The Unjust Treatment of the Chinese: A Plea for Fairness

The article is about the author's experience as a Chinese immigrant in America and the mistreatment of Chinese people by Americans. He notes that American clothes are inferior to traditional Chinese clothing, which is durable, light, warm, and easy to wear. He also criticizes American prejudice against Chinese people, citing unfounded fears and misconceptions about their supposed wickedness and lack of marriage. The author suggests that the true reason for anti-Chinese sentiment is jealousy of their work ethic and industrious nature, as well as a desire to keep them out of other industries like farming, factories, and construction. He argues that the Chinese are being unfairly excluded from opportunities and citizenship rights, despite their virtues and contributions to American society.

A Chinese Immigrant Makes His Home in Turn-of-the-
Century America
In this autobiographical sketch published in 1903 in the Independent magazine (which
ran a series of about eighty short autobiographical “lifelets” of “undistinguished
Americans” between 1902 and 1906), Chinese immigrant Lee Chew looked back on his
passage to America, and his years as a launderer and merchant on both the East and West
coasts.
The village where I was born is situated in the province of Canton, on one of the banks of
the Si-Kiang River. It is called a village, altho it is really as big as a city, for there are
about 5,000 men in it over eighteen years of age—women and children and even youths
are not counted in our villages.
All in the village belonged to the tribe of Lee. They did not intermarry with one another,
but the men went to other villages for their wives and and brought them home to their
fathers' houses, and men from other villages—Wus and Wings and Sings and Fongs, etc.
—chose wives from among our girls.
When I was a baby I was kept in our house all the time with my mother, but when I was a
boy of seven I had to sleep at nights with other boys of the village—about thirty of them
in one house. The girls are separated the same way—thirty or forty of them sleeping
together in one house away from their parents—and the widows have houses where they
work and sleep, tho they go to their fathers' houses to eat.
My father’s house is built of fine blue brick, better than the brick in the houses here in the
United States. It is only one story high, roofed with red tiles and surrounded by a stone
wall which also encloses the yard There are four rooms in the house, one large living
room which serves for a parlor and three private rooms, one occupied by my grandfather,
who is very old and very honorable; another by my father and mother, and the third by
my oldest brother and his wife and two little children. There are no windows, but the door
is left open all day.
All the men of the village have farms, but they don’t live on them as the farmers do here;
they live in the village, but go out during the day time and work their farms, coming
home before dark. My father has a farm of about ten acres, on which he grows a great
abundance of things—sweet potatoes, rice, beans, peas, yams, sugar cane, pine apples,
bananas, lychee nuts and palms. The palm leaves are useful and can be sold. Men make
fans of the lower part of each leaf near the stem, and water proof coats and hats, and
awnings for boats, of the parts that are left when the fans are cut out.
So many different things can be grown on one small farm, because we bring plenty of
water in a canal from the mountains thirty miles away, and every farmer takes as much as

he wants for his fields by means of drains. He can give each crop the right amount of
water.
Our people all working together make these things, the mandarin has nothing to do with
it, and we pay no taxes, except a small one on the land We have our own Government,
consisting of the elders of our tribe—the honorable men. When a man gets to be sixty
years of age he begins to have honor and to become a leader, and then the older he grows
the more he is honored. We had some men who were nearly one hundred years, but very
few of them.
In spite of the fact that any man may correct them for a fault, Chinese boys have good
times and plenty of play. We played games like tag, and other games like shinny and a
sort of football called yin.
We had dogs to play with—plenty of dogs and good dogs—that understand Chinese as
well as American dogs understand American language. We hunted with them, and we
also went fishing and had as good a time as American boys, perhaps better, as we were
almost always together in our house, which was a sort of boys' club house, so we had
many playmates. Whatever we did we did all together, and our rivals were the boys of
other club houses, with whom we sometimes competed in the games. But all our play
outdoors was in the daylight, because there were many graveyards about and after dark,
so it was said, black ghosts with flaming mouths and eyes and long claws and teeth
would come from these and tear to pieces and devour any one whom they might meet.
It was not all play for us boys, however. We had to go to school, where we learned to
read and write and to recite the precepts of Kong foo-tsze and the other Sages and stories
about the great Emperors of China, who ruled with the wisdom of gods and gave to the
whole world the light of high civilization and the culture of our literature, which is the
admiration of all nations.
I went to my parents' house for meals, approaching my grandfather with awe, my father
and mother with veneration and my elder brother with respect. I never spoke unless
spoken to, but I listened and heard much concerning the red haired, green eyed foreign
devils with the hairy faces, who had lately come out of the sea and clustered on our
shores. They were wild and fierce and wicked, and paid no regard to the moral precepts
of Kong-foo-tsze and the Sages; neither did they worship their ancestors, but pretended to
be wiser than their fathers and grandfathers. They loved to beat people and to rob and
murder. In the streets of Hong Kong many of them could be seen reeling drunk. Their
speech was a savage roar, like the voice of the tiger or the buffalo, and they wanted to
take the land away from the Chinese. Their men and women lived together like animals,
without any marriage or faithfulness and even were shameless enough to walk the streets
arm in arm in daylight. So the old men said.
All this was very shocking and disgusting, as our women seldom were on the street,
except in the evenings, when they went with the water jars to the three wells that supplied
all the people. Then if they met a man they stood still, with their faced turned to the wall,

while he looked the other way when he passed them. A man who spoke to a woman in
the street in a Chinese village would be beaten, perhaps killed.
My grandfather told how the English foreign devils had made wicked war on the
Emperor, and by means of their enchantments and spells had defeated his armies and
forced him to admit their opium, so that the Chinese might smoke and become weakened
and the foreign devils might rob them of their land.
My grandfather said that it was well known that the Chinese were always the greatest and
wisest among men. They had invented and discovered everything that was good.
Therefore the things which the foreign devils had and the Chinese had not must be evil.
Some of these things were very wonderful, enabling the red haired savages to talk with
one another, tho they might be thousands of miles apart. They had suns that made
darkness like day, their ships carried earthquakes and volcanoes to fight for them, and
thousands of demons that lived in iron and steel houses spun their cotton and silk, pushed
their boats, pulled their cars, printed their newspapers and did other work for them. They
were constantly showing disrespect for their ancestors by getting new things to take the
place of the old.
I heard about the American foreign devils, that they were false, having made a treaty by
which it was agreed that they could freely come to China, and the Chinese as freely go to
their country. After this treaty was made China opened its doors to them and then they
broke the treaty that they had asked for by shutting the Chinese out of their country.
When I was ten years of age I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, manuring,
gathering and carrying the crop. We had no horses, as nobody under the rank of an
official is allowed to have a horse in China, and horses do not work on farms there, which
is the reason why the roads there are so bad. The people cannot use roads as they are used
here, and so they do not make them.
I worked on my father’s farm till I was about sixteen years of age, when a man of our
tribe came back from America and took ground as large as four city blocks and made a
paradise of it. He put a large stone wall around and led some streams through and built a
palace and summer house and about twenty other structures, with beautiful bridges over
the streams and walks and roads. Trees and flowers, singing birds, water fowl and curious
animals were within the walls.
The man had gone away from our village a poor boy. Now he returned with unlimited
wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. After many
amazing adventures he had become a merchant in a city called Mott Street, so it was said.
When his palace and grounds were completed he gave a dinner to all the people who
assembled to be his guests. One hundred pigs roasted whole were served on the tables,
with chickens, ducks, geese and such an abundance of dainties that our villagers even
now lick their fingers when they think of it. He had the best actors from Hong Kong

performing, and every musician for miles around was playing and singing. At night the
blaze of the lanterns could be seen for many miles.
Having made his wealth among the barbarians this man had faithfully returned to pour it
out among his tribesmen, and he is living in our village now very happy, and a pillar of
strength to the poor.
The wealth of this man filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the
country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth, and after a long time my father
consented, and gave me his blessing, and my mother took leave of me with tears, while
my grandfather laid his hand upon my head and told me to remember and live up to the
admonitions of the Sages, to avoid gambling, bad women and men of evil minds, and so
to govern my conduct that when I died my ancestors might rejoice to welcome me as a
guest on high.
My father gave me $100, and I went to Hong Kong with five other boys from our place
and we got steerage passage on a steamer, paying $50 each. Everything was new to me.
All my life I had been used to sleeping on a board bed with a wooden pillow, and I found
the steamer’s bunk very uncomfortable, because it was so soft. The food was different
from that which I had been used to, and I did not like it at all. I was afraid of the stews,
for the thought of what they might be made of by the wicked wizards of the ship made
me ill. Of the great power of these people I saw many signs. The engines that moved the
ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San
Francisco, which was before the passage of the Exclusion Act, I was half starved,
because I was afraid to eat the provisions of the barbarians, but a few days' living in the
Chinese quarter made me happy again. A man got me work as a house servant in an
American family, and my start was the same as that of almost all the Chinese in this
country.
The Chinese laundryman does not learn his trade in China; there are no laundries in
China. The women there do the washing in tubs and have no washboards or flat irons. All
the Chinese laundrymen here were taught in the first place by American women just as I
was taught.
When I went to work for that American family I could not speak a word of English, and I
did not know anything about housework. The family consisted of husband, wife and two
children. They were very good to me and paid me $3.50 a week, of which I could save
$3.
I did not know how to do anything, and I did not understand what the lady said to me, but
she showed me how to cook, wash, iron, sweep, dust, make beds, wash dishes, clean
windows, paint and brass, polish the knives and forks, etc., by doing the things herself
and then overseeing my efforts to imitate her. She would take my hands and show them
how to do things. She and her husband and children laughed at me a great deal, but it was
all good natured. I was not confined to the house in the way servants are confined here,

but when my work was done in the morning I was allowed to go out till lunch time.
People in California are more generous than they are here.
In six months I had learned how to do the work of our house quite well, and I was getting
$5 a week and board, and putting away about $4.25 a week. I had also learned some
English, and by going to a Sunday school I learned more English and something about
Jesus, who was a great Sage, and whose precepts are like those of Kong-foo-sze.
It was twenty years ago when I came to this country, and I worked for two years as a
servant, getting at the last $35 a month. I sent money home to comfort my parents, but
tho I dressed well and lived well and had pleasure, going quite often to the Chinese
theater and to dinner parties in Chinatown, I saved $50 in the first six months, $90 in the
second, $120 in the third and $150 in the fourth So I had $410 at the end of two years,
and I was now ready to start in business.
When I first opened a laundry it was in company with a partner, who had been in the
business for some years. We went to a town about 500 miles inland, where a railroad was
building. We got a board shanty and worked for the men employed by the railroads. Our
rent cost us $10 a month and food nearly $5 a week each, for all food was dear and we
wanted the best of everything—we lived principally on rice, chickens, ducks and pork,
and did our own cooking. The Chinese take naturally to cooking. It cost us about $50 for
our furniture and apparatus, and we made close upon $60 a week, which we divided
between us. We had to put up with many insults and some frauds, as men would come in
and claim parcels that did not belong to them, saying they had lost their tickets, and
would fight if they did not get what they asked for. Sometimes we were taken before
Magistrates and fined for losing shirts that we had never seen. On the other hand, we
were making money, and even after sending home $3 a week I was able to save about
$15. When the railroad construction gang moved on we went with them. The men were
rough and prejudiced against us, but not more so than in the big Eastern cities. It is only
lately in New York that the Chinese have been able to discontinue putting wire screens in
front of their windows, and at the present time the street boys are still breaking the
windows of Chinese laundries all over the city, while the police seem to think it a joke.
We were three years with the railroad, and then went to the mines, where we made plenty
of money in gold dust, but had a hard time, for many of the miners were wild men who
carried revolvers and after drinking would come into our place to shoot and steal shirts,
for which we had to pay. One of these men hit his head hard against a flat iron and all the
miners came and broke up our laundry, chasing us out of town. They were going to hang
us. We lost all our property and $365 in money, which members of the mob must have
found.
Luckily most of our money was in the hands of Chinese bankers in San Francisco. I drew
$500 and went East to Chicago, where I had a laundry for three years, during which I
increased my capital to $2,500. After that I was four years in Detroit. I went home to
China in 1897, but returned in 1898, and began a laundry business in Buffalo. But
Chinese laundry business now is not as good as it was ten years ago. American cheap

labor in the steam laundries has hurt it. So I determined to become a general merchant
and with this idea I came to New York and opened a shop in the Chinese quarter, keeping
silks, teas, porcelain, clothes, shoes, hats and Chinese provisions, which include sharks.
fins and nuts, lily bulbs and lily flowers, lychee nuts and other Chinese dainties, but do
not include rats, because it would be too expensive to import them. The rat which is eaten
by the Chinese is a field animal which lives on rice, grain and sugar cane. Its flesh is
delicious. Many Americans who have tasted shark’s fin and bird’s nest soup and tiger lily
flowers and bulbs are firm friends of Chinese cookery. If they could enjoy one of our
finer rats they would go to China to live, so as to get some more.
American people eat ground hogs, which are very like these Chinese rats, and they also
eat many sorts of food that our people would not touch. Those that have dined with us
know that we understand how to live well.
The ordinary laundry shop is generally divided into three rooms. In front is the room
where the customers are received, behind that a bedroom and in the back the work shop,
which is also the dining room and kitchen. The stove and cooking utensils are the same as
those of the Americans.
Work in a laundry begins early on Monday morning — about seven o’clock. There are
generally two men one of whom washes while the other does the ironing. The man who
irons does not start in till Tuesday, as the clothes are not ready for him to begin till that
time. So he has Sundays and Mondays as holidays. The man who does the washing
finishes up on Friday night, and so he has Saturday and Sunday. Each works only five
days a week, but those are long days—from seven o’clock in the morning till midnight.
During his holidays the Chinaman gets a good deal of fun out of life. There’s a good deal
of gambling and some opium smoking, but not so much as Americans imagine. Only a
few of New York’s Chinamen smoke opium. The habit is very general among rich men
and officials in China, but not so much among poor men. I don’t think it does as much
harm as the liquor that the Americans drink. There’s nothing so bad as a drunken man.
Opium doesn’t make people crazy.
Gambling is mostly fan tan, but there is a good deal of poker, which the Chinese have
learned from Americans and can play very well. They also gamble with dominoes and
dice.
The fights among the Chinese and the operations of the hatchet men are all due to
gambling. Newspapers often say that they are feuds between the six companies, but that
is a mistake. The six companies are purely benevolent societies, which look after the
Chinaman when he first lands here. They represent the six southern provinces of China,
where most of our people are from, and they are like the German, Swedish, English, Irish
and Italian societies which assist emigrants. When the Chinese keep clear of gambling
and opium they are not blackmailed, and they have no trouble with hatchet men or any
others.

About 500 of New York’s Chinese are Christians, the others are Buddhists, Taoists, etc.,
all mixed up. These haven’t any Sunday of their own, but keep New Year’s Day and the
first and fifteenth days of each month, when they go to the temple in Mott Street.
In all New York there are only thirty-four Chinese women, and it is impossible to get a
Chinese woman out here unless one goes to China and marries her there, and then he
must collect affidavits to prove that she really is his wife. That is in [the] case of a
merchant. A laundryman can’t bring his wife here under any circumstances, and even the
women of the Chinese Ambassador’s family had trouble getting in lately.
Is it any wonder, therefore, or any proof of the demoralization of our people if some of
the white women in Chinatown are not of good character? What other set of men so
isolated and so surrounded by alien and prejudiced people are more moral? Men,
wherever they may be, need the society of women, and among the white women of
Chinatown are many excellent and faithful wives and mothers.
Recently there has been organized among us the Oriental Club, composed of our most
intelligent and influential men. We hope for a great improvement in social conditions by
its means, as it will discuss matters that concern us, bring us in closer touch with
Americans and speak for us in something like an official manner.
Some fault is found with us for sticking to our old customs here, especially in the matter
of clothes, but the reason is that we find American clothes much inferior, so far as
comfort and warmth go. The Chinaman’s coat for the winter is very durable, very light
and very warm. It is easy and not in the way. If he wants to work he slips out of it in a
moment and can put it on again as quickly. Our shoes and hats also are better, we think,
for our purposes, than the American clothes. Most of us have tried the American clothes,
and they make us feel as if we were in the stocks.
I have found out, during my residence in this country, that much of the Chinese prejudice
against Americans is unfounded, and I no longer put faith in the wild tales that were told
about them in our village, tho some of the Chinese, who have been here twenty years and
who are learned men, still believe that there is no marriage in this country, that the land is
infested with demons and that all the people are given over to general wickedness. I know
better. Americans are not all bad, nor are they wicked wizards. Still, they have their
faults, and their treatment of us is outrageous.
The reason why so many Chinese go into the laundry business in this country is because
it requires little capital and is one of the few opportunities that are open. Men of other
nationalities who are jealous of the Chinese, because he is a more faithful worker than
one of their people, have raised such a great outcry about Chinese cheap labor that they
have shut him out of working on farms or in factories or building railroads or making
streets or digging sewers. He cannot practice any trade, and his opportunities to do
business are limited to his own countrymen. So he opens a laundry when he quits
domestic service.

The treatment of the Chinese in this country is all wrong and mean. It is persisted in
merely because China is not a fighting nation. The Americans would not dare to treat
Germans, English, Italians or even Japanese as they treat the Chinese, because if they did
there would be a war.
There is no reason for the prejudice against the Chinese. The cheap labor cry was always
a falsehood. Their labor was never cheap, and is not cheap now. It has always
commanded the highest market price. But the trouble is that the Chinese are such
excellent and faithful workers that bosses will have no others when they can get them. If
you look at men working on the street you will find an overseer for every four or five of
them. That watching is not necessary for Chinese. They work as well when left to
themselves as they do when some one is looking at them.
It was the jealousy of laboring men of other nationalities — especially the Irish—that
raised all the outcry against the Chinese. No one would hire an Irishman, German,
Englishman or Italian when he could get a Chinese, because our countrymen are so much
more honest, industrious, steady, sober and painstaking. Chinese were persecuted, not for
their vices, but for their virtues. There never was any honesty in the pretended fear of
leprosy or in the cheap labor scare, and the persecution continues still, because
Americans make a mere practice of loving justice. They are all for money making, and
they want to be on the strongest side always. They treat you as a friend while you are
prosperous, but if you have a misfortune they don’t know you. There is nothing
substantial in their friendship.
Wu-Ting-Fang talked very plainly to Americans about their ill treatment of our
countrymen, but we don’t see any good results. We hoped for good from Roosevelt—we
thought him a brave and good man, but yet he has continued the exclusion of our
countrymen, tho all other nations are allowed to pour in here—Irish, Italians, Jews, Poles,
Greeks, Hungarians, etc. It would not have been so if Mr. McKinley had lived.
Irish fill the almshouses and prisons and orphan asylums, Italians are among the most
dangerous of men, Jews are unclean and ignorant. Yet they are all let in, while Chinese,
who are sober, or duly law abiding, clean, educated and industrious, are shut out. There
are few Chinamen in jails and none in the poor houses. There are no Chinese tramps or
drunkards. Many Chinese here have become sincere Christians, in spite of the persecution
which they have to endure from their heathen countrymen. More than half the Chinese in
this country would become citizens if allowed to do so, and would be patriotic
Americans. But how can they make this country their home as matters now are! They are
not allowed to bring wives here from China, and if they marry American women there is
a great outcry.
All Congressmen acknowledge the injustice of the treatment of my people, yet they
continue it. They have no backbone.
Under the circumstances, how can I call this my home, and how can any one blame me if
I take my money and go back to my village in China?

Source: Lee Chew, “The Biography of a Chinaman,” Independent, 15 (19 February
1903), 417–423.