A Tribe in the Verge of Extinction (PDF)

A tribe in the verge of extinction, yet it
exists: An account of the sequence of
events and settlement, by amaMFengu
(Fingo), in Willowvale District (Eastern
Cape), since 1878.

Table of Contents
TITLE :............................................................................................................................................1
Thesis: .............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1
Literature Review ............................................................................................................................6
Research Methodology ................................................................................................................13
Discussion .....................................................................................................................................16
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................23
.......................................................................................................................................................24

TITLE :
A TRIBE IN THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION: An account of the sequence of events and
settlement by amaMFengu (Fingo), in Willowvale District (Eastern Cape), since 1878.
Thesis:
AmaMfengu tribe exist in Willowvale /Idutywa because they have history, chiefs,
culture, and land.
Introduction
Overview of the Research
In the concept of anthropology, a tribe is considered as a human social group which
comprises numerous families, clans or generations together with slaves, dependents or adoptive
strangers. Tribe is also refers as a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or
communities that are interlinked through social economic, religious or blood ties, with an
appropriate culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader (Thornberry, 2018). A very
newly formed body representing after the affairs of the AmaMfengu in the Eastern Cape has
expressed dismay at criticism over the reviving of the year of 1835 vows, that involved loyalty to
the British Queen. The general council chairman of Fingo, chief and Cape Town based medical
doctor, Man duleli Bikitsha said, it was totally unfair that the tribe's forefathers had been
recognised as sellouts for collaborating with the British in huge range of fights against other
tribes. AmaMfengu is not the single who collaborated with white forces but many other tribes
did the same and make collaboration with the white forces. The Mfengu are refers as the Bantu
people, who are closely related to the Zulu people, but now often advised to have acquire to the
Xhosa people whose language are considered by them as their own language. As per the
historical study hey attained considerable renown for the ability of their military in the frontier
wars. They are called as Fingo people and they gave their identity or name to the district of
Fingoland which is stated in the South West portion of the Transkel division, in the Cape
Province. This present research paper explores the origins of Fingo (Mfengu) individuality in
South Africa's Eastern Cape. While observers have significantly understood the Fingo as an
ethnic group, the resent research argues that the Fingo-ness developed out of a lifestyle and
world view that recognised agriculture and trade, and rejected established systems of Xhosa
authority. The effective participation of men in farming activities, as well as attempts to involve
1

in trade outside the control of chiefs, established an appropriate break with social practice
through those who recognised as Fingo, who are in challenging broadly acknowledged standards
of Xhosa-ness, were sensed by many Xhosa (and especially Xhosa chiefs) as anti-social and
supernaturally dangerous.
Research Background
Fingoland is considered as a historical territory which is situated in Eastern Cape, South
Africa. It was inhabited primarily through the Fengu people, and it was basically situated in the
south-west portion of the "Transkei" region. Transkei is signiificantly categorised among
territories which is called as the Idutywa Reserve, Fingoland and Galekaland. Indigenous tribes,
Aboriginal of Australian and Red Indian people of America had disappeared due to the reason of
an amaMFengu tribe that will entirely vanish in the territory of South Africa, unless the
persistent conscientiousness of their legitimate existence (Mvenene, 2016). Envisages which the
mfengu of Zizi, Bhele and Hlubi, who are having long and viable history such as Thembu,
Mpondo, mpondomise, would receive positive attention in future. As per the views of Peires
Xhosa and other tribes in the Eastern Cape, who all speak Xhosa language for their
understanding. He also replicates various tribes of the Eastern Cape likewise Thembu, POndo,
Mpondomise, Bomvana, AmaMfengu into Xhosa socialization involving Xhosa as a most used
spoken language. The ascendant clans of Bhele, Zizi, and Hlubi are implied to be amaMfengu
(Fingo) tribes. They are considered as the group of people who fled from Natal for the reason of
wars, just like all other Tribes. They are apportioned all over the geographical area of Transkei.
the Fengu people are basically settled in various areas at different as they were impacted through
the exposure of environment. The amaMFengu of Willowvale and idutywa in basically refers as
a tribe who migrated to Willowvale after they had defeated Sarhili in the war of Ngcayecibi that
occurs in the year of 1878.They were led by their traditional chiefs, in the forefront was Veldman
and Marhanjana Bikitsha. They are proud of their history, and culture for it is core aspect of their
availability or existence. Fingo are the last in the migration of all tribes they are tribe which
happen to be the last of the massive migration of the 17th to 19th century. The AmaMfengu is
available in Willowvale and Idutywa, that assisted territory through their chiefs and enjoying
their societal activities in the year of 1878. This portion of this exploration work is an attempt to
increase their awareness in regards to Mfengu legitimate existance, their history, culture, chiefs,
and land.
2

Research Problem
This refers as the most essential part of investigation work as it provides an appropriate
direction to the investigator to implement all the research activities in appropriate direction
through analysing the research problem in appropriate way. The research into consideration is
based on the analysis of A TRIBE IN THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION: An account of the
sequence of events and settlement by amaMFengu (Fingo), in Willowvale District (Eastern
Cape), since 1878. It is a wide area of study which helps an individual in enhancement of
knowledge and skills base in the specified area of study (Houston & Mbele, 2011). The major
focused area of this particular research is the possibility of a lost identity, for the reason of lost
history and culture through the tribe of AmaMfengu. Fengu were significantly swallowed and
naturalized in the form of Xhosa, their culture, social life which is diluted by wars. The present
exploration work is based on the issue of existence of AbaMbo/ Fingo in Willowvale and
Idutywa. In this present research paper an appropriate investigation is conducted for the purpose
of analysing the issue in appropriate manner and addressing it through accumulation of
appropriate data and information.
Research Purpose
A research project is based on some specific purpose which leads the exploration work in
right direction. Research purpose is a predetermined recognition which helps a researcher in
conducting an appropriate investigation on a specified area of issue for the reason of addressing
them in effective way. The potential purpose of this particular research is to gather evidence in
regards to the aspects what led to abaMbo/ Fingo settlement in Willowvale and Idutywa. The
appropriate evidence helps an investigator in exploring their knowledge area in the abaMbo/
Fingo settlement in Willowvale and Idutywa. This is a wide area of study which provides a
significant direction to individual to attain significant knowledge or idea in regards to the
specified area of study. The given area of study is also helps the learner in exploring their ability
to attain similar area of study in their future (Vilakazi, 2016). A research paper helps an
individual in analysing a issue in appropriate manner through determining various facts and
figures related with the similar area of study. The another significant purpose of this particular
research is to conducting an in-depth evaluation on the historical overview of the availability of
AbaMbo / Fingo in Willowvale and Idutywa.
Research Aim
3

Research Aim is considered as a general statement which is concerning of he overall
goals, ends and intentions of a specified area of study. It also refers as a predetermined
statement, which leads an investigation work in appropriate direction. This is the primary
consideration of a research work as it is the major obligation of the investigator is to define a
research aim in appropriate manner for the completion of the research work in appropriate
manner. The potential aim of this particular research "Is to describe the existence of AbaMbo /
Fingo in Willowvale and Idutywa".
Research Objectives
This is also another important part of the research as it considered as the results that are
sought by the investigator at the end of the investigation process. This section is interconnected
with the aim of the research as in this different statements are prepared on the distinctive variable
of the research project. The essential objectives of this research project is associated as below:
 Describe the Fingo/abaMbo concept
 Describe path of general migration
 Identify Fingo clans
 Identify events and settlements - 1818, 1835, 1865
 Explain migration to Willowvale
 Identity chiefs of willowvale What did they do in Willowvale? (Church, school, governance)
Research Question:
This comes after designing research aim and objectives. In this questions are prepared on
the basis of research objectives (Chimbwete-Phiri & Schnurr, 2017). This part of the research is
effective in carry out the section of literature review in effective manner with appropriate support
of the opinion of various authors and writers. The potential Questions of this particular research
is described as below: What led to Fingo AbaMbo 1878 settlement in Willowvale district and the effect into the
society?
Significance of the Research
The present exploration is based on the analysis of A TRIBE IN THE VERGE OF
EXTINCTION: An account of the sequence of events and settlement by amaMFengu (Fingo), in
Willowvale District (Eastern Cape), since 1878. The present study is essential to historians,
4

amaMfengu and the people of Transkei as well. With the help of this exploration work historians
will have an appropriate re look on the whole concept of Fengu, their actual existence, history
through the direct reference to the other Transkei and Tribes. The another potential significane of
this study is to analysing their status in the realm of tribal existence as a people. The particular
area of study helps the researcher in analysing the important aspect of the sequence of events and
settlement by amaMFengu (Fingo), in Willowvale District (Eastern Cape), since 1878. with are
essential for their career growth and development (Boon, 2018). The current research helps the
researcher in developing their skills which create value in attempting their future projects in
effective manner. The current area of study also helps the
Viability of the Research
It is important for an investigator to create the valid and reliable outcome through
conduct of research work in appropriate direction. Henceforth, validity and reliability are
considered to be the two essential element for the assessment of a research. In order to satisfy
criterion of validity, the investigator requires to extract data from authentic sources. The
exploration work is said to be valid in nature when reliable and valid outcomes are drawn for the
purpose of completion of the research work in proper manner. On other side, investigator is said
to be reliable in nature when similar outcomes are derived under different circumstances. The
major consideration of an investigator is to providing valid and accurate result in respect to
addressing the investigation issue in viable manner. The existing investigation report is based on
the analysis of a historical study which is to describe the existence of AbaMbo / Fingo in
Willowvale and Idutywa". In this research work researcher requires to gather information from
relevant sources as to accumulation of reliable and accurate data for reaching at the potential
outcome. In present case, the researcher has ensured that the information is extracted from
authentic sources (Jerro, 2016). Moreover, the suitable methods are used for the purpose of
conducting research work in viable direction. Henceforth, it can be claimed that the researcher
has ensured that the research work satisfies criteria of validity and reliability. It can be therefore
said that the study proposed herewith proves to be valid and reliable in nature.
5

Literature Review
This is second and most essential part of investigation work which helps the investigator
in administration of an in-depth research as to gathering more relevant and appropriate
information for the end goal to reaching at the potential outcome. In this section of the
investigation project published and past research projects plays vast role in gathering relevant
and appropriate data and information for exploring the final outcome in viable manner. In this
part of literature, secondary sources, plays vast role in accumulation of significant information
and in this the past research also helps in conducting the analysis from all the efficient aspects. In
this part of research data has been gathered through analysing the opinion of various authors and
writers who are having significant knowledge and idea about the similar area of study (Cele,
2016). This consist to be a vast area of study which provides a clear direction to the learners who
are taking effective participation in the area of historical analysis on the existence of AbaMbo /
Fingo in Willowvale and Idutywa". This section is based on theoretical frame work as in this the
objectives of research are analysed in theoretical aspects. In this data and information are
gathered through secondary source as information is gathered through published research, books
and journals. Present project is based on the institutional support system for health and social
care professionals.
The concept of Fingo/abaMbo
Fingo/abaMbo is considered as a member of a Xhosa speaking people who are settled in
Southern Africa in the Ciskei and Transkei thus these are originally refugees from the Zulu wars
of conquest. Mfengu is also called as Fingo, individual who are living in Eastern Cape province
of South Africa and traditionally speaking a Xhosa language (Vaihinger, 2014). The Mfengu are
descendants of refugees through the Mfecane in Natal, largely of Hlubi, Bhele, and Zizi origin,
who create their path to the eastern Cape, where they were ministration through local chiefs. In
the wars of 1835, 1846, and 1851–53, the Mfengu fought on the British side and were
acknowledged lands in the frontier districts of the Transkei and Ciskei, at Xhosa-expense and in
respect to act as a buffer against further Xhosa invasions of the colony (Hammersley, 2018).
Through their social business concern shattered at the time of Mfecane, the Mfengu were
receptive from an early date to Christianity and Western education, and in the 19th century
numerous became wealthy peasant-farmers, providing some of the first Western-type political
leaders among Cape Africans. Few of Mfengu still follow traditional path of life, through the
6

men herding cattle and the females raising crops. Moreover, other Mfengu, are considered as a
part of modern economy and works as an entrepreneur, businessmen, civil servants, teachers and
lawyers in the large cities.
The path of general migration
As per the views expressed by Adepoju and Aderanti, 2018, Human migration is
considered as the movement of people from one place to another through the intention of
settling, temporarily and permanently in a new geographical area. The movement is often over
long distance and from one country to another, thus an internal migration is also possible,
however this is the dominant form globally (Polachek & Horvath, 2012). The migration aspect in
South Africa can be better recognised within the context of political and historical evolution of
African societies. Africans compose around 79.6% as per the estimation of the south African
statistics of the population and represent various ethnic groups, involing, Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele,
Tsonga, Venda, Pedi, Sotho, Tswana and Swazi, as well as recent immigrants from other parts of
Africa (particularly Zimbabwe and Nigeria). The palaeontological and archaeological concept of
the origin of man from the area of Central Africa including Ethiopia or Kenya declare that the
existence of human in the continents of the globe is considered as a result of general massive
migration. The six continent of the globe i.e. Europe, Africa, Australia, North America, South
America are occupied by the different sort of human species, from migration. all kind of tribes,
especially humanity as a whole migrated, at some point in time, thus in various sort of
generations are experiencing different changes in socio political, economic and cultural aspects.
The present South African tribes like as Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo, Bomvane, mpondomise,
Baca, and Mfengu have basically settled at different geographically areas of post migration. It
was migration which was at various times (Keller & et. al., 2012). It is essential to analyse the
consequences of wars, and constitution of chiefdoms in that process as to appropriate
implementation of human activities.
The Fingo clans
Mfengu is an alternative name of Fingo people, who are living in Eastern Cape province
of South Africa and basically use one of the Bantu languages specially Xhosa for their speaking
purpose. The aspects of Mfengu or Finfo is considered to be a generic name for various distinct
groupings of associated clans which are fled from Zululand at the ruling time of King Shaka and
settled in the geographical area of Eastern Cape. People from this groups are majorly found in
7

the different geographical area of Transkei and Ciskei. In terms of characteristics people fallen in
this group always equally in nature. Zululand fills very fast and after appropriately feeling the
major geographical area of this particular city, number of Mfengu found work opportunity in
Hintsa's but they were not recognised as equal of the Xhosa. The term amaFengu is translates as
the aspect of Wanderers and the Fengu people such as the Bhaca, Bhele, Hlubi and Dlamini
individuals who were settled through the tribe which were distinct and dispersed by Shaka and
his Zulu armied in the wars of Mfecane (Labuschagne, 2016). Most of people from this groups
are fled westwards and settled in between of Xhosa, thus after the effective oppression of
Gcaleka Xhosa in the year of 1820, s. The potential purpose of the oppression is to form an
active alliance with the government of Cape in the year of 1835 with the proper guidance of
various scholars and leaders. For the appropriateness of alliance Sir Benjamin d'Urban invitied
around 17000 to settle on the banks of the Great fish river in the region which later become
known as the Ciskei. Some of the scholars, involving Timothy Stapleton and Alan Webster, said
that the traditional narrative of the Fengu people as refugees of the Mfecane is in fact a lie
conception by colonial instructor and administrators (Kingwill, 2011). They raised question on
the existence of the Fengu people as a distinct group which is prior to colonial contact, instead
positing that the term was given, by the British, to an accumulation of Xhosa offender, migrant
labourers, and labour captives.
The events and settlements - 1818, 1835, 1865
The Fingo is one of the generic name for various distinct grouping of associated clans
that fled from Zululand at the time of King Shaka (1818-1828). Most number of researcher has
conviction regarding the initiated sequences of events in almost 10 years from 1820 that are very
turbulent. It has been seen that there are lot of tribes especially during the early time of Tshaka
region. At the time of arrival, they tend to receive by Hintsa that was the basic paramount chief
of Xhosa in the East side of the Kei river. It has been found that the group which was dominated
by Hlubi, Zizi and other Bhele tribes used to meet Hintsa. The main reason behind the
separation is because they had been exposed to a loss of battles on the way. It has been seen that
Hintsa has arrived in his place from the war of Amalindd in 1818 (Blackbeard, 2018). It has been
told by other people that there are strangers who had determine they look hungry with not
wearing clothes on their body. It was the Hintsa that had accepted them and provided land to
settler in Butterworth district.
8

1835: On the 14 may 1835, the Mfengu collected under an old milk wood tree in Peddie
district. The Mfengu used to fought along with the colonial forces in all kind of Frontier wars
that are followed not as subordinates but as allies in the cause of Christian civilization. It has
been found that Mfengu has become one of the first Bantu in South Africa to cause ploughs that
demonstrated to them through the use of missionaries and their initial to plant wheat. They
consequently become one of the prominent allies of the cape colony in the frontier wars in
against their previous oppressors (Jaffe, 2017). Through Shrewd and growth management of
regional trade that formed as a developed and materially reliable within the nation.
1865: The Mfengu has not been taken into account that great cattle-king in 1857 that
devastated the Xhosa people. During the period of time, Cattle at very minimum cost resell them
at a profit to the subsequent famine. They usually recorded as producing wide excesses of grains
at this point of time in starving neighbors’. They are subsequently become one of the crucial
factors that are allies of the cape colony in the frontier wars against their former oppressors. In
addition to this, plenty of the people had bought farms and started their business operations in the
small areas, towns and location that were springing up in that particular part of the cape frontier.
The migration to Willowvale
Migration flows and policies are inversely connected with: migration flows which creates
the requirement for policies to maintain them, and policies, in return, shape ongoing and future
migration flows. The researcher has collected data to build upon the Mayers' efficiently, that are
cited but as yet unpublished work on youth organisation in the Transkei. The collected data
represents that the changes in rural youth firm from the very beginning of 1920's which could
increasingly be attributed to urban determinant and that by the 1960's they owned as much to
urban impact as they did to rural ones (Wogqoyi, 2012). As per the views of Sarah Meny-Gibert
and Sintha Chiumia, 2016, The concept of migration is majorly focuses on the international
migration but the huge majority of migration which emerges in South Africa basically happens
within its geographical boundaries. The major domestic migration in South Africa involves
circular migration like as migrant workers or employees who works in maintains their residence
in one part of the country and work on the other area of the country or the significant migration
happens among the urban areas of the country. Willowvale is a Town which is stated in
Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern cape province of South Africa. Thus migration is
considered as a process in which people in which people move from one place to another with
9

the appropriate intention of permanently or temporarily setting in a new location. Moreover,
Migration to Willowvale is effective for the growth and development of the town as it helps in
raising various opportunity and career growth for the domestic as well as fingo people who are
making efforts for creating permanent residence in a country. One basic facet of this particular
study on population is the exploration of migration arising out of different social, cultural,
economic or political reasons. For a large country such as South Africa, the complexity of the
movement of people in various geographical area of the country that assist in analysing the
dynamics of the society and political norms. At this crucial juncture in economic development in
the country, The exploration work on migration represents special importance by increasing
opportunities and growth of the country (Bank, 2015). A person is mainly considered as migrant
by their place of birth if the place in which they are enumerated at the time of the census is other
than their place of birth. As a person could have migrated a number of times during their lifetime
activities, migration by place of birth would not give a correct outcome of the migration which
taking place presently.
The chiefs of willowvale
WILLOWVALE DISTRICT/ MFENGU CHIEFS
SURNAME
AND
INITIALS
GENDER DISTRIC
T
TRADITIONAL
COUNCIL
ADMINISTRATIVE
AREA
clan
Dunalisile. N., Male Shixini
Great
Place
The Amajingqi
Traditional Council
has cluster of 22
villages under its
jurisdiction, an area
covering 161.57 km²
with a population of
11441 (70.81 per
km²).
The adminstrative
area of Chief
Ngwenyathi
Dumalisile is
AmaJingqi, in the
Nkonkobe Local
Municipality in the
Eastern Cape.
Ngwenyathi
Dumalisile was
enthroned in
2010 as a Xhosa
chief of the
AmaJingqi, in
the Nkonkobe
Local
Municipality in
the Eastern
Cape.
Sigcawu. M., Z Male Nqadu
Great
King Zwelonke’sThe adminstrativeMpendulo
10

Place coronation will be the
first in South Africa
since the dawn of
democracy. Although
Zwelonke is the 22nd
Xhosa monarch, he is
the 10th in the lineage
of Gcaleka – the great
house of King Phalo.
area of Zwelonke’s
is Willowvale and
He rules over four
magisterial districts –
Willowvale, Dutywa,
Butterworth and
Centane. He has 34
chiefs and 168
headmen/women.
Thirty-four of his 40
traditional councils
are headed by chiefs
and four by
headmen/women.
Zwelonke
Sigcawu (born
1968) is the
King of the
Xhosa people. he
took on that role
on 1 January
2006.
Sandile. M., Female Mngqesh
a Great
Place
Queen Regent of the
AmaRharhabe Xhosa.
Royal House:
Mngqesha Royal
Place, King
William’s Town.
The Rharhabe
are a Xhosa sub-
group found in
the former
Ciskei section of
the Eastern
Cape, and they
reside in the
former Transkei
as well.
IDUTYWA DISTRICT/ MFENGU CHIEFS
SURNAME
AND
INITIALS
GENDER DISTRI
CT
TRADITIONAL
COUNCIL
ADMINISTRATIV
E AREA
Clan
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Sigcawu. X., Male Idutywa Chief of Mbashe
Traditional Council
xhanti Sigcawu is the
king of Idutywa and
administrate political
activities from
eastern cape.
Sigcawu is a
royal family and
the king Xanti
sigcawu marry
to the Thembu
princess
Khusela Diko.
this relationship
helps the king in
developing his
political career.
Sigcawu. A., Male Idutywa Chief of Keti
Traditional Council
Ahlangene Sigcawu
is the famous
politcian in Idutywa
and eastern cape is
the administrative
area of ruling.
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Research Methodology
This considered as the key aspect of investigation work as it helps the investigator in
providing appropriate direction to implement the exploration activities in right manner. Research
methodology refers as a systematic, theoretical evaluation of the methods that are applied to a
selected area of study. It mainly comprises as a theoretical analysis of the body of various
methods and principles which are associated with a branch of knowledge and idea (Keller,
Ghorbani, Caesar & Rexford, 2012, October). This part of the research is based on various
applications that are effective in assisting the overall activities in systematic direction. As the
considered research is based on a crucial aspect of A TRIBE IN THE VERGE OF
EXTINCTION: An account of the sequence of events and settlement by amaMFengu (Fingo), in
Willowvale District (Eastern Cape), since 1878. thus it is the major obligation of the researcher
to select the best possible methodology in research to reaching at the final outcome of the
research. The methodology is the general research strategy by which proper outline of research
can be implemented by the investigator in respect to perform research in effective manner. It take
effective part in research but methodology is define during the execution of different research.
We can say that it is the framework by which the researcher can able to perform its research in
proper way. A methodology is the systematic design of different processes by which researcher
can perform its research.
Type of Investigation
This considered as the primary consideration of an investigator to carry out the
exploration work in right direction. For execution of a research project the major obligation of an
investigator is to select the research type in respect to accumulation of appropriate and reliable
information. Basically, there are two types of research process which are as qualitative and
quantitative. Qualitative research is that type of investigation in which the data and information
is gathered on the quality basis but on the other hand, quantitative data type means collecting
data on the basis of numerics and statistics. In the present research project qualitative research
method has been applied by the researcher as it is most effective tool for accumulation of
relevant information and data. This tool is effective in designing an appropriate theoretical frame
work by detailed discussion on the research issue.
Research Design:
13

This described as another essential aspect of research methodology, as it refers as the
blue print of the investigation work as in this an appropriate outline has been made in which all
the activities are included in systematic manner. This encompasses on different types like
descriptive, exploratory and experimental research design. The all mentioned designs are very
effective and gives correct directions to the investigator as to conduct their actions in an
appropriate way (Salawu, 2013). In the present investigation work exploratory research design
has been used by the researcher as it is effective in providing detailed and descriptive analysis on
the qualitative in investigation. It can be described that the researcher has chosen appropriate
research design so as to bring correct and actual outcome from the analysis of a particular
research issue.
Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is encompassing as an important method of research which assist
the investigator to gather appropriate data through analysis of the opinion of writers and authors.
This section of the research is basically divided among two different types like interpritivism and
positivism research philosophy. In the existing research work investigator chose interpritivism
research philosophy because it is most effective and appropriate method for the qualitative
investigation as it helps in providing detailed investigation on an appropriate research issue
through the assistance of support of scholars, writers and authors.
Research Approach
This is also an another fundamental aspect of research project which is required to be
applied by the researcher as to conduct their research aspects in active way. This section is also
categorised among two major components like deductive and inductive research approach. it is
the major obligation of the researcher to choose the best approach in respect to carry out the
research activities in appropriate direction (Lovett, 2015). In the present research project
inductive research approach has been applied by the researcher as it is most appropriate tool for
accumulation of relevant information for the qualitative investigation.
Data Collection
Data collection is a procedure of gathering data and information from relevant sources so
that the accuracy of the project could be maintained in respect to find out appropriate outcome of
research problems. This process involves hypothesis and assessment of outcomes in order to
convert them in relevant information. Data collection methods is divides in two segments; one is
14

primary data collection and other is secondary data collection. Primary tool is effective for the
accumulation of data for the very first time and secondary source is effective accumulation of the
secondary data which is being gathered through books, journals, articles, etc. The present
investigation work secondary tools are applied by the researcher for the purpose of the
accumulation of relevant and reliable information (Kingwill, 2011). This is the most suitable tool
which helps a researcher in creating an appropriate arithmetical framework for the purpose of
analysis of a research issue in appropriate manner.
15

Discussion
The concept of AbaMbo
The abaMbo nation had settled around 200 years ago, in the Drakensberg Range (Natal),
this considered as a place which is called as Embo, since the migration from the area of central
Africa. The people of Abambo begins their community in the Buffalo River Valley under the
Drakensberg in Natal in the year of 1800. Abambo people were defeted and diminished through
fearce enemies in many battles. The survivors became wanderers and also known as Fingos and
sought refuge with other tribe. This community were reduced to a state of servitude. A tribe and
a group of people who live in Embo and came from the area of central Africa, who were known
as Mumbo over 16 centuries when they were in Zambezi river banks. AbaMbo is considered as a
crucial generic term which encompasses on many of present tribes, these communities are known
by some specific tribal names like Bhaca, bomvane, pondo, , mpondomise, Zizi, Bhele, Hlubi,
Khuze, etc. These tribe communities are settled has settled in Natal, for the very first while they
moved towards the general South Africa. The people groups or tribes that are migrated from the
great lakes arround 1570 is settled in Natal, some of the current tribes who fall under the
AbaMbo are Mpondo, Mpondomise, Baca, Bomvane, Zizi, Bhele, and Hlubi, thus these are also
said to be one of the largest tribe at the time.
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17

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Concept of lost identity
Concept of lost identity depicts the loss of culture, religion and their heritage. Identity of
a tribal group is made up of character that are combined with family and social roots. A study
that has been done by National research foundation of south Africa confirms that social identities
in South Africa are increasingly being constructed between the Local neighbourhoods and
residents. The steps taken by government where social link has been done, these identities point
to persistent social change. The sense of loss of old internalised forms of societal identification
and socialisation and the search for new forms that meets the individuals basic need for meaning
and for adaption to change in mass consciousness.
Australian Aboriginal peoples are one of the two distinct groups of indigenous people of
Australia. It is generally held that Australian Aboriginal peoples originally came from Asia. All
the aspects of Aboriginal society have been directly affected by the Australian colonisation. It
has impacted them in the sense that evidently they have disappeared completely from south
Wales, Victoria and various other places.
On the other hand, red Americans members of aboriginal peoples of Western hemisphere
are also the ancestors of contemporary American Indians. This is not known till now that how
the red Americans settled in United States. Genetic evidence suggest at least three waves of
migrants arrived from Asia. These inhabitants soon diversified themselves into many hundreds
of culturally distinct nations and the tribes through which they lost their identity of social culture
and religion.
Fingo and Xhosa Collaboration with British
At the time of colonial war and a sense of human desperation, an individual’s life turns
into the survival of the fittest, however a country or nation is looking for its neighbourhood
country. The time duration of 1835 was concerned as the time of wars, hence British were
invading the land and fingo were new in which territory, probably less than the duration of 10
years. Allies is considered as the most appropriate way to strengthen the power of people or
community. During the time of war, it is required for a country or nation to took intelligent stand
and allies is always look wise to establish good relationship among different culture, nation,
religion etc. Allies is majorly happened in South Africa, where, there was a competition for the
purpose of territorial control through Dutch and British in against of African Chiefdoms, and
black in against of black chiefdoms. The fingo migrations with peddie in the Ciskei. In the year
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of 1818, Fingo leaving with Gcaleka and lived with Xhosa side by side. Moreover, there are a
contradicting accusations of enslavement of Fingo. It is tough for British to probably accept
anyone because of the reason of the country or nation might not have been sure about their
stability. Fingo were majorly found by the Sir Benjamin Durban and Rev Ayliff for the reason of
cross the kei River, it is known that they drove through the cattle, involving those the stole
through Xhosa. Mfengu is considerably become the cultivators of land, which is majorly
producing tobacco, that was sold to the acquire cattle, so as to it is not required for Fingo to steal
Xhosa cattle.
Fingo oppression by Xhosa.
The collaboration of Fingo and British is not suitable because Fingo were very diligent
towards work for their own benefits and they were also productive in many ways like trade and
farming, they basically deal in tobacco and skin of animals. Fingo collaborate with British for
attaining benefits through the enhancement of its trade and operations. Fingo dislikes when other
tribes such as Thembu who at some intense collaborated in against of Xhosa and Fingo did not
experience the similar level of hatred through Xhosa. The self-determination program of Fingo
refers that Fingo were provide land in Butterworth, thus they were works under the freedom and
authority of Xhosa. In the assistance and tutelage of Xhosa, Fingo requires to follow the norms
of Xhosa culture and laws. This majorly affects the social life of people in Fingo as in this the
customs and culture would be altered or changed. The freedom of fingo would make a free and
effective environment to modify and create advancement in their own culture and progression.
Fingo Vows 1835.
Ayliff and Sir Benjamin Durban the head for a new globe, to an area they did not know.
The potential purpose of Ayliff and Sir Benjamin is to analyse the performance of livestock.
They significantly went there by Kaiskma and arrived in peddie and the land that they were to
occupy on the 14th of May. At the end of war, they were called into a mass meetinf through
ayliff in the milkwood tree. The conceptualisation of FIngo Vows is how British and
Christianity government support for fingo that led by Ayliff they took the vows lifting a right
side.
 To be faithful to god.
 To educate each individual especially children.
 To provide appropriate support to their missionaries etc.
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The vows of fingo is still commemorated even on the 14th May of each year. This
estimation was recognised by the current government of South Africa.
Land
In the year 1916, there are various location, areas and Villages that are spread in the
Fingo to other community. It has been determining that the total population of Xhosa is around
31914 and in case of Fingo it is around 30792 as per the statistics of 1956. Below mention about
the various villages that are associated with the amaxhosa. The 1st one is related with Cafutweni,
2nd ngqaqini, 3rd mhlahlane, busila is the 4rth, 5th ngoma, 6th dadamba, 7th kanga, 8th nkonkwana,
9th Nqadu, 10th Ntlavane, 11th Ncedana, 13 nxanzashe, 14th kwanyana, 15th is Qwaninga and many
more. In accordance with Fingo location there are 12 Weza-Zizi, 19 bonxa-bhele, 20 mbozi-
bhelei, 23 qhakazana-ntlangwini, 6xonyeni-zizi, 30 B Nqabarhana—zizi, 36 mbhangcolo –zizi,
31 A Nqabarhana—zizi, 37 ntsimbakazi—zizi, amendu. All the above mentioned location are
under the control by the Fingo community. As it can be seen from the above information that
both xhosa and Fingo community has captured a vast area.
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22

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Conclusion
From the above given discussion it has been concluded that the collaboration with British
was not unique to Mfengu because Xhosa is not having good relationship with Fingo, however,
this will provide an opportunity to RAMOYER to start separate development between Mfengu
and Xhosa. The development which is seen over the period of time in between both is only the
contribution of the competition between them which is gone till the period of 60's. The election
in the Ciskei government were always on racial lines of Mfengu and Xhosa. For being a big
collaborator an individual need to aware about the rights of association, however an individual
requires to be aware that, not only Mfengu join forces to be assisted through British, in fact in all
the present South African kingdoms, there was collaboration in one way of another. As per the
detailed investigation of the report it has been encountered that AmaMfengu tribes are still exist
in Willowvale or Idutywa because they are having history, culture, chiefs and land. This is also
analysed that not every descendant of (Hlubi, bhele, zizi) went to Hintsa, for their growth but
some were left in Natal, some settled in different other tribes as they were migrating with Pondo,
Thembu, etc., It looks like those who said 'siyamfenguza ' are those who went to Hintsa.
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