Amplifier Design and Test

Abstract
An amplifier is used for signal amplitude increase from small level to high level that can be
useful to the owner. While raising the amplification of the signal from small levels to high the
signal details as well as the characteristics are constantly kept. The process is called linearly. The
greater linear can give more signal output. There are many kinds of amplifiers. In the field of
electronics, amplifiers are very significant in power, signal processing, amplification and many
other technological applications
Keywords: Project Management, Amplifiers, Circuit Design, 555 Timers, Veriboard design
Introduction
An amplifier is just an active electronic
device which can increase power of the
signal which can be either a time-varying
current or voltage. It actually works in the
two-port circuit of electronic nature which
uses electrical power from the power supply
to raise the amplitude of applied signal to its
terminals input, by producing proportional
greater output signal amplitude.[1] The
amplification quantity is given by amplifier
is measured through its gain: ratio of
current, power to input or to voltage. There
are kinds of amplifiers: Class A, B, AB, D,
G, D and H
1. Inquiry Questions to ABC
about the Quotation.
i. What type of timer do you want?
ii. Is it analog or digital display timer?
iii. Which type timing reliability do you
want?
iv. Is waterproof or loudest buzzer or
rugged?
v. What type of control mode do you
need?
vi. What operation model do you need?
vii. What is the input and output power
range?
viii. Do your workers need the training
for operating the timers?
ix. Do you need software updates?
x. Do you want it to be automated with
the SCADA or PLC?
xi. How many pieces of timers do you
need?
xii. Can installation cost be included?
2. Customer Feedback: The
specifications of the timers.
i. Both Digital timer and analog timers
ii. Timer with features such as
waterproof, intuitive and simple,
rugged and loudest buzzer.
iii. Low power input of 9V battery
iv. Output power of 9VDC that can be
built into power data loggers and
autodials
v. With different models for battery
powered with buttons outside and
inside to set timing cycle. It can be
also ac powered with relay control.
vi. With battery lifespan of six years at
least.
vii. Easily automated with the PLC and
SCADA.
viii. We need orientation and training of
your devices on how to use and
repair them.
ix. Software can be updated easily with
our experts.
x. About 30 pieces of the timer.

xi. Price quotation from you.
Features of the timers:
 Easily adjustable from 1 second to
99 minutes with wide time range.
 Easily installable
 For Dc powered are low powered
 Corrosion proof and water proof
 It can count extra after it reaches
zero
 Loud sound buzzers with maximum
of 103dB
 It easy to operate it.
3. Timer Circuit developed
Figure 1: time circuit designed
Parameters Values Units
Dc output
voltage
5 V
Input Dc
voltage
9 V
Ac Output
Voltage
120 V
Ac Input
voltage
230 V
Battery
lifespan
6 Years
Display size 18 mm
Compact
size
100x100x50 mm
Loudest
Buzzer
103 dB
Ac in put
current
15 A
Ac output
current
15 A
Figure2
4. Gantt Chart
It is a chart which showing activities for the
project within a given period.
Figure 3: Gantt chart
5. Part 2: Design and test of
amplifier
The following equipment and components
were used in designing this circuit.
 A solder less breadboard
 DC power supply unit (PSU)
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
Components.
 Resistors (Ώ): 51k, 2x 5.1, 1k,
82Ώ,
 Capacitors (nF): 470, 4.7,
 Transistors: BC109BP

Experimental Procedure and Methods
The circuit shown on figure was built on a
breadboard[2]
an amplifier circuit
Figure 4: amplifier circuit
In the above circuit, all the values were as
follows; R1=51k, R2=5.1k, R3=1K.
If R4=82R, and C1-0.47uF. Vs had a
frequency of 1 kHz. ‘a’ and ‘b’ represent
two nodes.[2]
 The value Vs was set to 0V and the
voltage at the nodes was measured.
 The magnitude of Vs was set to
0.1V.
 Signal components of The DC and
AC were measured.
 Disconnection of R1.
 The Vb (Total) and Vb (AC).
 Reconnection of R1
 C1 was disconnected and connection
of Vs to the node ‘a’.
 Vb (total) was measured and Vb
(AC).
 C1 was rejoined and R3 increased to
5.1k. The values of Vb (total) and
Vb (AC) were measured.
 The value of R3 was reset to 1k and
Vs (AC) and Vb (AC) were observed
using an oscilloscope.
 The Vs value was increased steadily
to 0.3V.
 To discover the effects of the input
frequency, given procedures were
followed.
 The Vs value was reset to 0.1 V.
 The input frequency was varied
between 10 Hz and 1 MHz and for
each frequency, the value of the peak
b (AC) was recorded.
Design and test of oscillator
The main objectives of conducting this lab
were
 Building an oscillator based on NOR gate
 Evaluating the performance of the
oscillator
 Finding out how to set the oscillating
frequency
 Exploring the relation between sound and
frequency
 To strengthen our practical skills
Equipment’s and components
Equipment
The following equipment was used
 Solderless breadboard
 DC power supply unit (PSU)
 Function generator (AFG)
 Digital multi-meter (DMM)
 Oscilloscope
Components
 Resistors: 100k, 220k, 620k, 1M, 3.3M,
5.6M, 10M): 10, 68, 1k, 10k, 2
 Capacitors (nF): 10,,100
 Transistors and Chips: BC109BP,
CD4001BCN,
 Loud speaker 64 ohms
Experimental procedure and methods
The circuit shown on figure 2.0 was built on
a solder less bread board

For testing the oscillator on figure 2.0, the
following was done;
The powering of chip by applying 9V DC
between pin 14 and pin 7
 The waveform of Vb, Va and Vc
was recorded.
 The frequency of the oscilloscope
was measured
To interface oscillator with the amplifier, the
following was done;
 The oscillator was connected with
the amplifier by linking the
dashed line on figure 2.0
To estimate load power delivered the
following was performed
 The load resistor R(load)=10R
replaced loud speaker
 The voltage waveform drops
across the V(load)and R(load)
was recorded
 The top level of Vload, V(top)
was measured
In order to check power levels of load
amplitude, it was performed as:
 The reduction of supply power
from 9V steadily and the
equivalent decrease Vtop value
was noted
To analyze the outcomes of component
value on the oscillation the following was
performed for;
 R=1k, 10k, 620k and 3.3M, the
Vc was observed as well as the
frequency measurement
For tune Improvement, following was
performed;
 The Reset R=100 from figure 2.0
was renamed as R4 in figure 2.1
 The circuit on figure 3.2 was built
on a breadboard
 To get the effects the value
component on the tune, values
R7=10M, 5.6M and 620K were
used
Observations, Data discoveries, results as
well as discussion
Amplifier design as well as test
When biasing DC voltage using an
oscilloscope or voltmeter, the voltages can
be calculated as follows:
 Therefore, the V(total) = 724mV and
it is Peak AC value
 Therefore, Peak DC = 8.60V
 On disconnecting R1 value, the peak
to peak value voltage changes to
24mV.[4]
From this, the observation is made that very
large reduction and therefore R1 influences
important role in the circuit
Changing R1 values decreases the voltage as
well as the peak to peak value. Increasing it,
peak to peak value. Input voltage upsurge to
4.11V. The value peak to peak of the input
also rise by 450mV
Relinking the resistor R1 while exchanging
C1 with a signal generator
Removing C1 means a reduction of 550mV
from the starting input but the peak to peak
AC value remains the similar. The output
signal fluctuates as of a positive to a
negative value.
6. Part 3
DESIGN AND TEST OF
OSCILLATOR
When the oscillator 9V is powered, a saw
tooth waveform is displayed by the
oscilloscope for the Va values as Vc gives a
square wave with positive amplitude while