Antibody - Types, Generation and Differences between Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies

This article discusses the generation of antibodies and the five different types of antibodies. It also explains the differences between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, including their production, specificity, cross-reactivity, background noise, lot variability, and cost-effectiveness. References are also provided.

Running Head: AB
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Antibody
student
7/21/2019

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Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................2
How antibodies are generated................................................................................................................2
Types of antibodies..................................................................................................................................2
Difference between polyclonal and monoclonal.....................................................................................4
References...................................................................................................................................................5

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Introduction
Antibody also termed as the immunoglobulin is the protective protein formed by the immune
system of the body in response to the available unwanted or foreign substances termed as
antigen. Antibodies are Y shaped protein circulates in the bloodstream and attacks the antigen by
binding to them1.
How antibodies are generated
When the immune system of an organism’s come upon a foreign particle (normally a protein) for
the first time, particular cells for example macrophages and the dendritic cells arrest the particle
and initiate its breakdown with the intention of presenting these antigens to the B cell
lymphocytes. When Antigen Appears to B-cell lymphocytes has, a procedure recognized as
Somatic Hyper mutation permits the B cell to initiate coding for a fresh antibody that comprise a
distinctive Antigen attaching Site in the variable area that is proficient of binding exactly to an
epitope of the antigen. Every B cell lymphocyte generates one specific antibody in contradiction
of single unique epitope. When the antibodies having adequate specificity to essential epitope
can be programmed, the B cell initiates to discharge antibodies into the individual’s circulation.
These antibodies at that moment bind precisely with the foreign particle and permit the resistant
system to remove the particle from the body system2.
1 Nichol E Holodick, Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, and María Hernández Ana. ‘Defining natural
antibodies’ , Frontiers in immunology 8 (2017): 872.
2 Ruth Mayforth, Designing antibodies (1st edn, AP 2012)

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Types of antibodies
There are five different types of antibodies; IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. IgG is recognized as
the most abundant isotype of antibody in the blood, accounts for nearly 75 per cent of total
immunoglobulin in humans. IgM accounts for 10 per cent of total antibodies, IgA accounts for
10 to 15 per cent of overall antibodies, IgE accopunts for 0.001 percent, and IgD accounts for 1
percent only3.
3 Dubel Stefan and Reichert Janice M, Handbook of therapeutic antibodies’ (2nd edn, JWS 2014)

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Polyclonal antibody Monoclonal antibody
 It is defined as a mixture of
immunoglobulin particles that are
discharged in contradiction of a specific
antigen 5
 Defined as the homogenous antibody
population that is formed by a particular
copy of the plasma B cells 4.
 Polyclonal types of antibodies are
produced by inserting an immunogen
into the host animal. This immunogen
sources an immune reaction in the
creature and the beginning of manifold
B-cells which all attack on a particular
epitope on the immunogen 1.
 Monoclonal antibodies are produced by
first inserting an immunogen into the
host. Afterward the immunogen has
produced an immune reaction, the B-
cells present in the spleen are removed
and bonded with myeloma cells 1
 Heterogeneous populace of
antibodies with the opposing paratopes
for single antigen
 Homogenous populace of a
particular antibody with single paratope
 This kind of antibody is Not Precise to
Epitope
 Monoclonal antibodies are Particular to
Epitope
 Increased probability for cross-
reactivity with the parallel antigens
 It has Low cross-reactivity compared to
pollyclonal
 Increased probability for
background noise
 comparatively Low background noise
 Lot Variability  Identical lots
 Cost effective to develop  Costly to develop
 Fast to produce (nearly 3 months)
 Many host species choices 4
 Slow to generate (nearly 6 months)
 Few host species choices5
4 Abhinav A Shukla and Thömmes Jörg, ‘Recent advances in large-scale production of monoclonal
antibodies and related proteins’, 28 TIB, 253-261
5 Lars S Nielsen, Baer Alexandra, Müller Christian, Gregersen Kristian, Mønster Nina T, Rasmussen
Søren K, Weilguny Dietmar and Tolstrup Anne B ‘Single-batch production of recombinant human
polyclonal antibodies’ (2010) 45 MB 257-266.

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Difference between polyclonal and monoclonal
References
1. Holodick N E, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, and Hernández A M, ‘Defining natural
antibodies’ (2017) 8 FIM 872.
2. Mayforth R, Designing antibodies (1st edn, AP 2012) 140.
3. Stefan D, and Reichert J M, Handbook of therapeutic antibodies’ (2nd edn, JWS2014).
John Wiley & Sons.
4. Shukla A A and Thömmes, J, ‘Recent advances in large-scale production of monoclonal
antibodies and related proteins’ (2010) 28 TIB, 253-261.
5. Nielsen L S, Baer A, Müller C, Gregersen K, Mønster N T, Rasmussen S K and Tolstrup
A B, ‘Single-batch production of recombinant human polyclonal antibodies’ (2010)
45 MB 257-266.