Accounting and Finance

This document provides study material for the subject of Accounting and Finance. It includes answers to various questions related to topics such as monthly deposits, net present value, risk and return, dividend imputation credit system, and more.

Running head: ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Accounting and Finance
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Table of Contents
Answer to question 1:.................................................................................................................2
Sub part (a):............................................................................................................................2
Sub part (b)-i:.........................................................................................................................2
Sub part (b)-ii:........................................................................................................................2
Sub part (c)-i:.........................................................................................................................3
Sub part (c)-ii:........................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 2:.................................................................................................................4
Sub part (i):............................................................................................................................4
Sub part (ii):...........................................................................................................................4
Answer to question 3:.................................................................................................................5
Sub part (i):............................................................................................................................5
Sub part (ii):...........................................................................................................................5
Sub part (iii) and (iv):.............................................................................................................6
Sub part (v):............................................................................................................................6
Sub part (vi):..........................................................................................................................7
Sub part (vii), (viii) & (ix):....................................................................................................7
Sub part (x):............................................................................................................................8
Sub part (xi):..........................................................................................................................8
Sub part (xii):.........................................................................................................................9
Sub part (xiii):........................................................................................................................9

2ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Sub part (xiv):........................................................................................................................9
Sub part (xv):........................................................................................................................10
Sub part (xvi):......................................................................................................................10
References and bibliography:...................................................................................................11

3ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Answer to question 1:
Sub part (a):
Computation of monthly deposits to accumulate fund for
holyday:
Present Value 0
Annual Interest rate 6.00%
Monthly Interest rate 0.50%
No of months 15
Future Value 20000
Monthly deposit $1,287
Sub part (b)-i:
End of year Cash flow
($,000) PV factor @15% pa Present Values
0 -16000 1.00000 -16000
1 -2,500 0.86957 -2174
2 0 0.75614 0
3 5,000 0.65752 3288
4 6,800 0.57175 3888
5 7,000 0.49718 3480
6 7,000 0.43233 3026
7 9,500 0.37594 3571
8 5,500 0.32690 1798
9 2,000 0.28426 569
10 -4,500 0.24718 -1112
Net Present
Value 334
It can be seen from the above table that, the investment is having a positive net
present value of $334,000 and hence the investment should be purchased.
Sub part (b)-ii:
End of year Cash flow
($,000)
PV factor
@15% pa
Present
Values
0 -16000 1.32250 -21160
1 -2,500 1.15000 -2875
2 0 1.00000 0

4ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
3 5,000 0.86957 4348
4 6,800 0.75614 5142
5 7,000 0.65752 4603
6 7,000 0.57175 4002
7 9,500 0.49718 4723
8 5,500 0.43233 2378
9 2,000 0.37594 752
10 -4,500 0.32690 -1471
Net Present Value at the end of year
2 441
Sub part (c)-i:
Computation of value of financial assets at the age of 60 years:
Current Age 45 years
Age to retirement 60 years
Number of years in between 15 years
Pension till the age of 90 years
Total Pension period 30 years
Interest rate on investment in pension period 3%
Present Value of portfolio $ 1,25,000
Interest rate on the portfolio 6%
Balance in superannuation account $ 7,50,000
Contribution per month $ 1,000
Interest rate on the superannuation fund 8%
Future value of superannuation at the age 60 $ 28,26,229
Future value of the portfolio at the age 60 $ 3,06,762
Total value of financial assets at the age of
60 $ 31,32,991
Sub part (c)-ii:
Computation of Monthly pension amount:
Current Age 45 years
Age to retirement 60 years
Number of years in between 15 years
Pension till the age of 90 years
Total Pension period 30 years
Interest rate on investment in pension period 3%
Present Value of portfolio $

5ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
1,25,000
Interest rate on the portfolio 6%
Balance in superannuation account
$
7,50,000
Contribution per month
$
1,000
Interest rate on the superannuation fund 8%
Future value of superannuation at the age 60
$
28,26,229
Future value of the portfolio at the age 60
$
3,06,762
Total value of financial assets at the age of 60
$
31,32,991
Monthly pension amount
$
13,380
Answer to question 2:
Sub part (i):
Real rate of interest is the inflation adjusted rate of interest. The interest rate as given
by the bank is the nominal interest and if it is adjusted with the inflation rate then it is known
as the real interest rate. Interest rate compounds a fund to accumulate certain amount. Interest
if the reward for using the fund for certain period of time. Hence, some amount lend today
the return will be given at the end of certain period of time. For that time period the inflation
rate may change and the actual purchasing power of the interest earnings which is going to
arise in the future may change. That changed or inflation adjusted interest rate is known as
the nominal interest rate (Chandra, 2017).
For example, if someone deposits $100,000 at 0.5% pa, it is going to generate $500
after one year, suppose the inflation rate increased at that time, and it becomes .02%, then the
real interest rate would be 0.5%-0.02% equals to 0.48%.

6ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Sub part (ii):
Negative gearing in the taxation perspective means taking advantage of some undue
and inflated expenditure to get the tax burden reduced. It happen in the property dealings
mainly. Wealthy persons buys house and gives it in rent, and inflates the price and
expenditure of the house to get tax relief. They block their fund in the property and shows
high expenses on that property and a minimal rental income from the property thereby
showing a net loss. It in turn reduces the tax burden.
Practice of allowing a negative gearing will not be good for the Australian economy
as it affects the revenue generation of the Australian government and thereby reducing the
economical and social welfare of the economy as a whole.
Answer to question 3:
Sub part (i):
Risk means the uncertainty of getting anything. In terms of investment risk means the
uncertainty of getting adequate amount of return in time. It is the market fluctuation or the
slope which determines the future return from any investment. Risk can again be classified
into systematic and unsystematic risks. Risk in any investment can be eliminated to some
extent through diversification. There is a straight line relationship between risk and return, as
much as risk is assumed the return will be as higher. Hence, risk is not always bad, but
assuming high degree of risk can give higher return but on the other hand it may lose the
whole capital fund (Chandra, 2017).
Sub part (ii):
Australian Dividend imputation credit system is the process of relieving the double
taxation burden on dividend income to the shareholders. As the dividends are taxed at the

7ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
corporate level when the profit is earned or the dividend is distributed, it should not be taxed
again in the hands of the share holders. To make it happen the Australian government
implemented a system to give the tax credit to the receiver of the dividend while they are
filing income tax return annually. This system is known as the franking, it may be 100%
franking or it may be partial franking. If there is a double taxation avoidance agreement with
the other country with Australia, then the same credit is given to the person who is a foreigner
and earning dividend from Australian company.
Sub part (iii) and (iv):
BHP
Date Open Close Dividend (100%
Franked)
Monthly return
$
Monthly return of
BHP %
Jan 29.6 30.2 0.63 2.13%
Feb 30.2 30.5 0.3 0.99%
Mar 30.5 28.21 0.70585 -1.584148 -5.19%
Apr 28.2 30.95 2.74 9.71%
May 31 32.79 1.84 5.95%
Jun 32.8 33.91 1.12 3.42%
Jul 33.9 34.86 0.95 2.80%
Aug 34.9 33.21 -1.65 -4.73%
Sep 33.2 34.63 0.85598 2.275978 6.85%
Oct 34.6 32.21 -2.42 -6.99%
Nov 32.2 30.69 -1.52 -4.72%
Dec 30.7 34.23 3.54 11.53%
Average Monthly Return 1.81%
Sub part (v):
Computation of Annualized return for
Non-Australian Shareholder:
Jan Opening price 29.57
Dec Closing price 34.23
Total Capital
Appreciation 4.66
Total Dividend 1.56

8ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Total return 6.22
Annualized After tax
return 4.36
Annualized return in
percent 14.73%
Sub part (vi):
Computation of Annualized return for
Australian Shareholder:
Jan Opening price 29.57
Dec Closing price 34.23
Total Capital
Appreciation 4.66
Total Dividend 1.56
Total Annualized return 6.22
Annualized return in percent 21.04%
Sub part (vii), (viii) & (ix):
Market
Dat
e
Ope
n
Clos
e
Monthl
y
return
$
Monthly
return
of the
market
%
Jan 6147 6117 -29.2 -0.48%
Feb 6117 5869 -248.4 -4.06%
Mar 5869 6072 202.7 3.45%
Apr 6072 6124 51.9 0.85%
Ma
y 6124 6290 166.2 2.71%
Jun 6290 6366 76.5 1.22%
Jul 6366 6428 61.6 0.97%
Aug 6428 6326 -102.3 -1.59%
Sep 6326 5913 -412.2 -6.52%
Oct 5913 5749 -164 -2.77%
Nov 5749 5709 -39.9 -0.69%
Dec 5709 5783 73.9 1.29%
Average Monthly return -0.47%
Annual holding period
return -5.91%

9ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Sub part (x):
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
Monthly return of BHP %
Monthly return of the market %
Sub part (xi):
Monthly return of BHP % Monthly return of the market %
2.13% -0.48%
0.99% -4.06%
-5.19% 3.45%
9.71% 0.85%
5.95% 2.71%
3.42% 1.22%
2.80% 0.97%
-4.73% -1.59%
6.85% -6.52%
-6.99% -2.77%
-4.72% -0.69%
11.53% 1.29%
Risk for 2018 0.21

10ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Sub part (xii):
Bet 1.12 of BHP means the coefficient of the risk in investment in shares of BHP is
1.12. As it can be seen that the market risk coefficient in 0.21 and the risk coefficient of BHP
is 1.12 the investment in the stocks of that company is highly risky. On the other hand a high
risk can give a better future return.
Sub part (xiii):
Market rate or return 9.55%
Risk free rate 2.29%
Beta of BHP 1.12
Expected return of BHP 10.42%
Sub part (xiv):
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.00%
200.00%
400.00%
600.00%
800.00%
1000.00%
1200.00%
Expected Return
Linear (Expected Return)
Axis Title
Axis Title

11ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Sub part (xv):
1 2 3 4
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
Expected Return
Monthly return of BHP %
Monthly return of the
market %
Sub part (xvi):
Portfolio:
BHP MKT
Beta 1.12 0.21
Stock 40% 60%
Estimated return 10.42% 3.80%
Estimated return of the
portfolio 6.45%
Portfolio Beta 0.57

12ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
References and bibliography:
Chandra, P. (2017). Investment analysis and portfolio management. McGraw-Hill Education.
Chen, T., Zhu, Y., & Teng, J. (2018). Beetle swarm optimisation for solving investment
portfolio problems. The Journal of Engineering, 2018(16), 1600-1605.
Davis, K. T. (2016). DIVIDEND IMPUTATION and the Australian financial system. Kevin
Davis' Dividend Imputation and the Australian Financial System'JASSA: The Finsia
Journal of Applied Finance, 1, 35-40.
Floyd, E., & List, J. A. (2016). Using field experiments in accounting and finance. Journal of
Accounting Research, 54(2), 437-475.
Grant, A. R., Westerholm, P. J., & Wu, W. (2018). Imputation Credits and Trading Around
Ex-Dividend Day: New Evidence in Australia.
Grant, G. G., & Collins, R. (2016). IT Investment Portfolio. In The Value Imperative (pp.
113-123). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Loughran, T., & McDonald, B. (2016). Textual analysis in accounting and finance: A
survey. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(4), 1187-1230.
Low, R. K. Y., Yao, Y., & Faff, R. (2016). Diamonds vs. precious metals: What shines
brightest in your investment portfolio?. International Review of Financial
Analysis, 43, 1-14.