Application of Finance Models on TUI

This presentation explores the application of finance models on TUI, including the capital structure, shareholder value analysis, and market valuation. It discusses the theories of capital structure, such as the capital structure theorem, tradeoff theory, pecking order theory, and agency theory. It also analyzes TUI's capital structure and market valuation using finance models like weighted average cost of capital (WACC), shareholder value analysis (SVA), and discounted cash flow (DCF). The presentation concludes with recommendations for TUI's institutional investors and a summary of the findings.

Accounting and finance

Application of Finance Models on TUI
Preposition: 1. In the absence of taxation
• In this preposition, it has been believed that, change in leverage and mix of
debt and equity will not have any effect on firm’s value and cost of capital,
thus, capital structure is irrelevant.
• As per the theory, TUI can gathered funds either from the use of debt or equity
capital each has different benefits and shortcoming as well and each of the
investors in the market have a same access to buy or sell their holdings.
Miller and Modigliani(1958) Capital structure theorem

Preposition: 2. With the presence of taxation (Trade-
off theory)
• This theory is termed as trade-off theory, in which, it has been discovered
that debt is a cheaper financial source relatively to the cost of equity. The
reason behind this is interest paid on borrowed money is tax deductible,
therefore, it provides tax benefits to the TUI Group.
• However, such kind of benefits will not be available on equity financing as
dividend on equity capital will not give tax advantage to the company.
• Thus, on the basis of this theory, TUI Group must make use of debt capital
to a threshold point in their capital structure so as to reduce the overall cost
of capital and rise firm’s value.
• However, beyond a threshold point, if debt are increase then it gives rises
to the equity capital risk, which in turn, result in higher cost.
• Therefore, in accordance with the theory, TUI Group must makes use of
debt capital to a specified point in order to reduce WACC and maximize
shareholders value.

Pecking Order Theory
 It is one of the most influential theory of corporate leverage that
demonstrates that availability of asymmetric information to the
managers affects the selection of internal and external financing.
 It believes that retained earnings is the most effective source of
finance because it is available at nil financial cost and have no
adverse impact. While, if they need to raise money through
external finance, then debt gains preference over equity because
share capital is more riskier and costlier because of higher
premium.
 The reason behind this is debt interest is fixed and also give tax
benefits, whereas, external investors need higher return in return
for the risk undertaken.

Agency Theory
 This theory says that agency costs arises when managers of the firm
owns a proportion of total share capital. As a result, they can work
in the interest of stakeholders.
 This theory proposes that indebtedness can be considered as a way
to resolve conflicts between both the managers and shareholders.
The theory indicates that indebtedness gives rises to three type of
costs that are control and justification, higher risk and bankruptcy
as well.
 Thus optimal capital structure gives huge assistance to the firm to
minimize agency cost and to appeal for external funds to meet out
long-term capital requirement.

TUI’s capital structure
2015 (GBP
million)
2016 (GBP
million)
Long-term
debt 1218.33 1300.62
Shareholder
s equity 1781.33 2810.08
Debt to
equity 0.68 0.46
2015 (GBP
million)
2016 (GBP
million)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Debt and equity
(In GB P million)

Interpretation
• In 2016, TUI group enhanced its debt from 1218.33 to 1300.62 GBP
million by 6.75%. However, excessive additional capital
requirement has been fulfilled by issuing more share capital.
• As in 2016, it has been increased from 1781.33 to 2810.08 by
57.75% resulted in declined gearing or leverage from 0.68:1 to
0.46:1 indicates lower financial risk. But still, it is a little bit far
away from the ideal ratio of debt to equity of 0.5:1.
• Thus, on the basis of this, it can be suggested to the firm to raise
additional money through taking external borrowings via debt
capital to get more tax benefits and improved solvency.
• Moreover, it will also drive benefits of trading on equity (TOE),
under this TUI group can use debt to raise earnings for the equity
shareholders and satisfy them.

Application of Finance Models on TUI
TUI’s market valuation
• Shareholder value analysis, shortened to SVA refers to the
process of examining and forecasting the affect of business
decisions over net present value (NPV) to the shareholders.
• In corporate world, this analysis is often used by the firms to
measure their ability to earn excessive over the cost of capital
(WACC).
• Thus, it provides a framework to the firms for analyzing options
so as to drive improvement in the shareholders value.

Weighted Average Cost of Capital for TUI
Weighted average cost of capital assign weight to each source of capital,
such as debt and equity to the total capital and multiply it to the cost of
capital of each source to find out overall cost.
Source of
finance 2016 Weight
Cost of
capital WACC
Long-term
debt 1300.62 0.32 3.58% 1.13%
Shareholder'
s equity 2810.08 0.68 8.30% 5.67%
Total capital 4110.7 1 6.81%

Shareholders value analysis model
• SVA analysis is used by corporations to maximize their
shareholders value and in order to fulfil these aim, companies are
required to measure their key value drivers.
• Most importantly, business have to quantify the expected growth
in revenues (sales), operating profit, taxes, fixed assets, increase
in working capital and so on.

Application of Finance Models on TUI
Shareholder Value Analysis Model (Value drivers)
1 Sales growth (last year % change) 3.26% per year
Operating profit margin (5 year average) 3.89 % of sales p.a.
2 Taxes (5 year average) 20.46% of operating profit
p.a.
3 Depreciation (5 year average) 31.40% of fixed assets
4 Fixed capital investment (5 years average) 50.31% of sales p.a.
5 Incremental working capital investment (5 year average) 14.62% of sales p.a.
6 The planning horizon 10 years
7 The required rate of return (WACC calculated above) 6.81% per annum

Application of Finance Models on TUI
• Supporters of SVA model comment that the SVA model is comparatively the
most prominent and admirable model for analysing the financial repercussions
of strategies and mark it as the key input to the corporate planning of the
decade.
• Managers applying the model in TUI Group are not so much supportive to this
model as the complex calculations involved along with obstructive assumptions
make it a challenge for them.
• In practical, the users of the model also comment on the susceptibility of the
model towards manipulation. The manipulations in the reported data in TUI’s
annual report can turn the analysis in to the favours for some thereby resulting
in the undervalue to the corporation.
Shareholder Value Analysis Model
(Practical applications)

Application of Finance Models on TUI
• Other difficulties include the selection of the figures for the analysis i.e.
planning span, discount rate and forecasted cash flows which are based on the
judgment of the analysts.
• Although eh technique is the prominent one in analysis, however it has some
severe difficulties also while its application. For most of the time, TUI Group
may be unable to connect the figures of the SVA model to the best possible
strategic thinking process of the company. As a result, there is absence of
imagination element and rigor in the strategic thinking process.
• Although the SVA model is implemented in the various sections of the
organization and the analysts are also vulnerable to human limitations
including limited thinking, errors and over optimism, the aforesaid problems in
the application of the SVA model are understandable but not admirable.
Contd.

Application of Finance Models on TUI
Market value of TUI
• DCF model is considered highly suitable to estimate future cash
flows by taking into account only cash based expenditures and
revenues.
• Moreover, it also take into account changes in working capital and
fixed assets and discount projected cash flows with an appropriate
discounting factor that is WACC.

Contd.
Calculations of Enterprise value /Summary
Total discounted cash flows 22734.54
Add: Terminal value 15259.35668
Total 37993.89
Less: Market value of debt 1300.62
Market value of equity 36693.27

Interpretations
• On the basis of applied DCF, present value of cash flows for the
future 10 years is identified to 22734.54 whilst terminal value worth
15259.36 is added thereon to find out the enterprise value (EV) and
in the given scenario, it is computed to 37993.89.
• This value consists of both the debt and equity, therefore, in order to
derive the market value of equity capital, current long-term debt
capital of TUI group worth 1300.62 GBP has been subtracted. As a
result, market value of equity capital, also called shareholders value
is computed to 36693.27 GBP.

Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis is often used by the business
organizations to measure the changes in business
performance by taking into account change in
underlying assumptions used for the model

Calculation of shareholder value @
5% sales growth
Calculations of shareholders value
Total discounted cash flows
(DCF) 45302.96
Add: Terminal value 32369.04
Total 77672.00
Less: Market value of debt 1300.62
Market value of equity 76371.38

Interpretations
• As per the table, presented below, it can be seen that if TUI group’s
revenues goes up by 5% on an annual basis, then it will results in
higher profitability and as a result, discounted value of FCF will be
increase to 45302.96.
• Moreover, terminal value is expected to be 15669.41, which in turn,
total capital of the firm goes up by 77672.00. It is subtracted from the
long-term debt of the firm worth 1300.62 and shareholder value is
measured at 76371.38 higher than computed market value of equity of
earlier as it was valued at 36693.27.

CONCLUSION
As per the carried analysis of TUI, it is considered advisable to TUI’s
institutional investors to invest money in the TUI Travel Group. The reason
behind such advices is that company’s revenue and expected operating margin
has been predicted to grow at a rate of 3.26% & 3.89% respectively that is a
sign that it will perform better in the future period. Furthermore, shareholders
value has been determined to 76371.38 greater than 36693.27.
Moreover, as per the predicted results, it is observed that TUI will perform
better in the future period and generate larger return through high turnover
due to larger aggregate market demand.
Thus, it indicates that TUI’s investors can put their capital to in the
corporation and get maximum yield as a return for the risk taken.

REFERENCES
Heinrichs, N. And et.al., 2013. Extended dividend, cash flow, and
residual income valuation models: accounting for deviations from ideal
conditions. Contemporary accounting research. 30(1). pp. 42-79.
Larivière, b. And et.al., 2016. Modeling heterogeneity in the
satisfaction, loyalty intention, and shareholder value linkage: A cross-
industry analysis at the customer and firm levels. Journal of marketing
research. 53(1). pp. 91-109.
Tripathi, r.P., 2017. Optimal ordering policy under two stage trade
credits financing for deteriorating items using discounted cash flow
approach.International journal of process management and
benchmarking. 7(1). pp. 120-140.
Verma, n. And sharma, R., 2017. Creating shareholders' value utilizing
capital in post-merger and acquisition scenario: a study of Indian
telecom industry. International journal of management practice. 10(1).
pp. 75-92.

Thank You!