Abstract The purpose of this report is to identify the problems

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to identify the problems that restrict the development of
sustainable tourism, its importance in contemporary times, and what factors can play an
integral role in developing sustainable tourism in potential regions. Sustainable tourism has
become an essential development policy for various tourist destination in order to develop an
economically optimized, regionally feasible and environment friendly scenario to promote
long term sustainability of the destination. The report conducts a detailed review of literature
to identify the problems, and influencing factors for sustainable tourism. Moreover, the report
will dissect the idea of Environment-friendly and economically feasibility travelling and how
it challenges the ordinary methods for designing systems for a national travelling plan.
Monetarily, the travelling arranging is far-sighted and it includes considering various
divisions so as to trigger the development viable and effective.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................2
2. Research Strategy..........................................................................................................................3
3. Literature Review..........................................................................................................................4
4. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................9
5. Recommendations.......................................................................................................................10
5.1. Butler And Waldbrook (1990) Tourism Opportunity Spectrum...........................................10
5.2. Jafari (1990) Platforms Of Tourism Research......................................................................10
5.3. Macbeth (2005) Value Full Tourism....................................................................................11
5.4. Leiper’s (1979) Model Of The Tourism System..................................................................12
References...........................................................................................................................................12

1. Introduction
It is human psychology that they tend to have attachment and emotional association with
certain geographic locations. This affiliation can be due to beauty, aura, charisma, religious
sentiments, and other socio-psychological factors. In order to satisfy this association, human
beings tend to travel towards those destinations for the purpose of recreation, education,
awareness or pilgrimage. Collectively, it takes the shape of traveling that is one of the most
potential ways of stabilizing the economy of the local region and promotes the significance of
the region as well. However, in order to keep the traveling a pleasant experience, a major
responsibility is on the shoulders of the local government for the management, strategic
planning and the security of the hosts and the visitors. For this purpose, several researchers
have presented the traveling models that depend upon human psychology, social behavior,
general attitude and interconnection of the locals and the visitors. These models can be
greatly helpful for the local authorities for understanding and managing the visitor patterns.
The report will, in general, dissect the idea of Environment-friendly and economically
feasibility travelling and how it challenges the ordinary methods for designing systems for a
national travelling plan. The discoveries depend on looking at the travelling development
projects and their usage in developing and developed nations. Monetarily, the travelling
arranging is far-sighted and it includes considering various divisions so as to trigger the
development viable and effective. The report centers around contrasting the ST and
traditional travelling arranging. At last, suggestions are incorporated for future development
arranging and development idea.
2. Research Strategy
In order to produce this report, a qualitative and analytical approach was taken. For gathering
the foundation data, a detailed review of available literature was conducted. The chosen

journal articles were carefully reviewed, analyzed and composed to discuss the concerned
issues. The journal articles were gathered from the following sources (Google Search,
EBSCO, & Science Direct) with the key search terms (Sustainable Tourism global issues).
The journal articles are of no older than 5 years. However, to produce recommendations,
primary sources for reliable and verifiable tourism models and theories are cited. This
ensured in developing the credibility of the report.
3. Literature Review
As explained by Ganglmair-Wooliscroft & Wooliscroft (2016) “The acceleration of
sustainable production and consumption patterns is the overarching goal of a major 10-year
United Nations initiative that includes six focus areas (UNEP, 2015) including Sustainable
Tourism development”. The authors conducted a detailed met-analysis to conduct this
qualitative study and develop a comprehensive association and relationship between
sustainable tourism and various socio-cultural factors. This is one of the most precise and to-
the-point and comprehensive resources discussing the impact of sustainable tourism. The
source is based on current perceptions and social ideologies presenting the credibility of
information in different contexts i.e. current times and previous decades.
Similarly, Muler Gonzalez et al. (2018) explained that there are “various theoretical
frameworks have been used to study residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts”. The authors
conducted a qualitative and analytical study to identify these frameworks, and evaluate their
effectiveness for promoting sustainable tourism in various geographic locations. Furthermore,
the extensive use of sources and cited material ensures the verifiability and reliability of the
study. This is also a very reliable and persuasive research based precisely on the topic
relevant to our research. Therefore, the thesis and the agenda of this research is somewhat in
accordance to my point for view for the research paper.

According to Hemachandran & Anu (2018) the “Sustainability is mostly seen as a goal and
there are many ways it can be attained”. In this study, the author conducted a detailed
analytical study regarding the sustainability as an ultimate economic and environmental goal
of tourism with inclusion of government agencies as well. The research can serve as an
essential evidence to the claim that education has definitely brought changes in the
perceptions and ideology regarding sustainability. Since the research is analytical, it is
reliable and persuasive.
According to Holladay et al. (2018) “this development [sustainable tourism development]
should take into account variables related to social, economic and environmental factors”.
The research has verifiability and validity since it proves a qualitative measure through a
quantitative approach. it follows a Sagacity and scholastic approach that shows that the
education and appearance is not specifically prescient of sustainability.
As indicated by (Edgell, 2016), these days, it has turned out to be increasingly critical to
manage ST development. For this, it is fundamental to consider developing natural issues.
Travelling development is arranged and executed with the point of invigorating the territorial
monetary development in the developing nations. Previously, the travelling development
arranging was considered as a private area action than expected to fulfill the developing
needs of the dynamic business. Travelling has significantly impacted various destinations and
places the world over. Be that as it may, numerous situations suggest the unfriendly effect of
travelling on the earth and networks. To manage the negative effect, it is important to design
travelling as per the methods of reasoning of environment-friendly and economically
feasibility.
(Mihalic, 2016) showed that the idea of eco-traveling had been generally acknowledged by
various nations and districts to convey put their arranging and development capacities and

procedures. It depends on the idea of making a superior future by guaranteeing that the
present isn't undermined. Eco-travelling means to defend and secure the world's capacity to
help life. It is for the most part worried about the social value, cultural diversity, natural
assurance, and developing a feasible economy. ST intends to meet the biological, cultural,
financial, and social necessities of a nation. It depends on focusing on the long haul parts of
travelling by guaranteeing that the present and future requests are met adequately and
morally. The term environment-friendly and economically feasibility centers around the long
haul and future-arranged prerequisites, which must be satisfied by taking considerable
activities and decisions. (The essential goal of ST development is to concentrate on various
regions of eco-travelling in travelling. The idea of ST is relevant to every one of the kinds of
destinations and all types of travelling. Taking the case of visitor instruction guide programs
ST arranging can be comprehended in a superior way. These projects intend to teach the
visitors about the common habitat and assets so they esteem its conservation.
(Din, 2018) revealed that eco-travelling is considered as a standout amongst the best answers
for social debasement and other condition issues. The idea of ST development includes
various dimensions that relate the culture, financial, social, and natural development with one
another. The eco-travelling arranging mostly centers around the protection of natural assets,
and the exercises are arranged in such a way, that the intensive and excessive utilization of
assets is maintained a strategic distance from. Green Globe is one of the ST activities taken
by the travelling administrators (Budeanu et al. 2016). It advances environment-friendly and
economically feasible travel and travelling over the triple main concern. The Environment
friendly and economically feasible Business Company is responsible for observing and
assisting the travelling administrators in the nation with the goal that they can encourage the
development of ST development programs.

As expressed by (Ruhanen et al. 2015), the global giver agencies and government were
responsible for advancing the travelling development arranging in developing countries. The
traditional travelling arranging depends on the idea of making a huge benefit by fulfilling the
visitors. It is a visitor-situated development arranging and has encouraged numerous nations
in upgrading their travelling part. The show arranging offers need to financial advantages.
The headway in Information and Technology has encouraged the show travelling industry.
With the passage of time, the significance of ordinary travelling has quickly upgraded as it
relevantly affects nature, economy, and populace of the picked spot. To advance ordinary
travelling and make progress through it, it is critical to plan and actualize viable procedures
(Din, 2018).
As per (Budeanu et al. 2016), the development in the travelling business has positively and
contrarily influenced various parts of the social orders and networks. Eco-travelling centers
around arranging and development without the abuse of the normal assets or influencing the
cultural parts of the social orders. It expects to safeguard the culture and nature for the who
and what is to come. Arranging of ST is subject to safeguarding the earth and settling on
decisions that lead to positive development. The ST faces various kinds of challenges at an
alternate dimension, which incorporate making travelling accessible to all, safeguarding the
common and cultural assets, lessening the regularity of interest, and advancing the prosperity
of the local social orders and networks.
The examination of regular and ST has helped in understanding that traditional travelling isn't
really wanted to consider the upgrade of instruction or preservation. It doesn't intend to
upgrade the local network, if the objectives are targets of the ordinary development plan are
not viably managed, it can bring about harming the delicate condition. The culture and assets
are additionally under the risk of being destroyed or changed because of regular travelling.
(Budeanu et al. 2016) asserted that previously, numerous ordinary travelling practices

represented a danger to the preservation. It was because of the absence of control,
management, and inadequate arranging strategies.
Interestingly, the ST is arranged with the point of profiting the local residents, ensuring the
culture, and preserving the characteristic assets. The arrangement includes instructing both
the local residents and visitors. (Budeanu et al. 2016) expressed that the advantages of ST are
similar to ordinary travelling. Likewise, it secures the culture and regular assets as well as
spotlights on the prosperity of the network and society both financially and socially. The
customary arranging just spotlights on benefits, while ST depends on improving nature and
network and accomplishing benefits. The regular travelling is visitor-situated while ST is
locally-arranged. Traditional emphasizes on making amusement for the visitors, while ST
provides learning background where protection of the common assets is named as a need. It is
trusted that the travelling arranging is reliant on the objectives and destinations set by the
administration and travelling industry. There are sure strategies and guidelines that must be
pursued all through the arranging and usage process.
The travelling business is developing and developing constantly with the passage of time. To
accomplish ST development, it is imperative to concentrate on following the standards of ST
(Budeanu et al. 2016). As the dimension of challenges and complexities have expanded, it is
prescribed to pursue the accompanying standards to achieve the objective of development
(Budeanu et al. 2016):
• Plan for long haul objectives and targets
• Set and regard the points of confinement of condition and society
• Monitor the changes and developments persistently
• Take a coordinated or all-encompassing way to deal with development

• Choose a satisfactory pace of development
• Take financially savvy strategies and methodologies
• Involve the partners during the time spent development
• Examine and manage chance by actualizing hazard moderation techniques
George Doxey proposed an index of resident irritation, or irridex for short, in order to
describe the evolution of local attitudes in tourist destinations. According to Doxey’s
research, resident is ‘euphoric’ during the initial stages of the irridex as an increasing number
of tourists provide for good company and means of financial sustenance for the locals. As the
number of tourists increases, the locals begin to take them for granted and communication
and interactions are restricted to more formal and commercial means. This may eventually
lead to direct ‘antagonistic' actions once the social, cultural and environment carriage
capability of a destination is breached and exceeded. An attitude matching ‘resignation' may
eventually envelop the locals once they realize that they have no choice but to adapt to a
drastically changing community setting. Though Doxey’s research may hold some truth,
empirical findings have provided only partial support for the irridex.
The relation between the hosts and the tourist does depend on the following factors;
1. The good or the harm the tourists are bringing to the locals and the local society;
2. The frequency of tourism activities;
3. Psychology of the respective region.
4. Conclusion
As already stated, tourism is one of the unconventional types of industry that helps the local
government boost up their economic stability and enhance their recognition all over the

world. However, the tourism depends on several factors such as the hospitality of the local
people and government, facilities provided at the tourist attraction, the feasibility of travelling
to the regions, motivational factors and the comfort level. In accordance with these, the
beautification or the enhanced level of sentimental attachment to the destination also has a
deep impact on the tourism trends and patterns. In order to keep the flow stable and
manageable, it is important for the local government to plan tourism activities and
destinations properly. They must have a sound strategic plan for the management and the
security of the tourists. Other than that an investment must also be made for the preservation
and the enhancement of the destination so that it may be able to keep its charm intact and
flourishing.
5. Recommendations
Following are some of the effective theoretical frameworks that can help the authorities in
developing and promoting systematic sustainable tourism.
5.1. Butler And Waldbrook (1990) Tourism Opportunity Spectrum
Butler and Waldbrook claim that it is the remote, frontier areas that are underdeveloped
which hold the greatest opportunity for outdoor experiences and adventure travels. They also
stated that products related to tourism undergo continuous development. They developed a
model which helped to illustrate just how this was possible. The model provides values takes
into the account the number and personalities of tourists, the level of the packaging of good
related to the field the level of adventure being offered by a destination and how, as the
number of tourists increases and their purpose diversifies from individual to mass tourism,
product development enters new stages. The values provide a measurement of environmental
concern, but the model itself cannot completely explain or predict behavior.

In a review of the scientific literature on the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), Butler
and Waldbrook provide areas of recreational interest such as ecotourism and tourism.
5.2. Jafari (1990) Platforms Of Tourism Research
Jafari presented a conceptual framework in order to better explain the progress of tourism
research. As tourism began as an industry around the globe, a variety of negative effects were
materializing, creating a need for a more critical and precautionary approach towards
research regarding tourism and policymaking. Initially, policy and planning of tourist
attractions were based on four platforms known as ‘advocacy,' ‘cautionary,' ‘Adaptec,' and
‘knowledge-based.' However, Jafari argued that 3 of these platforms were not sufficient
enough to completely understand the true meaning of tourism, instead of placing emphasis on
the knowledge-based platform got researcher, policy makers, planners and manager’s needs.
This would establish the fact that tourism was a complex social, cultural and economic
phenomenon. He seeks a more sustainable platform which could involve sustainable concepts
for both understanding and managing tourism and development. He also states that tourism
should be considered as but one of many options for development and management.
5.3. Macbeth (2005) Value Full Tourism
Macbeth claims that sustainable development should involve progressing in all possible
aspects of development, such as social, cultural and environmental development. He argues
that development should not be based solely around financial gain and that pursuing progress
on the above mentioned three aspects should be an important aspect of how to measure
tourism yield. This would involve including an understanding of the limitations that must be
imposed on development in order for it to be actually sustainable. This rather broad concept
of sustainable yield plays an important role in policymaking. Macbeth and Northcote propose
a concept known as ‘visitor yield' that refers to the number of tourists visiting a location. It

implies that the goal of tourism marketing is the association of expenditures related to said
visitors, rather than just generating a high tourist yield. It is also implied that a higher visitor
yield is directly associated with increased social and environmental impact.
5.4. Leiper’s (1979) Model Of The Tourism System
As per the Leiper's model, the tourism model is more like a system than the industry. Leiper’s
model considers the entire tourism model as the system starting from the homes or the
localities of the tourists towards the tourism attractions. The entire system consists of the
three systems that include: originating regions of the tourists; the attractions units having
distinct features and services that attract the tourism; and the transit routes that allow the
transition or the flow of the tourists from the locality to the tourist destination.

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