EBITDA: Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization

1
Accounting

2
Solution 1: EBITDA is known as Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization
that depict the operating performance of a business entity. It assesses the profitability position of
a company before taking into consideration the non-operating expenses incurred such as interest
and other operational expenses. Thus, EBITDA is largely helpful to determine the overall profits
that a company realizes before deducting any of its core expenses (Adler, 2013).
Solution 2: The balance sheet equation can be represented as follows:
Assets=Liabilities +Equity
It is known as the most basic and fundamental equation used in the accounting and is
known as the building block of the double entry accounting system. It is an accounting model
tjhat is mainly sued for gaining a depiction of the remaining value of assets in comparison to the
liabilities in the accounting.
Solution 3: The gross profit margin indicates the revenue realized by a company after meeting
the overall cost of production. On the other hand, contribution margin provides a measurement of
the profits realized by the different individual products of a company. The major difference that
exists between the two concepts is that contribution margin determines the profits realized by a
company without taking into consideration the significant fixed overhead costs. Thus, it can be
said that gross margin represents the gross profit that is equivalent to net sales by reducing the
cost of goods sold. However, contribution margin depicts the net sales realized by deducting the
variable costs (Adler, 2013).
Solution 4: The major difference between franchising and licensing under intellectual property
can be depicted on the basis of the following factors:
Comparison Basis Licensing Franchising
Process
It only carries out a single
time transfer of the property
rights
It requires continuous
guidance from the franchiser
Structuring of Fees
The fees realized under this
arrangement can be negotiated
This business structure
involves providing standard
fees to the franchisor
(Moles and Kidwekk, 2011)
Solution 5: The straight-line depreciation method involves depreciating an asset on the basis of
equal amount of asset depreciated. On the other hand, accelerated depreciation involves
depreciation of an asset at a higher rate in the beginning and at a much lower rate at the end of
the asset life. The major reason for the use of this method is to reduce the net income as it would
enable a company to achieve savings in tax (Moles and Kidwekk, 2011).
Solution 6:

3
First In First out (FIFO) is inventory method which can be related to the real life
operations at grocery stores because products that are purchased first are pushed to the shelf first
and so on. Products presented at grocery stores have defined shell life so it is required to sell the
products that have been purchased first and like that.
Solution 7:
While determining the original cost of new piece of equipment there are few other cost
that need to be included in the original cost are as follows:
 Transportation cost (need to check whether bear by seller or bear by owner)
 Insurance during the transportation
 Any cost paid to installation of equipment
 Any cost paid to buy the accessories necessary for the working the equipment
 Testing cost paid to check whether equipment is providing required result
 Any other cost required to paid to transfer the equipment at its intended location
 Discount received must also be considered (Moles and Kidwekk, 2011)
Solution 8: The business entities during accounting the costs of different products and services
incorporates the assumption that certain costs are regarded as fixed if the respective activity
level comes under a certain range and it is known as relevant range. The range is largely used
during carrying out budgeting and allocation of fixed costs.
Solution 9: The break-even point (BEP) indicates the total sales volume that a company need to
attain for meeting the overall costs incurred in its generation that includes both the fixed and
variable costs,. The overall profit realized by a company at the BEP is zero because at this point
a company does not gain any profit or realize any loss. As such, it also signifies to no-profit or
no-loss point.
Solution 10: The two major disadvantages of the payback period method are as follows:
 It does not take into consideration the time value of money
 Also, it does not consider the cash flows that are realized by a project after break-even
and the cash flows that are realized during the initial phase of a project are higher as
compared to that received in the later years (Vanderbeck, 2012)
Solution 11:
Following information has been provided
Selling Price of one ball
$
25.00
Variable Cost per unit
$
15.00
Direct Labor $