Accounting Principles and Financial Statements for Sole Traders, Partnerships, and Non-Profit Organizations

Accounting
Principle

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK...............................................................................................................................................3
P1. Examine the purpose of the accounting function within an organisation:.......................3
M1. Evaluate the context and purpose of the accounting function in meeting organisational,
stakeholder and societal needs and expectations:...................................................................4
D1. Critically evaluate the role of accounting in informing decision making to meet
organisational, stakeholder and societal needs within complex operating environments:.....4
P2. Assess the accounting function within the organisation in the context of regulatory and
ethical constraints:..................................................................................................................5
P3. Financial statements for sole traders, partnerships and not for profit organisation.........6
M2 and D2 Financial statements from given trial balance after appropriate adjustments.....7
P4. Calculate and present financial ratios from a set of final accounts:...............................15
P5. Compare the performance of an organisation over time using financial ratios.............16
P6. Cash budget....................................................................................................................17
P7. Benefits and limitation of budgets................................................................................20
M4. Budgetary control..........................................................................................................20
D3 Budgetary controls helps in decision making.................................................................21
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................23

INTRODUCTION
Accounting principles refers to the rules, guidelines, regulations which must have to be
followed by the business organisation and other institutions when they are reporting financial
data (Lucas, 2021). These rules and regulates make the work of the organisation easier and
effective in analysing the financial condition of the business. The one and only specific goal of
accounting principle is to ensure that the financial statement of the organisation are
accomplished, compatible and proportional. This report includes complete explanation about the
accounting principles, and purpose of accounting. Further this report also includes financial
statement and ratio analysis. Remaining parts of the project are going to be discussed in the
below report.
TASK
P1. Examine the purpose of the accounting function within an organisation:
Definition of Accounting- Accounting is the process of identifying, recording, analyzing and
reporting financial information to owners and other users. This is a broader term. The accounting
function plays a vital role in an organization. Accounting features help organizations keep track
of their financial data, which will help them keep financial records. These functions will assist
senior management in decision making.
The purposes of accounting are as follows-
 For identification and recording of transaction- The very first purpose of accounting is
the identification and recording of the transaction of business. Due to this the separate
books of accounts can be prepared easily. Due to this the organisations did not have to
do any extra effort for finding any transaction which have passed through out the year.
For determining the result- The another purpose of accounting is to determine the result of the
business organisation. If the organisation have earn enough profit then can continue with the
same strategy. But if the organisation suffer from the loss then they have to make more effective
and efficient strategy so that they can achieve their target in the next year (Czerny and Juras,
2018).
 To determine the financial assets and liabilities- Accounting includes all the financial
statement which includes assets and liabilities through the owners of the organisation can
determine the actual value of their assets and liabilities.

To Determine flow of cash- By the help of accounting the net inflow and out flow of cash can
be determined (Alfadhli, ElHaddad and Elhaddad, 2019). Through which the the organisation
can control the cash and able to maintain the availability of cash in the organisation.
 Help in tax fixation- The next purpose of accounting is to identify the tax liability of the
organisation. Due to this the operations of organisations cannot be discontinued in the
operations.
 Making strategies- As it is already discussed above that the accounting includes all the
monetary transaction of the business thorough the organisation can determine their
financial position. By the help of accounting the organisation can make effective and
efficient strategies so that they can beat their competitors in the competitive market.
M1. Evaluate the context and purpose of the accounting function in meeting organisational,
stakeholder and societal needs and expectations:
The main purpose of accounting function is to assist the owners and managers of the
business so that they can make judgement in the most top-quality of business institution. The
main purpose of accounting is to help controlling body of a business to determine the areas that
are require for specific thought and effort in order to benefit the business organization as a
whole. It also helps the stakeholder by determining that that what amount of profit they can earn
in future if they continue to invest their money in the operations of the business. It can also fulfil
the need and basic requirement of the society by paying the tax and give best quality of product
to the consumer at a reasonable price.
D1. Critically evaluate the role of accounting in informing decision making to meet
organisational, stakeholder and societal needs within complex operating environments:
For operating a business accurate data are needed on the institution's assets, liabilities,
profits and Cash position. Accounting facilitate that crucial content. Accounting act as an very
essential part in analysing the property of an particular investment. Decent thinking of an
investment requires cautious investigation of costs and prediction of particular segment, like
determination of the hardships to return on investment, must be fulfil (Abhishek and Divyashree,
2019).
Regards, whether the judgement managers rarely face the query to invest in a new project
or spread out an active facility. One option might can be to invest $15 million in a new
production facility, or $45,00,000 to spread out on the line of the production. Each option will

start with a various cash outflow and a various upcoming cash inflow. Each approach can various
number of return on investment.
P2. Assess the accounting function within the organisation in the context of regulatory and
ethical constraints:
They are numerous accounting functions of a business organisation which need to create
the process of accounting more reliable and systematized in order to achieve the highest goals of
the organization (Almagtome, 2021). The accounting function required to be done to attain the
eventual objectives of an organization's accounting procedure. The numbers of accounting
functions are given below which are as follows-
 Payroll- Salary is what a company pays an employee for a specific period or date. It is
usually carry out by the company's accounts or HR department. Payroll for a small
business can be processed directly by the owner or employees. Payroll is increasingly
outsourced to specialized firms that handle accounting tasks such as payroll processing,
employee benefits, insurance, and billing. B. Withholding Tax. Large number of payroll
fintech companies, such as Atomic, Bit-wage, Finch, Pin-wheel, and Wage stream, are
using technology to simplify the payroll process. These mixtures make it easier and faster
to pay employees and render electrical payroll documentation and innovation.
 Legal compliance- The next function which can be done by the help of the accounting is
the compliance of the legal requirement. Due to the recording of financial transaction the
organisation is know their profit and loss which they earn in particular year. Due to this
the organisations are able to determine their tax liability and save themselves from the
legal cases of the government.
Accounts receivable and payables- This Function helps the top level management of of the
organisation to control the funds in the form of receivables and payables. Whether the business
institution is capable to get the funds from their debtors in a specific period of time and create the
cost to the creditors of the business institution. By the help of this analysis the top level
management can be able to determine how effectively the business organisation can make cost to
their creditors in a less period as well as how effective the strategies of the management generate
the funds from their debtors (Dănescu and Prozan, 2019).
 Budgeting- By the help of this the organisation can make the budget for their operations
through which they can assess their performance throughout the year. Budget contain the

hypothetical data which the organisation estimate so that they run their business
according to the budget and control the expenses and cost of the business. Because of
this they are bale to reduce their cost and can increase the profit margin as well.
P3. Financial statements for sole traders, partnerships and not for profit organisation
Every business has operating regularly so have some sort of different activities, they need to
record these data at one place (Hamour and et.al., 2021). In other words, every financial
transactions to be recorded in day to day activities termed as financial statements. While
preparing financial books, every organisation need to comply with accounting standards.
Financial statements are written records which are prepared by management of company to
present financial position and performance at a given point of time. These are prepared with a
motive to give detailed information about business to its interested parties like owners, investors,
government, creditors and many more. There are more compliances for publicly listed companies
as they required to prepare financial statements for the quarters as well as for year. They need to
present to different regulators agencies like to stock market, monetary units and banking units.
Practically, there exist three types of financial statements such as statement of financial position,
statements of profit and loss and statements of cash flows. These statement help their users to
forecast the future value of their entity and which assists them in analyse the earning capabilities
of the company.
Statement of financial position – This is also known as balance sheet which is capable to show
the financial position of an organisation on a particular date. It is prepared after proper drafting
of Income statements which is trading and profit & loss account. It indicates the assets and
liabilities of a concern at particular point of time. The various items should appear in the balance
sheet in a specific order which is termed as marshalling. When the assets which are most
permanent in nature appear at top and below to them is current assets and when it comes to
liabilities, the capital and long term liabilities appear above the short term liabilities, it is termed
as marshalling under permanence order (Kolat, 2019).
 Income statements – It a generic term which refers to those components of financial
statement which are associated with determination of operating result that is
ascertainment of profit earned or loss suffered. There is sub categories in income
statements which is trading and profit and loss account which are discussed hereunder: