Accounting and Finance

This document provides study material for the Accounting and Finance course. It includes solved assignments and essays on various topics related to accounting and finance. The document covers topics such as calculating monthly savings, investment analysis, risk in investment, Australian dividend imputation credit system, and more.

Running head: ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Accounting and Finance
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1ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Table of Contents
Question 1:.......................................................................................................................................3
a) Calculating the monthly amount needed to save for before the holiday:....................................3
bi) Indicating whether investment will be purchased:.....................................................................3
bii) Indicating what will be value of cash flow at the end of year 2:..............................................4
ci) Calculating the value of Gaye’s financial assets when she retires at the age of 60:..................4
cii) Calculating the monthly pension amount that Gaye will receive on her retirement:................5
Question 2:.......................................................................................................................................5
i) Explaining the concept of Real Rate of Interest with adequate example:....................................5
ii) Defining the negative gearing in context of Australian housing market and provide a general
evaluation of the Australian economy and society:.........................................................................6
Question 3:.......................................................................................................................................7
i) Defining risk in terms of investment:...........................................................................................7
ii) Explaining the Australian dividend imputation credit system, where Australian resident and
international investors:.....................................................................................................................8
iii) Calculating the monthly returns in $ and %:..............................................................................8
iv) Calculating the average monthly return for BHP:......................................................................9
v) Calculating the annual holding period for international shareholders for BHP:.........................9
vi) Calculating the annual holding period for Australian shareholders for BHP:...........................9
vii) Calculating the MKT monthly returns for Australian market:..................................................9
viii) Calculating the average monthly return for MKT:................................................................10
ix) Calculating the annual holding period return for the Australian Share market:......................10
x) Drawing the graph for BHP and MKT:.....................................................................................11

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xi) Calculating the risk measured for by standard deviation for both BHP and MKT:.................11
xii) Detecting how risky is BHP:...................................................................................................11
xiii) Calculating the CAPM value for BHP:..................................................................................11
xiv) Plotting the SML in scatter graph:.........................................................................................12
xv) Recreating the graph with actual return of BHP:....................................................................13
xvi) Calculating the return and beta for portfolio:.........................................................................13
References:....................................................................................................................................14

3ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Question 1:
a) Calculating the monthly amount needed to save for before the holiday:
Particulars Value
FV $ 20,000
Rate 6%
r 0.005
T 15
PMT (20,000*0.005) / (((1+0.005)^15)-1)
PMT $ 1,287.29
The monthly payment required for completing the holding fund is $1,287.29.
bi) Indicating whether investment will be purchased:
End of Year Cash Flow Rate Dis-value
0 $ (16,000.00) 1.00 $ (16,000.00)
1 $ (2,500.00) 0.87 $ (2,173.91)
2 $ - 0.76 $ -
3 $ 5,000.00 0.66 $ 3,287.58
4 $ 6,800.00 0.57 $ 3,887.92
5 $ 7,000.00 0.50 $ 3,480.24
6 $ 7,000.00 0.43 $ 3,026.29
7 $ 9,500.00 0.38 $ 3,571.40
8 $ 5,500.00 0.33 $ 1,797.96
9 $ 2,000.00 0.28 $ 568.52

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10 $ (4,500.00) 0.25 $ (1,112.33)
Expected return 15%
NPV $ 333.68
The project needs to be selected for investment, as the NPV value is $33.68, which
indicates a higher income that will be generated from investment.
bii) Indicating what will be value of cash flow at the end of year 2:
Value at the end of year 2 $ (2,173.91)
The value of the cash flow at the end of year 2 will be -$2,173.91 after using the
discounting method.
ci) Calculating the value of Gaye’s financial assets when she retires at the age of 60:
Particulars Value
Diversified portfolio $ 125,000
Rate 6%
Time 15.00
FV 125,000*((1+6%)^15)
FV $ 299,569.77
Particulars Value
Superannuation $ 750,000
Contribution monthly $ 1,000
Rate 8.00%
R 0.67%
Time 15.00
T 180.00
FV FV(0.67%,180,-1,000,-750,000)
FV $ 2,826,229.33

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FV of Diversified portfolio $ 299,569.77
FV of Superannuation $ 2,826,229.33
Value of Gaye’s financial assets $ 299,569.77 + $2,826,229.33
Value of Gaye’s financial assets $ 3,125,799.10
The above calculations indicate that Gaye’s financial assets at the time of retirement will
be at the levels of $3,125,799.10, which comprises of investment from diversified portfolio and
superannuation.
cii) Calculating the monthly pension amount that Gaye will receive on her retirement:
Particulars Value
Value of Gaye’s financial assets $ 3,125,799.10
Time 30
T 360
FV $ 100,000
Rate 3%
R 0.25%
PMT PMT(0.25%,360,-3,125,799.10,100,000,0)
PMT $13,006.89
The calculation indicates that the monthly pension amount that Gaye will receive after
the retirement for 90 years is $13,00.89 monthly.
Question 2:
i) Explaining the concept of Real Rate of Interest with adequate example:
Particulars Value
Investment $ 100,000

6ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
rate 0.50%
Inflation 0.10%
Calculating real return in amount $ 100,399.60
Calculating real return $ 399.60
Particulars Value
rate 0.50%
Inflation 0.10%
Real interest
rate 0.400%
The above calculation provides insight of the real interest rate calculation, which
considers the inflation rate to determine the return that is generated from an investment. The real
interest rate is derived after adjusting for the inflation rate, as the purchasing power of money
reduces due to the increase in inflation. This mainly indicates that the declining purchasing
power of money is discounted by the inflation rate, which directly reduces the actual return that
is generated from an investment. The formula (1+interest rate) / (1+inflation rate) – 1 is mainly
used for calculating the real interest rate for detecting the actual income that can be generated
from an investment. The above calculation has taken the example of an investment of $100,000,
where the interest rate is 0.50%, while the inflation is assumed to be at the levels of 0.10%.
Hence, the investment yields a return of $100,500, while the real return after discounting for the
inflation rate is $100,399.60. Therefore, it can be detected that with the inclusion of inflation rate
the overall investment return declines. The calculation conducted for the real interest rate is
indicates that the normal interest rate after discounting from the inflation rate reduces the actual
interest rate generated from an investment (Hambur & Finlay, 2018).

7ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
ii) Defining the negative gearing in context of Australian housing market and provide a
general evaluation of the Australian economy and society:
Negative gearing in context of Australian housing market, which indicates that the
investor takes on a debt for acquiring an income generating asset. The negative gearing asset
income is mainly less than the cost of managing the assets. The relevant cost such as interests
and depreciation are higher than the actual income generated from an investment in the housing
market. In addition, the main reason behind the investment in negative gearing is the tax benefits
that can be generated from an investment. Hence, the investment in negative gearing is
conducted for generating income from capital gains after selling the property. Thus, it is
anticipated that after the gains is higher than the actual expenses and losses incurred during the
holding period of property.
During 2016 the negative gearing investment was highlighted, as the Australian investors
were keen on increasing their income from an investment in property. In addition, the negative
gearing investment measure will benefit the wealthy and do not provide benefit to less wealthy.
Hence, the use of negative gearing investment increases the chance of speculations that can be
conducted by investors in the housing market, which in turn raises the possibility of housing
bubble. The rising housing bubble with the inflating housing prices will directly result in
manipulations that can be conducted in the Australian market. The bubble in the housing market
is not appropriate for investors, as seen in the previous financial crisis of 2008. Thus, the tax
benefit that is provided to the rich in form of negative gearing investment should not be provided
in an Australian economy (Blunden, 2016).

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Question 3:
i) Defining risk in terms of investment:
Risk in terms of investment is considered not bad, as the rising risk also raises the level of
returns that can be generated from an investment. In terms of investment perspective, the risk
involved with the investment is directly associated with its risk attributes. The investors for
raising the level of income choose stock that are risky, as they provide higher yield from
investment. Therefore, it can be detected that with the rising level of risk the investors are able to
generate high level of income, where relevant portfolios are prepared for minimizing the
negative impact of risk and maximizing the returns that can be generated from an investment.
Risk is an integral part of investment, as without risk investor are not able to increase the return
that can be generated from an investment (Kim & Zhang, 2016).
ii) Explaining the Australian dividend imputation credit system, where Australian resident
and international investors:
Australian dividend imputation system is a corporate tax system that allows the investors
from Australia to generate tax credits on the dividends. The dividend imputations system mainly
eliminates the tax disadvantage of the dividends to shareholders, who reduces the possibility of
double taxations and minimizes the tax expense of Australian taxpayers. The dividend
imputation system allows the international investors to minimizes the impact of double taxation,
while increasing the benefits from investment (Finsia.com, 2019).

9ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
iii) Calculating the monthly returns in $ and %:
Date Open
Clos
e Dividends (100% Franked) Return$ BHP Return%
Jan 29.6 30.2
$
0.60 2.03%
Feb 30.2 30.5
$
0.30 0.99%
Mar 30.5 28.2 0.705852 $ -1.59 -5.23%
Apr 28.2 31
$
2.80 9.93%
May 31 32.8
$
1.80 5.81%
Jun 32.8 33.9
$
1.10 3.35%
Jul 33.9 34.9
$
1.00 2.95%
Aug 34.9 33.2 $ -1.70 -4.87%
Sep 33.2 34.6 0.855978
$
2.26 6.80%
Oct 34.6 32.2 $ -2.40 -6.94%
Nov 32.2 30.7 $ -1.50 -4.66%
Dec 30.7 34.2
$
3.50 11.40%
iv) Calculating the average monthly return for BHP:
iv) Average return 1.80%
v) Calculating the annual holding period for international shareholders for BHP:
Particulars Value
Annual holding period $ (34.2-29.6)
Annual holding period $ $ 4.60
Annual holding period % (34.2-29.6)/29.6
Annual holding period % 15.54%

10ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
vi) Calculating the annual holding period for Australian shareholders for BHP:
Particulars Value
Annual holding period $ (34.2+0.705852+0.855978-29.6)
Annual holding period $ $ 6.16
Annual holding period
% (6.16)/29.6
Annual holding period
% 20.82%
vii) Calculating the MKT monthly returns for Australian market:
Date Open Close ALL ORDS Return%
Jan 6147 6117 -0.49%
Feb 6117 5869 -4.05%
Mar 5869 6072 3.46%
Apr 6072 6124 0.86%
May 6124 6290 2.71%
Jun 6290 6366 1.21%
Jul 6366 6428 0.97%
Aug 6428 6326 -1.59%
Sep 6326 5913 -6.53%
Oct 5913 5749 -2.77%
Nov 5749 5709 -0.70%
Dec 5709 5783 1.30%
viii) Calculating the average monthly return for MKT:
Average return -0.47%
ix) Calculating the annual holding period return for the Australian Share market:
Particulars Value

11ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Annual holding period % (5783-6147)/6147
Annual holding period % -5.92%
x) Drawing the graph for BHP and MKT:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
BHP Return% ALL ORDS Return%
xi) Calculating the risk measured for by standard deviation for both BHP and MKT:
Particulars BHP ALL ORDS
Standard deviation 0.0614676 0.02884
xii) Detecting how risky is BHP:
The beta of BHP is mainly at the levels of 1.12, which is higher than the market beta of 1.
This indicates that the risk of BHP is high, where fluctuations in the process of the company is
influenced by the market movement.

12ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
xiii) Calculating the CAPM value for BHP:
Particulars Value
Rf 2.29%
Rm 9.55%
Beta 1.12
CAPM
2.29%+(1.12*(9.55%-
2.29%))
CAPM 10.42%
xiv) Plotting the SML in scatter graph:
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
SML
Rf BHP Rm SML
Axis Title

13ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
xv) Recreating the graph with actual return of BHP:
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-7.00%
-6.00%
-5.00%
-4.00%
-3.00%
-2.00%
-1.00%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
SML
Rf BHP Rm SML
Axis Title
xvi) Calculating the return and beta for portfolio:
Particulars BHP ALL ORDS
Return 10.42% 9.55%
Beta 1.12 1
Weight 40% 60%
Portfolio return
(40%*10.42%) +
(60%*9.55%)
Portfolio return 9.90%
Portfolio beta (40%*1.12) + (60%*1)
Portfolio beta 1.05

14ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
References:
Blunden, H. (2016). Discourses around negative gearing of investment properties in
Australia. Housing Studies, 31(3), 340-357.
Finsia.com. (2019). Finsia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2019, from
https://www.finsia.com/insights/news/news-article/2016/04/18/dividend-imputation-the-
international-experience
Hambur, J., & Finlay, R. (2018). Affine Endeavour: Estimating a Joint Model of the Nominal
and Real Term Structures of Interest Rates in Australia (No. rdp2018-02). Reserve Bank
of Australia.
Kim, J. B., & Zhang, L. (2016). Accounting conservatism and stock price crash risk: Firm‐level
evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research, 33(1), 412-441.