainability in agriculture: A composite environmental impact index approach. Journal
of environmental management, 166, 84-93.
Samper, L. F., & Quiñones-Ruiz, X. F. (2017). Towards a balanced sustainability vision for the
coffee industry. Resources, 6(2), 17.
Santos, J. B. D., Ramos, A. C., Azevedo Júnior, R., Oliveira Filho, L. C. I. D., Baretta, D., &
Cardoso, E. J. B. N. (2018). Soil macrofauna in organic and conventional coffee
plantations in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18(2).
Singh, S., Singh, B., & Singh, A. P. (2015). Nematodes: A threat to sustainability of
agriculture. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29, 215-216.

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Srivastava, P., Singh, R., Tripathi, S., & Raghubanshi, A. S. (2016). An urgent need for
sustainable thinking in agriculture–An Indian scenario. Ecological indicators, 67, 611-
622.