Unit 5 Accounting Principles: Role of Accounting in Decision Making
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This report discusses the role of accounting principles in decision making for business enterprises, societal and stakeholder requirements within a complex management system. It includes the computation of financial statements and financial ratios, and insights on BAJ Shop's regulative and ethical constraints.
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Unit 5 Accounting Principles
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3 TASK..............................................................................................................................................3 1. Ascertain the role of accounting principles in meeting, social, organizational, investors and shareholders requirement and notion in informative business decision making within in a energizing environment..........................................................................................................3 2. Evaluate the regulative and ethical constraints of BAJ shop.............................................4 3. Role of accounting in informing decision making to meet business enterprises, societal and stakeholder requirement within a complex management system..........................................4 4. Computation of financial statement of BAJ Shop..............................................................6 4.1 Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account......................................................................6 4.2 Calculate the Financial Ratio...........................................................................................8 4.3 Compare both the year financial ratio of BAJ Shop.......................................................12 4.4 Cash Budget...................................................................................................................13 4.5 Demerits of Budgetary Planning, Budgetary Control and Budgets for BAJ shop.........14 5. Ready the partnership trading accounting, profit & loss account , and balance sheet.....15 6. Ready an income statement and balance sheet of Creative Kids.....................................17 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................18 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20
INTRODUCTION The report developed and prepared as under helps to have a better understanding of accounting principles such as development of records and statements, comparison of ratios being computed and how they would help the firm to grow in a competitive environment (Abdel-Kader And M., 2019). It would also help to maintain stability and sustainability in the economy. The report would be useful and helpful to have a better understanding about the work being carried out and if it would help the business to earn adequate funds and revenues from the working and functioning of business considering long life cycle of business. The report would further render an idea with the help of ratios about performance of a company in relation to others already existing in environment. TASK 1.Ascertaintheroleofaccountingprinciplesinmeeting,social,organizational, investors and shareholders requirement and notionin informativebusiness decision making within in a energizing environment Accounting- It is a process of recording the Financial transactions related to the business. It Include analysing, classifying or reporting of transactions to regulatory bodies & tax collection entities. The financial statement used in accounting are a summary of financial operations over a period of time. Accounting is a very important function of business by the help this function business can track there income & expenditure & also help in determining that the businesses are using there resources properly or not(Davalos, S. And Feroz, 2022). Accounting Department keeping record of all financial information with in the company which further used to prepare financial statements such as-balance sheet, Profit & loss account, Cash flow statement. Balance sheet includes all assets and liabilities of an organisation on the other hand profit and loss account contains incomes and expenditures and cash flow track the all cash related activities over a period of time. These statements help a firm to make decisions for future productivity. a) Management Accounting data- Management accounting is a activity of preparing report for business transaction that helps manager to make short-term & long-term decisions. Management Accounting provide fresh monitory & non monitory information by the help of which the manager can make the decisions for running the business effectively & efficiently.
Management Accounting help in performing management functions like planning, Organising, Directing, Controlling, etc. b) Reporting financial information-Financial reporting is a procedure of recording & presenting financial activity & performance over a specific period of time. It is a very important process for the organisation & investors because it provide crucial information like Assets & liabilities of the business, Income & expenditure of business so that investors can decide whether they should invest in this organisation or not. Financial reporting helps the organisation to make new business strategy so that organisation can increase there profitability and growth(Donleavy, 2022). 2.Evaluate the regulative and ethical constraints of BAJ shop Define Ethics:Ethics are considered to be the principle that the organisation needs to comply with so that their working could be carried out in the systematic manner. It is necessary for the organisation to plan and adopt certain ethics for their working environment and must ensure that their organisation must work accordingly by complying them. Ethics in context of accountant:The accountant of the business must ensure that business must comply with all the legal and regulatory compliance on due time. The example could be that to file income tax return of the firm and goods and service tax return on timely manner, the corporation tax should be deposited to the local authority on regular basis etc. that ultimately should that work ethic for the business has been complied with. Ethics are considered to be the moral principles that shows the behaviour of an individual toward the activity they are carried upon. Ethics must be complied with at business level too by complying with all the laws and requirement that business governs, making timely payment to the debt holders from whom business owes certain amount of fund, regular payment of equated monthly instalment to banks and public financial institution from which the business obtain bank loans and so on(Galvagno And et.al., 2019). 3. Role of accounting in informing decision making to meet business enterprises, societal and stakeholder requirement within a complex management system Accounting plays an important role in the business decision-making process. It keep eyes on the financial activities and record them in various statement. These statements further used to measure the financial position of the company. Financial statements help a firm to measure the performance of each and every departments. This report is provided to
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investors, stakeholder and management to make decisions. Accounting helps manager to control cost and expenses which incurred in the business operations. There are some objectives which provide more support to above topic: Increased Regulation: In the growing economy, the need of accounting regulation is continuously increasing. There are many scandal in early 2000s which harm the accounting process and procedure. It refers to the legal regulation, standards and rules which is necessary to follow in the process of accounting(Griffin, P. And Lont, 2021). Increase in accounting standard provide more accuracy and consistency to the accounting process. IFRS Standard: The full form of IFRS is International financial reporting standard and it refers to the set of accounting rules and regulations which guide how specific kind of activity and transaction should be include in financial statements. These standards are formed and settled by the International accounting standard board (IASB). These standards are formed to provide financial reports of every company to the investors and other organisation which help them to compare its financial reports to the other companies. IFRS standard maintain transparency and creditability in the financial existence, which help investors and proprietors to take business financial decision. These standard are followed by many countries world wide. Risk Management: It is a process of determination, measurement and acceptance of risks or uncertainties in the business operations. Risk is indivisible form of return in a business. Risk involve in every operation of a firm it includes various types of risk such as investment risk, market risk, performance risk and financial risk and so on. It is very important to understand these risks and run operation after considering this risks.Agoodunderstandingofuncertaintiescanhelpcapitalisttobetter understanding the future opportunities(KURNAZ, 2019). Reputation:It refers to the public perception for the company and its activities, in order words it refer to the company image in the eyes of people. It includes people views on the products and services and they may be negative or positive in nature. Reputation of a firm change over a time period. It is very important aspect for any business to reach at highest position in the market. It affect the business operations
good value increase the sale of organisation and also attract maximum number of people. It also define the trust and faith of the people on the company. Sustainability:Itreferstothecapabilitytomaintainaprocessorposition continuously over a period of time. In the context of business organisation it refers to the capability to hold a place or position in the continuous changing marketplace or environment. Sustainable business strategy involve a vast understanding about environment, economic and social factor while making decisions. Many organisation uses sustainable materials, cheaper supply chains, relying on renewable energy to face future uncertainties and to remain sustain in these uncertainties(Lebedev And K, 2018). Governance:itrefersto thecombinationofrules,regulations,practicesand procedures which help company to manage its operations. Board of directors of a company are mainly influence the governance. It govern the employees and workers to work with the full efficiency to achieve organisational goal. This framework include all areas of management, by action plans and internal control to the outcome measurement. It is important in the eyes of investors science it provide direction and integrity to the company. 4. Computation of financial statement of BAJ Shop 4.1 Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account TRADING and P&L ACCOUNT PARTICULARSAMOUNT (£’000)PARTICULARSAMOUNT (£’000) Opening stock400Sales10000 Purchases2500Closing stock10 Wages1225 Gross profit5885 1001010010 Rent1000Gross Profit5885 Lighting and expenses175 Insurance20 Donation100 Depreciation370 Net profit4220 58855885 BALANCE SHEET
Machinery & Equip1560 Depreciation120 accumulated depreciation360 1080 Motor Vehicle700 Depreciation100 accumulated depreciation300 300 Computer600 Depreciation0 accumulated depreciation0 600 Total7530 Capital5000 Net profit4220 Retained earnings4290 Drawings1250 12260 4.2 Calculate the Financial Ratio a) Profitability Ratio Gross Profit: It refers to the part of profit which is generated from the sales before incurring selling and administrative expenses(Li And et.al., 2020). Gross Profit Margin= ( Revenue- Cost of goods sold) / Revenue *100 YearsRevenueCost of goods sold 201875653000 201970004000 2020100002890 2018, =(7565 - 3000) / 7565 * 100
=60.34% 2019, = (7000 - 4000) / 7000*100 =42.86% 2020, =(10000-2890) / 10000* 100 =71.1% Net Profit Ratio:It refers to the profit which is generated after meeting tax liabilities over the net sales of products(Li, Xiang And Jing, 2020). Net Profit Margin = Net profit / Sales *100 YearsNet ProfitSales 201827257565 201910807000 2020422010000 2018, =2725 / 7565*100 =36.02% 2019, =1080/ 7000 *100 =15.43% 2020, =4220/10000 *100 =42.2% b) Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio:It shows the short-term solvency position of the company. It shows a firm can able to meet its short term debts after realisation of its current assets over a period of time. Current Ratio:Current assets / Current liabilities
YearsCurrent assetsCurrent liabilities 20181285400 20191620600 20205305575 2018, =1285 / 400 =3.21:1 2019, =1620 / 600 =2.7:1 2020, =5305 / 575 =9.23:1 1.Quick Ratio:It shows the capability of a firm to meet its current liability in more accurate manner from its current assets. It exclude stocks from current assets to get quick assets(Linnenluecke And et.al., 2020). Quick Ratio= Current assets-Inventory / Current liabilities YearsCurrent assetsInventoryCurrent liabilities 2018128510400 20191620400600 2020530510575 2018, =1285-10/ 400 =3.2:1 2019, =1620-400/ 600 =2.03:1
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2020, =5305-10/ 575 =9.21:1 c) Efficiency Ratio Inventory Turnover Ratio:It measure, how many times a company take to convert its inventories into cash. Inventory turnover days = (opening stock + closing stock/2) / cost of sales * 365 YearsOpening stockClosing stockCost of sales 2018250103000 2019104004000 2020400102890 2018, = (250+10/2) / 3000 *365 =15.82 days 2019, = (10+400/2) / 4000 *365 =18.71 days 2020, =(400+10/2) / 2890 *365 =25.9 days Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio:It refersthe profit generated from the sell of fixed assets. Fixed asset turnover ratio = revenue / fixed assets *100 YearsRevenueFixed assets 201875658640 201970008270 2020100007530
2018, =7565/8640 *100 =87.56% 2019, =7000/8270 *100 =84.64% 2020, =10000/7530 *100 =132.80% Accounts Receivable turnover:It refers to the number of time a firm collect its average account receivables(Zhang, 2021). Receivable collection period = accounts receivable from trade/ sales *365 YearsAccounts receivable from tradeSales 201811007565 201910007000 2020120010000 2018, =1100/ 7565 *365 =53.07 days 2019, =1000/ 7000 *365 =52.14 days 2020, =1200/ 10000 *365 =43.8 days
4.3 Compare both the year financial ratio of BAJ Shop 1.According to the above calculation of ratios it is analyse that the company BAJ Shop has gross profit ratio is 60.34% in year 2018 but there is decline in year 2019 and it again rises to 71.1% in 2020. Net profit margin ratio of the company in 2018 is 36.02% and it decrease in 2019 buta good increase is recorded in year 2020. Current and quick ratio is showing good capability of the firm in year 2018 but both ratio decrease massively in 2019. In 2020 company performing effectively and increaseit quick and current assets impressively. Inventory turnover daysis calculated and it is increasing year by year which is good for the company it shoes company is efficiently working in order to sale their stocks. According to the computation of fixed assets turnover ratio company is able to generate good revenue form its fixed assets in year 2018 but in 2019 a little fall is recorded and finally in year 2020 it rise efficiently. Account receivable turnover ratio is decreasing year by year. It decrease form 53.07 daysto 43.8 days which shows company collect its payment from its debtors more efficiently as compare to previous year 4.4 Cash Budget BAJ SHOP Cash Budget BAJ SHOP Cash Budget Cash Inflow202020212022202320242025 £’ 000£’000£’000£’000£’000£’000 Sales100001100012100133101464116105.1 Receivables012000000 Other receipt00250000 total cash outflow100001220012350133101464116105.1 Cash outflow Wages12251286.251350.56251418.090631488.99516 1563.4449 1 Rent100010501102.51157.6251215.50625 1276.2815 6 Lightning and heating expenses175183.75192.9375202.584375212.713594 223.34927 3 Insurance202020202020 Prepayment555555 Donation100110121133.1146.41161.051 Other payment00100002000000
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total cash outflow252526551279222936.43088.625 3249.1267 5 Net cash flow74759545-442-9626.411552.375 12855.973 3 Opening balance of cash409011565211102066811041.622593.975 Closing balance of cash11565211102066811041.622593.975 35449.948 3 4.5 Demerits of Budgetary Planning, Budgetary Control and Budgets for BAJ shop Budget-Budget is a plan which is based on future assumptions of Financial gain and Financial loss. It is an assessment of a sole-trader that how much money a sole trader will pay and gain in a particular period of time(Mali And Lim, 2022). Benefits of budget- 1.Control of money- Budget helps the sole-traders to control there money without wasting it .Budget provides the direction to the sole-traders that where they can spend there money by the help which they can earn maximum profit and growth. 2.Helps to set priorities- Budget helps the sole-trader to set priorities which means that only important transaction will take place first into there business the transaction which are not so important will be there second priority. This will leads to proper utilisation of resources. Limitations of Budget- 1.Very Costly- The process of budget is very large and difficult It is only done by professionals so the sole-traders have to hire them which leads to increase in cost and the complexity and it is not suitable for the sole-trader because they have a very small scope. This function is adopt by big companies where they have large number of employees and also have funds to hire the professionals. 2.Inaccuracy- Budget is totally based on assumptions, It is not always accurate some time the business can face the consequences also which can leads to shutdown of the proprietorship business .
Budgetary planning-Budgetary planning is a procedure of making a budget to control the activities of business. By the help of budgetary planning sole-proprietors can reduce the risk which they can face in future(Marais And Jagwanth, 2021). Benefits of Budgetary planning- Identify problems- Budgetary planning help the business to identify the problems which may happen in future such as problem in lack of capitals, change of trends, change in technologies etc. All these kinds of problems will bring loss to the business, so by the help of budgetary planning sole proprietor can save there business easily. Improve profitability- Budgetary planning improve the profitability of the business by the help of proper allocation of resources it also helps in reducing the cost which increase profit margin for the sole-proprietor. Limitations of budgetary planning- Financial Outcome- It only consider the Quantitative aspects and always focus on increasing of profitability of the business whether the quality of the product is reducing it this happen then it will lead to loosing the costumer and the sole-proprietorship can be shutdown. Time Consuming-The another limitation of budgetary planning is that it take lot of time to prepare because it contains various steps which leads to increasing in cost and reducing the productivity and growth of the sole-proprietor. Budget Control-Budget control is a method of managing the cost which contains Formation of budget, combining the department,establishing accountability ,matching performance with the budgeted and acting on the result to attain the maximum profit(Okere, 2019). Benefits of Budget control- Enhance efficiency- Budget control help the sole-proprietor to enhance there efficiency so that they can use there resources properly. Definite plans- Budget control helps the sole proprietor to make a definite plan so that the proprietor can earn the maximum profits. Limitation of Budget control- Conflicts- Budget control raise the conflict among the different department of sole- proprietorship firm because of there different different goals(Shneiderman, 2020).
5. Ready the partnership trading accounting, profit & loss account , and balance sheet Trading and Profit and Los s A/c for the year ended December, 2020 ParticularsAmountParticularsAmount To Opening Stock50000By Sales132000 To Purchases85416By Carriage Outward1288 To Gross Profit54212By Closing Stock56340 189628189628 To Interest on King's Loan4000By Gross profit54212 To Interest on Capital Matthew3500 Mark29506450 By provision for bad debts80 To discount allowed110By Interest on Drawings Matthew180 Mark120300 To office expense2550 Add : Accrued expense962646 By provision for depreciation3300 To Salary and Wages18900 Add : Accrued Wages20019100 To bad debts450 To depreciation Fixtures770 Buildings10001770 To Salary to Matthew800 To net profits22566 5789257892
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Balance Sheet as on 31 December 2020 LiabilitiesAmountAssetsAmount Current A/c Matthew 1306 Mark2981604 Building50000 less : depreciation100049000 Capital A/c Matthew32280 Mark26920 59200 Add : Net Profit2256681766 Fixtures11000 less : depreciation770 10230 Creditors11150Debtors16240 less :Provision for Bad Debts8016160 Loan from J Ling40000Cash950 Accrued expenses296Closing Stock56340 Other Assets2136 134816134816 Capital A/c
Matthew35000 Add : Interest On capital3500 38500 Less : Drawings6400 Add : Interest On Drawings180 32280 Mark29500 Add : Interest on capital2950 32450 Less : Drawings5650 Add : Interest On drawings120 26920 6. Ready an income statement and balance sheet of Creative Kids STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES ParticularsAmount Income Profit from raffle4980 subscription18760 Total Income (A)23740 Expenses Staff wages7600 General expenses420 Depreciation of equipment139 Insurance93 Total expenses (B)8252 Change in Net Assets (A - B)15488 BALANCE SHEET AssetsAmount Club house21000 Prepaid assets160 Equipment6700 Cash at bank1570 Total Assets29430
Liabilities Creditor25 Accumulated funds13917 Change in Net Assets15488 Total Liabilities29430 CONCLUSION The above report provides better knowledge about accounting principle which would hep a company to prepare financial statements. These statements help a business to operate business activities in efficient manner. These statements helpful for the management of a company to take future investments and finance decisions. It world also assist about the where firm is lacking behind and which areas needs more attention. Financial ratios provides better understanding about company's performance by the comparisons of 3 year calculations. These calculations used to provide recommendations and ideas to maximise company's performance.
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