Dance/Movement Therapy Applications

This assignment delves into the diverse applications of dance/movement therapy across various mental and physical health conditions. It examines the therapeutic effects of dance/movement interventions on individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder, depression, dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Students are tasked with researching scholarly articles and presenting a comprehensive analysis of how dance/movement therapy positively impacts these populations.

Running head: GRANT PROPOSAL 1
Grant Proposal
Name
Institution

GRANT PROPOSAL 2
ABSTRACT
The grant proposal seeks funds for the establishment and implementation of Round Hut
Village Dance Program for Women’ to help address the urgent need among the CALD women in
NSW who have continued to suffer from violence, abuse, neglect, anxiety, depression, PSTD and
other forms of trauma despite having moved/been moved to NSW as the safer destination than
their respective countries of origin. This population has greatly suffered from the traumatic
experiences they went through in their counties of origin either in form of rape, sexual assault,
civil unrest, war amongst other kinds of conflicts in their lifespan journey. Despite having been
moved into NSW, this group has remained vulnerable to kind forms of abuses, discrimination,
violence and sexual assaults among other due to the inability to report these unwarranted acts
against them based on fear of deportation, financial hurdles and stereotyping that ignores these
problems as mere problems of foreign culture. Thus, these CALD women have remained unable
to reconnect with their preferred self-sense making their lives to continuously deteriorate as they
are underserved and undervalued. It is upon this backdrop that this proposal seeks to get a grant
that will allow the dance program to be established and used as a therapy to bring about a
therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental health issues
among the CALD women in NSW.
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
The Cultural and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women remain highly vulnerable to
domestic violence. The suffer from language barriers, fear of authorities as well as social
isolations thereby making the CALD one of the NSW one of the most vulnerable cohorts for
domestic violence this increased stress, anxiety and Posttraumatic Disorder (PSTD). The lack of

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interpreters has even further compounded this problem among the at-risk women seeking the
protections individually and by looming federal cuts threatening the ability of the domestic
violence crisis service to access interpretation services. The CALD women further suffer due to
the often danger that violence against women from diverse backgrounds remains simply
dismissed and ignored as a foreign culture problem.
Problem Statement
The target population of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women in
NSW are shown to be disadvantaged in terms of mental healthcare and are among the group of
people who are over represented and treated involuntarily or admitted for acute inpatient mental
healthcare in hospitals around NSW. They are a population who are only likely to access mental
health care when they become acutely and seriously unwell (Mental Health in Multicultural
Australia, 2014) and the NHMRC of Australia states that a more effective response is needed if
Australia is to meet the physical activity needs of CALD women in order to increase their mental
health status, prevent mental illness and reduce the burden of disease (NHMRC, 2005) due to the
high prevalence of the problem.
Currently in NSW perinatal mental health of women from CALD backgrounds is a
priority area as women are more likely to experience these conditions during pregnancy and the
perinatal period the year following the birth of a baby. All pregnant women presenting to
government health services in NSW are screened for mental illness, regardless of background or
race. However, this is not enough and more needs to be done to provide culturally appropriate
primary mental health services for CALD women throughout their lifecycle as too many are
‘falling through the gaps’ and as a result have become an underserved population. It is also
unacceptable that CALD women are underserved because Australia is a high income country

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where appropriate mental health care should be accessible to everyone. Mental health in
Australia is a national health priority area (Dept of Finance, 2016) but resources aren’t being
targeted efficiently or effectively to support people with mental illness, particularly the CALD
population. Service providers are unanimous that more physical activity programs designed
specifically for CALD women need to be provided and that existing services need to extend their
reach in response to the needs of CALD women (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011).
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to use dance therapy as an intervention to provide a
culturally suitable primary mental health services for the CALD women throughout their lifestyle
to prevent them from falling through gaps which lead them to being underserved populace. It
will further help target the resources in NSW efficiently and effectively to support the CALD
women with mental illness, anxiety, stress and even PSTD. Thus it will specifically design a
dance therapy program for CALD women in a manner that further extends the prevailing
services to effectively respond to the CALD women needs thereby effectively reconnecting the
CALD women population to the “preferred sense of self” and integrated values.
Aim
This study aims at getting a grant that will help establish a dance therapy program to
help the suffering CALD women cope with mental illness, anxiety, stress, and even PSTD that
have emerged from the violence they have faced in the past countries of origin and have
continued to face in NSW despite having moved in to seek for safety and refuge.
General Objective

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To establish the relationship between dance therapy and copying with trauma and
mental illness
Specific Objective
 To find out whether dance therapy can help effectively cope with PTSD and anxiety
amongst the CALD women
 To establish whether dance therapy can help enhance quality of life, wellbeing, mood
affect and body image among the CALD women
Research Questions
 Can a dance program bring about a therapeutic positive outcome in response to
overwhelming trauma and mental health issues?
Significance of Study
The study is significance because it focuses on helping the CALD women who have
and continue to face challenges in NSW despite having gone there as a place to seek for safety
and refugee. It aims at using the dance therapy as an intervention to offer the support needed by
the women from CALD backgrounds to cope with mental illness, stress, anxiety and PSTD. In
practical terms, CALD women need to be listened to in a confidential as well as non-judgmental
context to be suitably supported/referred, as well as to receive info in an accessible style. In
essence, this is exactly what this study aims at achieving. Behind its obvious simplicity, efficient
service delivery remains deceptively compounded. CALD women survivors of sexual violence,
torture or trauma could have limited abilities to speak to daily challenges of life including
settlements, education, adjustment, and family, leave alone accessibility to therapeutic

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assistance. It could appear infeasible for CALD women to move on with their lives, especially
where they gone beyond “survival mode” and have acquired “freedom” to connect with previous
memories in a country that avails diverse levels of physical safety (Shepherd, 2016).
The studies have shown that the initial step in helping and supporting the CALD
background victims is to assist in coping with the “psychological effects of living in such
elongated uncertainty which this study seeks to do via dance therapy. Trauma memories remain
flashbacks to eras which most violated personal integrity: The feelings, thoughts and physical
sensations of the moment become re-experienced in the present. Such memories stay outside
normal memory and are never incorporated with what the CALD women currently know.
Accordingly, CADL women keep the guilt, anger, shame, fear, humiliation, helplessness,
dissociation, horror fresh as well as alive.
The CALD woman remains assaulted by them whenever a trauma memories intrude
and this disconnects such women from reality of who they presently are. Thus this study will be
significance amongst the CALD women as it seeks to focus at the reconnection of this
population to the “preferred sense of self” alongside integrated values. This is because the dance
therapists will be obliged to listen to the “unspeakable” to help the CALD women to unlock the
trauma. This because the dance therapist will never refuse to listen because doing so would have
the effect of maintaining the conspiracy of silence and stories remaining continuously unspoken.
Thus, the therapist will greatly assist the CALD women by being aware of such issues of a
responsible counselling or contact, self-care, self-awareness alongside capacity of sitting with
CALD women at their individual pace and on their individual terms instead of those of
practitioner. The dance therapist will also be aware of the need to understand the relationship

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between “logic” of thinking and culture which remains pivotal, and be aware that if never
attended to, could lead to severe misunderstandings as well as conflicts.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
The ancient philosophy of the African Village is based on a very strong belief in
inclusiveness where music and dance are highly regarded as forms of healing and are integrated
to form part of everyday life (Meekums, 2005). The Round Hut Village Dance Program for
Women is a simple: counsellor lead primary mental healthcare program that incorporates
traditional dancing not only from Africa but from the various CALD backgrounds of the women
participants. The program includes evidence based counselling and screening for domestic
violence and mental illness, together with health education, health promotion and illness
prevention which coincidentally are all activities of the philosophy of the African village
traditions. Increased physical activity is well known as an enabler of health and wellbeing for
women of all cultures (Cristina, 2011) and it is accepted that physical activity is associated with
improved psychological wellbeing in that it reduces stress, anxiety and depression (Payne, 2003).
There is strong evidence that community participation is especially important when
engaging with CALD consumers (Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre &
Multicultural Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2006) and there are plenty of physical
activity programs available in Sydney, ranging in price and provided by a range of government
and non-government organizations. Some are offered free of cost or for a very small fee by local
councils for eligible women, such as walking groups for new mothers, tai chi, and yoga. CALD
women, however, may not even be aware of physical activity programs at all because they are
marketed in English and many CALD women are illiterate in English. (Cristina M. Caperchione,

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2009) Many CALD women are also illiterate in their own language even if programs were
marketed in their language. (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011)
The needs of CALD women vary and many physical activity programs are considered
inappropriate for minority cultural groups for several reasons including; mainstream physical
activities at gymnasiums are inappropriate because some CALD women cannot be in the same
building as men when exercising and the exercises themselves are considered inappropriate.
Access to programs is a barrier also with lack of transport and the expense involved with
travelling and childcare costs was reported as the biggest barrier to attending physical activity
programs. (Cristina M Caperchione, 2011) Problems with ‘cold settings’ that inhibit the
development of rapport, have been reported as a barrier.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Formative research was undertaken to define the need for the program, to find potential
solutions and explore feasibility of different intervention methods. A literature review of
published studies and an analysis of possible interventions was carried out to guide the selection
of specific interventions to be used for ‘best practice’ to achieve change. Evidence of
effectiveness already exists for all elements of the program. Theoretical underpinnings of
counselling methods, physical activity programs, health education, and health screening have all
been assessed as effective in community and other settings.
The design of the program, the plan of the program, and the sequencing of the activities
to achieve maximum effect are innovative. The proposed is comprehensive intervention design
for The Round Hut Village Dance Program for Women is informed by the philosophy of African

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Village culture traditions whereby villagers were required to meet routinely once a week in the
main Round Hut for mental health purposes as part of their way of life. A ‘counsellor’ would
lead the meetings and community members would tell the ‘counsellor’ about any concerns or
problems they were experiencing and the counsellor would recommend solutions and give advice
(Jeong et al., 2005).
Community members were also expected to ‘help each other’ in terms of them having
had the same, or similar, problems or concerns and who could relate to and help others through a
‘shared experience model’ The traditions of the Round Hut Village culture are centuries old and
there are no written records of village life but resident Africans in Australia attest to the model.
Traditionally these regular meetings have three activities, carried out consecutively. Adherence
to the structure of the meeting is a formal practice and an important feature of the African
method to maintain wellbeing. The intervention is community based and counsellor lead and
uses a behavior change model of health promotion combined with increasing physical activity
through dance and music. Social activities such as sharing a meal and taking time to talk and
listen with others in the community are an important part of the program (Chan, 2014).
Working Hypothesis
 Dance therapy can help reduce anxiety and effectively help CALD women cope with
PST
Study area and Target Population
The target population is the CALD women living in NSW. The CALD women are
those female individuals from a range of different countries, races and ethnicities, who are
speaking different languages and follow different political, religious, and philosophical beliefs in

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NSW. The women from CALD backgrounds have distinctly diverse needs as they live in
Australian community. A great number of these women have witnessed violence in one way or
the other including rape, sexual assault, civil unrest, war amongst other kinds of conflicts in their
lifespan journey. Most of them have spent a great percentage of their time in detention camps or
refugee camps that lead to physical, mental as well as sexual health conditions. Upon arrival in
Australia, a convergence of variables enhances the risk of both physical and sexual violence for
CALD women.
Lack of support networks, community pressure, socio-economic disadvantage, and lack
of knowledge regarding rights for victims top the list of such converging factors. The issues of
planning to quit a relationship with a violent partner becomes a foolhardy undertaking as the
issue of finance increasingly become paramount and even those CALD women sponsored to
come to NSW/holding a visa with limited rights could lack access to health care/income support
and hence ineligible to work whereas their applications for residence are under considerations.
They are thus hesitant to report violence against them as a result of fear of deportation threat
hence will remain agonizing the effects of PSTD, stress and anxiety. Many CALD women fear
they could deported and face additional, and maybe enhanced, persecution.
The lack of access to accurate info among the CALD women compounds such a fear.
Thus, CALD women are increasingly vulnerable to exploitation sexually alongside added abuse
in the absence of income and as a result of measure they have to take to simply survive. Some of
the CALD women could be at extreme risks of sexual violence from even strategies due to
“cultural stereotyping” or partake either forcible/willingly in promiscuity. They are also harassed
in the labor force setting which genuinely pose continuing risks to both physical and
psychological safety of CALD women already susceptible and probably traumatized. They have

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also cited an extra pressure to keep paid employment as a result of financial needs as well as
tensions which financial issues could raise with spouses. Such a pressure further generates from
the hurdle in landing a job as a result of discrimination, lack of experience, racism and limited
English-language fluency. Within the broader social CALD women face discrimination and are
always devalued as well as disempowered within the NSW societies in which they sought safety
(LaVine, 2015).
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique adopted for this study was random sampling. The randomized
control trials was used. The CALD women sample frame was all pregnant CALD women
presenting to government health services in NSW who had been screened for mental illness,
regardless of background or race. From this sample frame, 200 CALD women were recruited for
the study. They included CALD women from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. A
randomized control trial (RCT) was used to allocate these CALD women at random to receive
the dance therapy intervention (Koch, Kunz, Lykou & Cruz, 2014).
There was a standard of comparison or control. The control was a standard practice, a
placebo (dance therapy) and the other group had no intervention at all. The RCT was used
because it enabled effective measurement and comparison of outcomes after the dance therapy
participation receptions. Since the outcomes are measured this was a quantitative study. The
RCT being a quantitative, comparative, controlled experiments enabled effective investigations
of two interventions in a series of CALD women who receive such interventions in random
manner. It was simplest and most powerful technique in this clinical research (Meekums, Karkou
& Nelson, 2015).
Outcome Measures

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The outcome measures focused at comparing the behavior of the CALD women who
receive the intervention (dance therapy) and those who never received the therapy, control group.
This was based on reduction in anxiety, stress, PSTD and ability to cope with mental illnesses.
Recruitment/ Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
The recruitment of the participants for this study was based on the sample frame of all
pregnant CALD women drawn all pregnant CALD women presenting to government health
services in NSW who had been screened for mental illness, regardless of background or race.
The participants would only be included in the study if they were CALD women, they had been
screened for mental illness and had not participated in dance therapy in the past. They would
otherwise been excluded if they had participated in the dance therapy before, if they were not
pregnant and if they had not been screened for mental illness (Scharoun, Reinders, Bryden &
Fletcher, 2014).
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) was instrumental in
helping know the classification of the mental illness. By using DSM-5 enabled the identification
of various classification of mental illness as it incorporated all the updated changes based on
diagnostic criteria and codes (Flood & Peretz, 2016).
Chapter 4: DISCUSSION
The family and environment greatly impacts on the ability of the mentally ill CALD
women to cope. Those women who still face problems in their marriage even after undergoing
through violence experience in their countries of origin have more severe PSTD, anxiety and
stress and this prolongs the healing process (DiGiacomo, Green, Rodrigues, Mulligan &
Davidson, 2015). On the other hand, those CALD women who have working relationships with
their partners after marriage are able to heal faster as they no experience does not resurface

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frequently when they have a peaceful family. The safer environment will promote the loss of bad
memories amongst the CALD women unlike the unsafe environment with continued forms of
violence. The CALD women expect that the country in which they seek safety will be safer than
their countries of origin and hence if this hold, then they are able to reconnect effectively.
The motional, abuse, sexual or domestic violence, and neglect have been rampant
amongst the CALD women both in their countries of origin and in NSW where they have sought
safety and refuge. The abuse of CALD women persist even in NSW because of several factors
including the fear of deportation and lack of awareness of their rights, financial hurdles and even
discrimination at workplaces. Thus these women do not report their continued violence and
neglect because they want to survive. The result is that CALD women remain trapped in endless
anxiety, stress, and PSTD and un-healed mental illness (Hildebrandt, Koch & Fuchs, 2016).
There was an apparent difference in CALD women’s behaviors before and after dance
therapy (expressive) based control and intervention groups. CALD women who received the
intervention had a therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental
health issues unlike those in the control group. For example, CALD women who received the
therapy reported reduced anxiety, stress and PSTD. They indicated that they were then able to
cope with their mental illness and that they had known their rights and would no longer fear of
being deported when they report the violence, discrimination, neglect and sexual abuse against
them. On the other hand, the CALD women in the control showed no positive behavior change
and were still trapped in anxiety, stress and inability to cope well with their mental illness (Peled,
Shpunt, Manor, Brozgol, Ezra, Hezi & Gurevich, 2016).
From the interventions outcome, it is clear that dance therapy can be used to trigger a
therapeutic positive outcome in response to overwhelming trauma and mental health issues.

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Thus, it will be used if this program is fully funded to prevent other problems like depressions,
self-harm, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, reducing physical illness, increases interactions with family
and friends, improved life style, reduces PTSD. The program will use CBT, DBT, and DSM 5
focusing on directly on the underlying causes of such additional problems in a proactive manner
to prevent them amongst the CALD women (Serlin, 2010).
This is based on the realization that when anxiety strikes, the response accorded to it is
crucial in determining the further problems that ensue. Turning on the music and dance has been
cited as one that might seem far-fetched, yet psychologists and therapists have cited it as being
effective response. As one dance, he will be witnessing release, self-expression and frequently,
joy (Flood, 2013). Thus treatment of anxiety by therapists have sorted to dance therapy as a
potential to act as an efficient and effective treatment for anxiety as dance can bot h be an outlet
for creativity and a mechanism of accessing a peaceful mind’s state (Chang, 2015). Therapist
uses dance as expressive movement and breathing thereby deflating hyper-aroused thoughts
stopping CALD women from thinking about outrageous experiences (Chaiklin & Wengrower,
2015). Dance movement thus brings anxious CALD women back to a more primitive, and
subsequently, more liberated state of mind. It triggers CALD women’s thought to simplify, to
focus on their bodies as well as their movement rather than of more compounded life stressors
(Chaiklin & Wengrower, 2015).
The goal of Dance therapy treatment and approaches including reduction in symptoms of
anxiety, depression, self-harm thus will help CALD women to cope with severe anxiety, mental
and physical trauma, depression as well as substance dependence. The therapist will guide the
CALD women via well-structured improvisational body movement. This implies, whereas
CALD women are never limited to a stringent routine, they are guided towards body awareness,

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body image exercises, inner focus work, circle dances as well as tension alongside release
exercises. Thus movements are the major assessment as well as mode of dance therapy
interventions (Caperchione, Kolt, Tennent & Mummery, 2011).
The treatment-for stability and rehabilitation will thus follow as the participants will
receive the therapy in a continual manner and this with time will help them recover from mental
illness, anxiety and even PSTD. Other medical treatment will ensure specific to DSM-5
classification of mental illness and treatment amongst the CALD women based on this program
free of charge once the fund is given to increase healthcare access (Koch, Mehl, Sobanski, Sieber
& Fuchs, 2015).
In regards to Public policy-in research trauma, dance therapy can be restorative
experience when dealing with CALD women PTSD alongside other kinds of trauma. It will
provide mechanisms with which the therapist will test reality, to be more grounded, to reach
otherwise lost positive body memories, and above all, reclaim CALD women’s own bodies.
However, there are specific group that can benefit from dance movement therapy healing powers
(Bradt, Shim & Goodill, 2015).
In respect of the dance program (expression), various studies have affirmed that dance
movement therapy has been affirmed to reduce anxiety among CALD women with shy
demeanors and who need a little extra assistance arising from their shells including those
agonizing from depression and anxiety in social contexts. The dance therapy has enhanced self-
expression and confidence in CALD women who are socially anxious, eventually boosting their
ability to feel increasingly comfortable in contexts that encompass interactions with others
(Karkou & Meekums, 2014). The creative dance movement therapies have been shifting CALD
women’s focus alongside regulating and controlling overwhelming emotions as well as thoughts-

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particularly for CALD women struggling with PSTD as it improves awareness of bodies and
emotions. Thus, therapy-difference in person’s behavior and personal state of mind and body
will greatly save money for the government (Allimant & Ostapiej-Piatkowski, 2011). This is
because the personality saves money for government as CALD women will be effectively and
efficiently cared for in groups rather than costly individualized-centeredness therapeutics.
It is upon this background that this proposal for grant needs to be approved as based on
the budget already drawn as capture in the appendix. This grant award will not only benefit the
CALD women, but will also save money for the government. It is thus my humbled prayer that
this grant be awarded as the cost-benefit anlysis validates that it has more benefits than costs.

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REFERENCES
Allimant, A., & Ostapiej-Piatkowski, B. (2011). Supporting women from CALD backgrounds
who are victims/survivors of sexual violence. Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual
Assault (ACSSA) Wrap, (9).
Bradt, J., Shim, M., & Goodill, S. W. (2015). Dance/movement therapy for improving
psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. The Cochrane Library.
Caperchione, C. M., Kolt, G. S., Tennent, R., & Mummery, W. K. (2011). Physical activity
behaviours of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women living in Australia: a
qualitative study of socio-cultural influences. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 26.
Chaiklin, S., & Wengrower, H. (Eds.). (2015). The art and science of dance/movement therapy:
Life is dance. Routledge.
Chan, G. (2014). Cross-cultural music therapy in community aged-care: A case vignette of a
CALD elderly woman. The Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 92-102.
Chang, M. H. (2015). 16 Cultural Consciousness and the Global Context of Dance/Movement
Therapy. The art and science of dance/movement therapy: Life is dance, 317.
DiGiacomo, M., Green, A., Rodrigues, E., Mulligan, K., & Davidson, P. M. (2015). Developing
a gender-based approach to chronic conditions and women’s health: a qualitative
investigation of community-dwelling women and service provider perspectives. BMC
women's health, 15(1), 105.
Flood, M. (2013, April). Engaging men from diverse backgrounds in preventing men’s violence
against women. In Stand Up! National Conference on Eliminating All Forms of Violence
Against CaLD Women (pp. 29-30).

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Flood, M., & Peretz, T. (2016). Involving men in ending vio-lence against women: Facing
challenges and making change. Graduate Journal of Social Science, 12(3), 12-29.
Hildebrandt, M. K., Koch, S. C., & Fuchs, T. (2016). “We Dance and Find Each Other” 1:
Effects of Dance/Movement Therapy on Negative Symptoms in Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Behavioral Sciences, 6(4), 24.
Jeong, Y. J., Hong, S. C., Lee, M. S., Park, M. C., Kim, Y. K., & Suh, C. M. (2005). Dance
movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in
adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(12), 1711-
1720.
Karkou, V., & Meekums, B. (2014). Dance movement therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database
of Systematic Reviews, 3.
Koch, S. C., Mehl, L., Sobanski, E., Sieber, M., & Fuchs, T. (2015). Fixing the mirrors: A
feasibility study of the effects of dance movement therapy on young adults with autism
spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(3), 338-350.
Koch, S., Kunz, T., Lykou, S., & Cruz, R. (2014). Effects of dance movement therapy and dance
on health-related psychological outcomes: A meta-analysis. The Arts in Psychotherapy,
41(1), 46-64.
LaVine, S. B. (2015). Dance Movement Therapy.
Meekums, B. (2005). Dance movement therapy.
Meekums, B., Karkou, V., & Nelson, A. (2015). Dance movement therapy for depression.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), 1-54.
Payne, H. (2003). Dance movement therapy: Theory and practice. Routledge.

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Peled, R., Shpunt, D., Manor, Y., Brozgol, M., Ezra, A., Hezi, N., ... & Gurevich, T. (2016).
Multidisciplinary group program integrating voice and dance movement therapy for
Parkinson's disease patients: Preliminary experience. Movement Disorders, 31, S251.
Scharoun, S. M., Reinders, N. J., Bryden, P. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2014). Dance/movement
therapy as an intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal
of Dance Therapy, 36(2), 209-228.
Serlin, I. A. (2010). Dance/movement therapy. Corsini encyclopedia of psychology.
Shepherd, S. (2016). Criminal engagement and Australian culturally and linguistically diverse
populations: Challenges and implications for forensic risk assessment. Psychiatry,
Psychology and Law, 23(2), 256-274.

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APPENDIX (Student to copy-paste the budget here)