Comparison of Forest Management Organizations in India, Indonesia, and Pakistan

The assignment provides an overview of various organizations involved in forest management, focusing on India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. In India, three organizations are highlighted: The Forest Research Institute (FRI) in Dehradun, the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) in Coimbatore, and Delhi Greens. FRI aims to create awareness about environment and forestry, while IFGTB focuses on breeding endangered tree species for social forestry. Delhi Greens works towards promoting sustainable development and green environments. In Indonesia, three organizations are discussed: The International Tropical Forest Timber Organization (ITTO), WWF Offices & Associates Indonesia, and The Borneo Initiative. ITTO aims to promote sustainable forest management, while WWF works to reduce illegal timber trades. The Borneo Initiative focuses on preventing degradation and deforestation of tropical forests. In Pakistan, two organizations are featured: WWF-Pakistan and the Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI). WWF-Pakistan provides scientific and financial input for conserving Pakistan's forests, while PFI aims to improve the environment and conserve natural resources through sustainable forest management.

Sanitation & Forest Management 1
A SUSTAINABLE TOILET SOLUTION TO FIGHT THE GLOBAL SANITATION CRISIS
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Sanitation & Forest Management 2
A Sustainable Toilet Solution to Fight the Global Sanitation Crisis
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Sanitation is considered to be among the leading global challenges affecting over 2.5 billion
globally. It is important to note that the issue of sanitation had been listed among the
Millennium Development Goals that were to be implemented by 2015. More specifically, lack of
clean, safe toilets presents real threat to women and girls. The impact brought about by sanitation
crisis is felt in India, the Middle East region, Asia and globally. To fully address it, there is
solution need to be both sustainable and market based as proposed under the Australian Centre
for Education and Training – Global (ACET-Global). WISO has developed several products
which have been certified to meet the needs of different income levels, markets, cultures,
infrastructure and environmental constraints. The products are a) the Safe Toilet (SATO)
product, b) Micro Flush Toilet System, c) The Green Toilet System, and d) Portable Toilet
System: Improve human waste collection and hygiene. The recommended solutions are
community-driven, economically sustainable, and financially viable.

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INTRODUCTION
Sanitation is considered to be among the leading global challenges. It is approximated that over
2.5 billion people have no access to clean and safe water. Likewise, over one billion are exposed
to the open defecation on a daily basis which brings about devastating consequences. It is
important to note that the issue of sanitation had been listed among the Millennium Development
Goals that were to be implemented by 2015. However, the goal remains unfulfilled to date.
Sanitation crisis is an economic, political and social catastrophe. Today one in every three people
live without proper sanitation globally. The crisis comes along with devastating cost. It is
estimated that at least Eight hundred children under the age of five years die from diarrhea daily
due to lack of proper sanitation and safe water. More specifically, lack of clean, safe toilets
presents real threat to women and girls. It is an embarrassment to defecate in the open. The
situation also creates an easy to assault risk (ESREY, 2000, p. 34).
The impact brought about by sanitation crisis is felt in India, the Middle East region, Asia and
globally. Left to reactive to the losses as a result of poor sanitation system, India's economic
development and growth opportunities are left crippled. According to the report released by the
World Health Organization (WHO), approximately US $230 billion was lost in 2015 globally.
The loss had increased by 20% compared to the situation experienced five years earlier (ACET-
Global, 2017).
To fully address it, there is solution need to be both sustainable and market based as proposed
under the Australian Centre for Education and Training – Global (ACET-Global). The
organization's primary objective is to promote sanitation, channel provision of clean and safe
water globally (Wankhade, 2015, p. 22).

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The project is based on developing an effective, safe, and sustainable sanitation solution to the
sanitation crisis in India and globally. We hope that the project will have a positive impact on the
social, economic and cultural issues surrounding sanitation in India. The project is pioneered by
the WISO organization which has pledged to improve the sanitation of 100 million Indians by
2019. To show it commitment, the company have developed a public-private partnership. WISO
have teamed up with the WHO, UNICEF, USAID, and WaterAid. WISO is also a long term
member of the India's Toilet Board Coalition which is tasked with developing scalable and
sustainable objectives to tackle the current sanitation crisis.
WISO’S SANITATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Considering the complexity and immense size of the Indian sanitation issue, WISO has
developed several products which have been certified to meet the needs of different income
levels, markets, cultures, infrastructure and environmental constraints. Some of the products that
have been created by WISO are Safe Toilet (SATO), Green Toilet system, Portable Toilet
System and the Micro Flush Toilet System. Each product, as discussed below, shows how
commit WISO is at improving the sanitation crisis in India (Mattam, 2016, p. 56).
a) The Safe Toilet (SATO) product
The primary goal of the SATO product is to reduce open defecation and prevent the transmission
of odors and diseases. Open defecation exposes Millions of Indian to diseases and odors. To
solve the problem, the organization created the SATO product. With SATO, a user only needs
500 Milliliters of water to flush the waste away. Afterwards, the counterweighted, airtight door
closes to prevent the smell that would attract flying insects (SUSANA, 2008, p. 26).

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The products have been designed to fit the use by children; it is affordable and easy to clean
when parents are not around. The products come in different designs to meet the need and
preferences of different cultures and regions. As of August 2017, over 1.2 million SATO
products had been sold in India leading to an improved life of approximately 6 million people
(Snyder, 2017, p. 75).
To improve the sanitation conditions of 100 million people, WISO has tailored the development
of SATO to suit specific local needs. The cost of producing a SATO unit has been made as low
as possible with the benefit transferred to the consumers. The product would be sold through
local partners hence creating employment and corporate social responsibility. Associating the
product to the local would bring about emotional connection: the citizens will consistently and
independently improve their sanitary conditions (United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
2015).
b) Micro Flush Toilet System
The product is to bring about effective management of water resources in urban Centres. The
system will significantly consume less water compared to the regular toilets. Moreover, the used
water would be recycled by the system for reuse. With the rapid increasing scarcity of clean
water in urban Centres, the Micro Flush Toilet system is aimed at mitigating the problem.
Considering that water supply in the urban environment has become unreliable and scarce,
residents would rather use the water for domestic use instead of flushing their toilets. The new
system will ensure that the sanitation consumes less water leaving the remainder for other uses
(WINBLAD & SIMPSON-HERBERT, 2004, p. 43).

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The system has been designed suitable for both multi-unit buildings and homes; the system has a
comfortable sitting area which is easy to maintain and clean. With flapper valves mounted at the
toilet bowl, the door from the accumulated water cannot find its way back into the house.
c) The Green Toilet System: To safely process human waste into fertilizer.
With the Green Toilet System, human waste would be processed into fertilizer which would add
value to the farmers. Both liquid and solid wastes will be separated to avoid odor. The separated
waste will then be converted into fertilizer. Waste will be consistently collected from the
collection tanks situated behind toilets and safely transport them to the compost facility (ESREY,
2000, p. 22).
The system focuses on the communities without sewage and water infrastructure. It is important
to note that water would not be required for the transfer of the waste. Likewise, the system will
ensure that groundwater and other water sources are protected from contamination by human
wastes. The system will generate income by creating employment at the compost facilities and
collection tanks. People will also be offered financial incentives to embrace the new system and
avoid unacceptable dumping of their waste (EAWAG et al., 2000, p. 53).

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Figure 1: How the Green Toilet System works
d) Portable Toilet System: Improve human waste collection and hygiene
Portable Toilet System: Improve human waste collection and hygiene
The Portable Toilet System is developed to be used by the slum dwellers. It's common
knowledge that our slums lack proper sanitation infrastructure in place. Disadvantaged
households will be provided with odorless toilets to be used in collecting human waste which
would be subsequently be treated efficiently and hygienically (Wankhade, 2015, p. 65).
The Portable System comprises of an attractive, compact and a stand-alone toilet as well as a
collection station. With the mechanisms to minimize the odor emission, the toilet can be placed
in households. The cartridge, which is removable, can be transported and deposited at the
collection stations already in place. The cartridges are then cleansed and taken back to the
households. Waste management companies would then come in and transport the waste from the
stations to the waste treatment site (Snyder, 2017, p. 77).

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Figure 2: How the Portable Toilet System works
Benefits of the WISO’s proposed solutions to the sanitary problems
With effective implementation of the four proposed sanitary solutions, the following will be
achieved.
a. The sustainable sanitation provides effective opportunities for recovery of the resources.
b. Sustainable sanitation process would be good for the country economically,
environmentally, and socially.
c. And, sustainable sanitation will bring about several sustainable development/ investment
goals to the people.
By the end of the implementation of the proposed solution, the following results would be
realized on an annual basis;
a) 250,000 people would have access to 50,000 sanitation facilities,
b) 3 out of 5 people will have access to sanitary toilets,
c) 58,000 households will gain access to handwashing facilities.

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CONCLUSION
This report has been developed in line with the ACET-Global goals and objectives. The
document has presented the proposed solutions in details by elaborately explaining how they
would support the people economically, socially and environmental sustainability.
The proposed solution is focused on the community. People will own and drive the success of
the proposals to ensure that it is sustainable, financially viable and globally applicable. The
proposal is well diversified; - catering for both the rural, urban, slum areas as well as poor
households. Both the permanent and portable facilities will largely help to mitigate sanitations
crisis facing India. The project would be extended to the global platform with its success in
India.
The four proposed solutions are to; first, reduce open defecation and prevent the transmission of
odors and disease. Second, bring about effective management of water resources in urban
Centres. The system will significantly consume less water compared to the regular toilets. Third,
human waste would be processed into fertilizer which would add value to the farmers resulting
into cheap fertilizer. And, Fourth, Providing portable sanitation infrastructure to the slums which
would reduce unwanted dispose of human waste to the environment. The project is community-
driven, economically sustainable, and financially viable.

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References List
ACET-Global, 2017. Global Sanitation and Sustainability Project , Sydney: ACET-Globa.
ALSEN, K. & JENSSEN, P., 2004. Ecological Sanitation: for Mankind and Nature, s.l.: as:
Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
CONRADIN, K., 2007. Ecological Sanitation in the Khuvsgul Area, Northern Mongolia: Socio-
Cultural Parameters and Acceptance. Unpublished Master Thesis. Basel: University of Basel.
CORCORAN, E., NELLEMANN, C. & BAKER, E., 2010. Sick Water? The central role of
wastewater management in sustainable development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.
EAWAG, SANDEC & WSSCC, 2000. Summary Report of Bellagio Expert Consultation on
Environmental Sanitation in the 21st Century, Geneva: Duebendorf & Geneva: Swiss Federal
Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG & Water Supply and Sanitation
Collaborative Council.
ESREY, S. A., 2000. Towards a Recycling Society. Ecological Sanitation – Closing the Loop to
Food Security, Bonn: Proceedings of the 1st Int. Symposium on Ecological Sanitation in Bonn.
Mattam, M., 2016. Water and Sanitation Challenge: Solution to Sanitation Crisis in India, New
Delhi: OpenIdeo.
Snyder, S., 2017. Water in Crisis - India, New Delhi: The Water Project.
SUSANA, 2008. Towards more Sustainable Sanitation Solutions, New Jersey: s.n.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2015. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking, New
York, NY, USA: UNICEF/WHO.

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Wankhade, K., 2015. Urban sanitation in India: Key shifts in the national policy frame. Environ.
Urban, Volume 27, p. 555–572.
WINBLAD, U. & SIMPSON-HERBERT, M., 2004. Ecological Sanitation - revised and
enlarged edition, Stockholm: Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute..

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Database of all major organizations/companies involved in the forestry or nursery
industries in China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan
Database of all major organizations/companies involved in the forestry or nursery industries in
China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan
The Australian Centre for Education and Training (ACET) – Global is an organization with the
objectives of making the world a better place for all human kinds to live in. The organization is
engaged in several programs globally by partnering with other like-minded organizations. One of
such programs is the forest management and forestry with the aim of preserving the endangered
forests globally. The organization has established that without a quick and effective intervention,
the existing forests in China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan would be lost shortly. Therefore,
ACET-Global is seeking partnership in these countries with an aim to save the endangered
forests. This report seeks to identify different forestry or nursery organizations engaged in forest
management in the respective countries.
Forest Management organizations in China
China is the leading importer of timber and timber products globally. To curb forest degradation
and deforestation, there is the need for inspiring positive change in timber usage in the country.
Several civil societies, environment activists, consumer forums, and NGOs have formed a
common ground to promote sustainable forest harvest. Some of such organizations are;
a) Kaingaroa Timberlands
The Kaingaroa Timberlands is the leading producer and supplier of timber products in China.
The organization enjoys 190,000 ha of timber plantation all over China and produces
approximately four million m3 logs per annum. The Kaingaroa Timberlands has been

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recognized in China for excellent customer services, quality products, besides its commitment to
promoting the safety and health of the environment and the people.
The Timberlands Limited has the responsibility to manage, implement and plan for all forestry
operations from breeding the trees to sales of logs. The management team is also entitled to
ensure that the organization is compliant with the environmental and government laws
concerning the environment. The organization has adhered to the Forest Steward Council
Certification (FSL) standards and principles which address environmental management such as
economic, social, cultural, and ecological considerations.
By partnering with global organizations such as World Wildlife Fund, Friends of the Earth, and
Greenpeace, the organization is a commitment to sustainable forest activities and management.
b) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in China
The WWF is a global Non-Governmental Organization which has operated in China since 1980.
The organization found its roots in China after Dr. George Schaller invented Panda conservation
in the country. Today, WWF is coordinating approximately nine forestry programs in China. The
NGO is guided by the objectives such as conserving the China's biological diversity, ensuring
that there sustainable renewable natural resources, and promoting the reduction of wasteful
consumptions and pollution. WWF has made numerous achievements in China. It has succeeded
in promoting sustainable business practices, protecting the country's wetlands, and increasing
public awareness on the need to preserve the forests and the environment.
Lastly, the organization has always partnered with like-minded organizations sponsors, donors,
and partners who are ready to support its course. This is a good opportunity that should be
embraced by the ACET-Global in promoting forest management in China.

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Forest Management organizations in India
a) The Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
Forest Research Institute located in Dehradun University was established in 1878. Among the
objectives of the organization are;
 To create educational courses on environment and forestry aimed at creating awareness to
the Indians on the need for forest management,
 To offer opportunities for advanced research on expanding the existing knowledge
environment and forestry. Among the research disciplines supported by the Institute are
social forestry, forest protection, tree propagation and genetics, forest botany, and forest
products among others.
 Supporting programs that create consciousness about the environment and the people.
All the above objectives are aimed at safeguarding and protecting India's forests, Wildlife, and
environment.
b) Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) in Coimbatore
The IFGTB was established in 1988 in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The institute is created under
the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education to foresee the protection of the countries
indigenous forests. The organization has a mandate of identifying and evolving endangered tree
species. The organization then breeds the identified species to be used during social forestry and
afforestation.
In short, the institute focuses on generating, preserving, disseminating, and advancing
technologies, solutions, and technologies used to address forestry issues. Moreover, the institute

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is promoting the sustainable interaction between the people, environment, and forests through
extension, research and education.
c) Delhi Greens
The NGO was founded by Ravinder Bawa, Govind Sing, and Aastha Kukreti in 2007 and has its
head office in New Delhi, India. The organization is focused on promoting green environment as
well as working with other stakeholders to promote sustainable development.
Forest Management organizations in Indonesia
a) The International Tropical Forest Timber Organization (ITTO).
The Indonesia's forest is facing many threats which jeopardize its long term sustainability. The
ITTO has been operating in Indonesia since the 1980s and has put up a fierce fight against
activities such as illegal logging, deforestation via land encroachment, forest fires, poor forest
administration, and inefficiencies in the forest industry.
The organization's objective is to help its member countries In managing and conserving its
tropical timber resource base. This has been achieved by steering programs that address
sustainable forest management, sustainable conservation and use of mangrove ecosystems,
reforestation and enforcing laws aimed at protecting the forests.
b) WWF Offices & Associates Indonesia
Considered as the second largest country with natural tropical forests, Indonesia is marred with
illegal logging. The WWF and its associates assist the civil societies, Indonesia government and
private sector with their effort to reduce illegal timber trades as well as non-sustainable practices.

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The organization recognizes the importance of forests in the equitable and sustainable
development of the nation.
c) The Borneo Initiative
The Borneo Initiative was established and registered in 2008 in the Netherlands. With its offices
in Indonesia as well, the organization's mission is preventing degradation and deforestation of
tropical forests through over-exploitation. To fulfill its mission, the Borneo Initiative focuses on
expanding the Indonesia's forest coverage by 4% annually. The organization is always open for
more like-minded partners who will assist in fulfilling their mission in Indonesia.
Forest Management organizations in Pakistan
a) WWF-Pakistan
The organization provides scientific and financial input to conserve the Pakistan's forests. With
its head office in Lahore, WWF-Pakistan has over 20 regional offices and a team of
approximately 300 staff members. WWF is a global organization guided by the principles of
conserving the global forests.
b) Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI)
The institute was founded at Faisalabad in 1947. The core goal of the institute is to improve the
environment, conserve the natural resources and training citizens on sustainable forest
management. The organization coordinates the international and national agencies dealing with
forestry management and research.