Vulnerability to Socioeconomic Challenges

Running head: CHILD ADVERSITY
CHILD ADVERSITY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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CHILD ADVERSITY
Introduction
Social disadvantage can be characterized as vulnerability to socioeconomic challenges,
e.g. deprivation, racial inequality, harassment, intergenerational distress or interpersonal crime.
In childhood, large numbers of children are vulnerable to social issues (Mandell, 2008). One in
eight children experience sexual harassment, one in four experience physical assault, and more
than one in four children report aggression against their family. 28 million children are ripped
away by fighting and violence with pain, struggles and disadvantages. One individual in ten
Australians live below the globally agreed poverty line with almost one fourth of these
dependent children and the combined pressure of early childhood deprivation and social
disruption in indigenous communities, including transgenerational trauma (Gartland et al., 2019).
Discussion
Key concepts and theories of childhood development
The brain is quickly formed, with initial insight determining if its construction is robust,
or delicate, from the fetal period up to the first years of the childhood. In the early stages of
sensitive development, the architecture of the brain is open for better or worse to the effect of
external interactions. In these vulnerable times, stable mental and cognitive growth is influenced
by consistent contact with parents, so natural brain development may be halted by persistent or
severe hardship or adversity (Akister, 2009). Children, for example, who were raised in
orphanages with severe abuse soon after birth display substantial changes in brain function
compared with kids who have never been stigmatized. A big aspect of the successful growth of
children involves understanding how to deal with challenges. When affected, species cause

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numerous physiological responses, such as heart rate changes, blood pressure, and stress
hormones like cortisol. When a child is supported by positive connections with adults, he learns
to face daily difficulties and returns to a base point of his stress management method. Such
psychological tension was called by scientists. Tolerative stress happens as the teenage carers
helping to adapt, which decreases the potentially harmful consequences of elevated rates of stress
hormones, mitigate severe situations such as the death of a loved one, natural catastrophe or a
frightening accident. Without parental assistance, stress is detrimental, when unnecessary
cortisol disrupts the production of intellect circuits when solid, normal, or chronic negative
experiences such as severe bad or repeated violence are encountered. In early life toxic stress and
that precipitants of toxic stress such as deprivation, abuse and/or abandonment, harassment by
parents or mental disorder, and exposure to violence can have a combined effect on the physical
and mental wellbeing of a child. The more traumatic early events are the more likely
developmental disorders and other complications are to arise (Hummer et al., 2010). Early
childhood individuals with more harmful incidents are often more likely to encounter clinical
problems such as drinking, addiction, respiratory disease and also chronic diseases like diabetes.
Children responding developmentally to adverse events or experiences regarding
their social and emotional wellbeing:
There is also a substantial body of research on the impact of violence and negligence.
This awareness of danger, along with the belief that children are potentially vulnerable, has
provided the motivation for legal frameworks to shield children from this risk. Adversity' was
described for children as the' encountering life events and conditions that may interfere to put
healthy development at risk or challenge.' The fundamental premise is that a variety of
conditions influence child's developmental pathways. Adversity refers to incidents of any

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incident of physical or sexual abuse, any chronic condition like an environment of negligence,
traumatic incidents like bereavement and loss, family stressors, life events related to racism or
bullying and socio economic disadvantage and structural inequalities (Daniel, 2010).
Across Australia, like other countries, non-traditional forms of families are more
common. More than a quarter of Australian households registered a non-intact family
arrangement in 2008, including more than 0.8 million single parents and 0.4 million step-families
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). In prior research, disadvantaged children with
non-intact family type have repeatedly been established. Recent study regularly records
differences in results between children from separate, single-parent, and stepfather and
stepmother households. Poorer effects correlated with a non-intact family arrangement (i.e.
families rather than those of two married or cohabiting birth parents) have been identified
through a variety of factors deemed to be significant for an individual's present and potential
social, psychological and physical well-being. A significant body of evidences has tried to
determine the causes for the correlation between a non-intact family system and adverse results
for children and adolescents. The first hypothesis offers theoretical theories which reflect on
causes linked to the social turmoil of separation which absence of one parent, which extends
similarly to children undergoing parental divorce and also those suffering bereavement. The
second hypothesis relies on the collection or contextual considerations of the different groups.
Pre-separation and post-separation family research has found that children belonging from non-
intact families are more likely to be affected for years previous to separation. Children whose
parents are divorced are expected to be affected by a variety of parental characteristics found,
which often predispose the children to bad outcomes. A third hypothesis indicates that poor
effects are related to inadequate parenting by dividing and pairing parents. Parents can undergo a