Interview Summary for Clinical Model and Draft Pamphlet on Acne

Acne is a chronic skin condition that leads to the development of inflammatory lesions on the surface. The disease is predominant in individuals below the age of thirty, and the most affected gender is women. The condition might have a negative impact on the social relationships of the individual. The diagnosis is through observation of the skin. There are a variety of medications that cure or clear acne from the skin. The interviewees found the pamphlet language simple and easy to understand, but suggested adding more information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

BIOH12008/Human Pathophysiology/Disease Awareness Pamphlet Assessment Task/Submission Template
Interview and rationale summary (one doc or docx file format) that includes:
The five completed interview sheets about the clinical
model (Step 2A)
Selected Clinical Model
Interview 1 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 30 years old
Occupation: Plumber
Q1: What are the symptoms of acne?
Lumps appear below the skin of the affected individual
Pimples and tender bumps are also evident on the face which contain pus
Q2: What causes acne?
Plugging of hair follicle with oil is the main cause of acne. Additionally, eating oily food increases the
chances of developing acne
Q3: How does the disease affect quality of life of a patient?
The affected individual is shy and loses confidence. This has an effect on the social interaction of
individuals. There are no adverse impact of the condition on the quality of life of the person.
Q4: Who are the most affected in Australian population?
The most affected individuals are women below the age of thirty. The underlying cause is that there are significant
changes in the hormonal levels in the body of women below this age.
Q5: How is the disease diagnosed?
An individual who has inflammations on the skin should visit the doctor for treatment. Furthermore, pimples on the
face is an indication of growing acne
Q6: How is acne treated?
Treatable by antibiotics such as doxycyline. Other antibiotics are also useful in managing the pimples. The mode of
action is the inhibitory activity of the antibiotics on the bacterial organisms causing acne.
Q7: What else do you know about acne?
Physicians can use anti-androgen drugs to cure the disease. The patients should visit health facilities as soon as
possible.
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Selected Clinical Model
Interview 2 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Female
Age: 25 years old
Occupation: Entrepreneur
Q1: symptoms of acne?
The symptoms are Pimples and Back heads on the surface of the body, specifically the face, arms and
shoulder
Q2: What causes the disease?
Changes in hormonal secretion of the body cause an individual to have acnes. Excessive oil secretion is
also a noted cause of acne
Q3: How does acne affect the quality of life
The affected person loses confidence in public places. They feel shy when walking around and cannot talk
in public place
Q4: Who are the most affected in Australian population?
The disease affects everyone regardless of age or gender. The most affected age is fifteen to thirty.
Q5: How is the disease diagnosed?
Diagnosis is through the appearance of lesions on the face, arms and other skin areas. An individual with the
symptoms should seek medical attention.
Q6: How is acne treated?
The treatment is through medications such as dapsone. The progress of acne can be minimised if the person limits
the intake of oily food
Q7: What else do you know about the disease?
Chemical treatment assists in removing acnes. This is undertaken under the guidance of an expert clinician.
Therefore, the patients should seek the medical attention from physicians.
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Selected Clinical Model
Interview 3 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 36 years old
Occupation: Mechanic
Q1: symptoms of acnes?
The symptoms include Pimples, Black and white heads and Painful lumps. the person might also develop
small cysts
Q2: causes of acnes?
Causes of the disease are Stress and Anxiety. Additionally, the disease is hereditary; hence, Genetics is
another cause of the complication.
Q3: Effects of the disease on the quality of life
The condition affects opposite sex relationship. People also suffer from lower levels of self-esteem and
confidence.
Q4: The most affected individuals in Australia due to acne
People below the age of thirty years. This is truer for women within this age. However, the disease can
occur at any stage.
Q5: How is the disease diagnosed?
Occurrence of lesions on the chest and face are the primary diagnostic feature of acne.
Lesions also appear on the neck and at the back.
Q6: How is the disease treated?
The physician prescribe sthe uptake of antimicrobials such as tazarotene and adapalene. These act to inhibit the
growth of bacteria leading to acne.
Q7: What else do you know about the disease?
An individual who likes to touch the face is at a high risk of developing acnes since the risk of infection is increased
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Selected Clinical Model
Interview 4 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Female
Age: 32 years old
Occupation: Waitress
Q1: Symptoms of acne
Occurrence of:
Cysts,
Pimples,
Whiteheads, and
Blackheads.
Q2: Causes of acne
The causes include:
Hormonal changes
Menstruation
Cosmetics
Medications containing lithium and androgens since these cause the oil glands under the skin to grow and
secrete more oil
Q3: Effect of the disease on quality of life
There is no significant effect on the life of an individual. However, the pains due to the lesions result into a
poor life. It is extremely difficult to manage acne under changing weather conditions
Q4: who are the most affected in Australian population?
Women below the age of thirty years. Men are also vulnerable but not as much as their women counterparts.
Q5: how is the disease diagnosed?
Diagnosis is through the detection of lesions on the skin surface. The patient should consult a physician in case of
the symptoms.
Q6: Treatment of acnes
Medication such as salicyclic acid and resorcinol helps to clear the pimples. The acid clears the black and the
whiteheads through unclogging of pores that resolve and prevent further development of lesions. There is however
no relation to the sebum production and inhibition of growth of bacteria.
Q7: What else do you know about acnes?
Physicians can also prescribe oral contraceptives to help in the removal of acnes. However, reduced application of
grease-containing cosmetics reduces the chances of developing acnes.
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Selected Clinical Model
Interview 5 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 23 years old
Occupation: Student
Q1: Symptoms of acnes?
The symptoms include of include Blackheads, pimples, whiteheads and lumps. The lumps are commonly
painful and pimples have pus in them.
Q2: Causes of acnes include:
Genetics,
Anxiety,
Stress and
Medications that have lithium content in them are known to increase the risk of developing acne
Q3: how does the disease affect the quality of life
The affected individual suffers pain due to the itching pimples. However, the disease has little effect on an
individual’s quality of life.
Q4: Who are the most affected?
Women from the age of fifteen to thirty years are more prone to develop acne. However, the disease can affect
everyone across gender and age.
Q5: How is the disease diagnosed?
Through observation of lesions. The patient should also look after other symptoms such as cysts and the blackheads
Q6: How is the disease treated?
Prescription of Isotretinoid which eliminates the pimples. The medication clears cysts and whiteheads
Q7: What else do you know about the disease?
Climatic changes can make an individual to develop acnes.
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A 500 to 600 words summary of your first five interviews
about the clinical model (Step 3A)
Word count: Acne is a condition of the skin that is chronic and leads to the development of
inflammatory lesions on the surface (Guzman, Choi, & James, 2018). The condition develops when the hair
follicles are plugged with dead skin cells and oil. Acne often leads to whiteheads, and blackheads, and are
found to be appearing on the upper back, shoulders, chest and forehead. The signs and symptoms of acne
might be varying depending on the severity of the condition that an individual develops. Apart from the
symptoms mentioned above, some other symptoms are small, red, tender bumps known as papules, and
pimples which are papules with pus at the tips. In addition, individuals are prone to develop nodules which
are solid and large lump beneath the skin’s surface. Cyctic lesions might also develop that re painful and
pus-filled lumps beneath the skin’s surface.
The disease is predominant in individuals below the age of thirty. The most affected gender is
women; however, anybody can contact the disease (Harris, & Cooper, 2017). Suffering from acne has a
negative impact on the quality of life of individuals in relation to different life aspects. The condition might
be having a negative impact on the social relationships of the individual. The appearance of the pimples on
the face can make an individual lose confidence. Most individuals face awkwardness in the public or in a
social gathering. Therefore, the affected individuals find difficulties in interacting with others. The diagnosis
is through observation of the skin.
The risk factors for development of acne are multiple. Acne develops as a result of increased
secretion of androgen in the body. The hormone triggers the growth of oil glands beneath the epidermal
layer of the skin (Danby, 2015). Medications that have lithium and androgen also cause the development of
pimples. Additionally, cosmetics that are oily and contain grease leads to acne on the face. Menstruation and
stress also trigger the formation of blisters on the chest. Acne development can also be due to genetics as an
individual can inherit the condition from the parents. The changes in climatic conditions can also lead to the
occurrence of the disease. Furthermore, squeezing of pimples also causes acne.
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There are a variety of medications that cure or clear acne from the skin. Resorcinol and Salicylic acid
are examples of medical remedies against pimples. Resorcinol assists in the removal of both the white and
blackheads (Thiboutot et al., 2018). Apart from the two drugs, Azelaic acid and Benzoyl peroxide are also
remedies to the lesions. Azelaic acid reinforces the cellular lining of the hair follicles. Moreover, the acid
prevents the eruption of sebum and inhibits the growth of bacteria. Benzoyl peroxide eliminates bacteria
hence accelerating skin replacement.
Injection of corticosteroid drugs also helps in the treatment and management of the skin lesions. The
infusion is necessary if the cyst erupts leading to the development of painful lump. The physician must
dilute the corticosteroid to enhance its level of effectiveness (Zaenglein et al., 2016). Furthermore,
corticosteroids minimise the chances of an individual to develop inflammation. Corticosteroids also enable
the affected individual to undergo a fast process of healing and recovery from acne. The lumps and the
heads break down after three days from the time of injection.
Physicians can prescribe antibiotics for patients who are allergic to injections. The drugs have an
effective action for individuals with chronic acne infection (Verkaik, Schurink, & Melles, 2018). The patient
should take the medication for six months to reduce the causative agents of the disease. Furthermore, the
affected individuals should take high amounts of antibiotics at the beginning of treatment. However, the
patient should reduce the uptake of the drug as the acne decrease. The shortcoming of the medicines is the
ability of the causative agents of the disease to develop resistance towards them.
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The five completed interview sheets about the draft
Disease Awareness Pamphlet (Step 1B)
Draft Pamphlet Interview Clinical Model:
Interview 1 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 43 years old
Occupation: University Lecturer
Q1: What have you learnt from the pamphlet about the disease?
Acne manifests as a result of anxiety, stress among other causes. Antibiotics are the best remedies for the
condition that inhibit the growth of organisms associated with the outbreak of acne. Acne can be further
controlled by minimising the intake of oily food combating weather changes
Q2: What information did you find hard to understand?
The meaning of white and blackheads. Furthermore, the difference between pimples and cysts.
Q3: how did the pamphlet help to understand acnes?
The pamphlet has provided distinct information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment methods of the
disease. Therefore, an individual gains knowledge on the complication.
Q4: what is your opinion about the language of the pamphlet?
The language is simple and easy to understand. Thus, any person can understand the contents of the pamphlet.
Q5: What is your opinion on the design?
The design is perfect. The designers should make more pamphlets to reach more individuals.
Q6: what should be improved on the pamphlet?
The designers of the pamphlet should add more information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It is
advised that explanations are provided for the underlying causes of acne and how the different modes of treatment
work for reducing acne
Q7: what other improvement do you want
Add more details on the methods of treatment. How stress and anxiety can lead to acne needs to be explained in a
more detailed manner
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Draft Pamphlet Interview Clinical Model:
Interview 2 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Female
Age: 30 years old
Occupation: Nurse
Q1: what did you learn about the disease from the pamphlet
I learnt the following:
The injection by corticosteroids eliminates lesions
Oral intake of antibiotics also treats pimples as the organisms responsible for causing acne are killed
Q2: What information do you find difficult to understand?
The difference between cysts and pimples. The pamphlet does not explain the meaning of the symptoms
in details.
Q3: How did the pamphlet help you understand the disease?
The document states the causes of the disease. Moreover, the pamphlet illustrates the treatment
methods. Therefore, the pamphlet impacts proper knowledge on the infection.
Q4: What is your opinion about the language used in the pamphlet?
The language is easy to comprehend.
Therefore, a majority of individuals have an easy time in understanding the document
The representation of the pamphlet is clear
Q5: what is your opinion on the design of pamphlet?
The design is precise and acceptable
However, the language should be made more simple than the previous one
Q6: What can be improved in the pamphlet?
Add more causes of acnes and each is described in a summarised manner
Include more information on diagnosis and symptoms
Explain the meaning of the signs and symptoms
Q7: What else do you want to improve in the pamphlet?
Use new pictures. If possible, add more illustrations to the pictures. This helps in understanding and diagnosing
acne
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Draft Pamphlet Interview Clinical Model:
Interview 3 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 27 years old
Occupation: Student
Q1: What have you learnt from the pamphlet
The causes, symptoms, and treatment of acnes. I now have adequate information on acnes which would
help me in preventing the outbreak of acne and treating the same in case they occur
Q2: what did you find difficult to understand?
The meaning of whiteheads. I did not understand the difference between white and blackhead
Q3: How did the pamphlet help in understanding the disease?
The pamphlet impacts knowledge on all aspects of acnes. I now know the causes, symptoms, and
management of acnes and I am better able to prevent developing acne
Q4: What is your opinion about the language
The language used is simple and precise. Therefore, any person can understand the contents of the pamphlet
Q5: opinion on design of pamphlet?
The design is perfect. However, add illustrations to the pictorials. It is important to illustrate pictorials since the
same are easy for readers to comprehend
Q6: what can be improved?
Add more information on the signs and symptoms as readers would be better able to understand the differences
between the different signs and symptoms
Explain the treatment methods in details so that one can understand which treatment method is best for whom
and the course of treatment for each
Q7: What else do you want improved
Nothing much. Just more information on the signs, symptoms, and treatment methods.
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Draft Pamphlet Interview Clinical Model:
Interview 4 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: female
Age: 36 years old
Occupation: Tailor
Q1: What have you learnt
The causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of acne has been better understood from the pamphlet
The treatment methods in case of the lesions
Q2: what information is difficult?
The difference between the cysts and the whiteheads. Explain the treatment methods in details.
Q3: How did the pamphlet help in understanding acnes
The pamphlet offers precise information on lesions and their causes.
The document also discloses the symptoms and treatment options. Therefore, the document impacts
knowledge on the disease.
Q4: opinion on the language
The language is acceptable and precise. Therefore, anyone can understand the pamphlet
Q5: opinion on design
The design is simple and accurate. The design makes the contents appealing to the readers
Q6: what can be improved?
Add more symptoms, causes, and treatment methods. Explain the symptoms and the treatment methods. This
would ensure that the readers have a comprehensive information on acne and gain maximal benefits from the
same to be applied in their daily lives
Q7: what else do you want improved?
Explain more on the diagnosis and the treatment methods. This would help in understanding how the treatment
methods work so that the best choice of treatment can be selected from the available evidences
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Draft Pamphlet Interview Clinical Model:
Interview 5 date:
Interviewee background (optional)
Gender: Male
Age: 40 years old
Occupation: business man
Q1: Describe what you learnt from pamphlet
The causes of acnes include anxiety and stress. I also learnt about the signs and symptoms. The modes of
treatment of acne are many and each one has a distinct mode of action against the causative factors of
acne development
Q2: What is difficult
The difference between the whitehead and blackhead has been difficult to understand. The explanation of
the treatment methods
Q3: How did the pamphlet help you to understand acnes
The simple illustration assists one to know the causes of the disease.
An individual can state the symptoms of the complications from the pamphlet
Q4: opinion on language
The language is okay since it is simple and straight forward. Therefore, many people can understand the document
Q5: opinion on the design of pamphlet?
The pamphlet is well-designed and the pictures that are provided are a good representation of the condition.
The information is accurate and up-to date and have been taken from relevant resources that are evidence based
Q6: what can be improved?
There is a need of providing in detailed information on the treatment methods. Explain the methods and the
symptoms.
Q7: What else?
Add more causes and symptoms. Give an explanation of the symptoms.
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A 350 to 400 words summary of your second round of
interviews (Step 2B)
Word count: The interviewees agree that the pamphlet is informative and they have responded
positively to it. A distinct understanding has been gained regarding the extent to which the pamphlet has
been successful in imparting information on acne. The individuals have gained increased information about
the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods regarding the condition. The causes include stress
and anxiety among others. The symptoms include the development of white and blackheads, pimples with
pus and lesions. More symptoms are the appearance of cysts and the painful lumps on the areas that are
affected by acne. The diagnosis is through the identification of the signs that are the common characteristic
of acne. The treatment can be through injection of corticosteroids that helps in reduction of inflammation
and augments healing. Additionally, the physicians can recommend the intake of antibiotics that help in
inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the site of acne (Sinnott, Bhate, Margolis, & Langan, 2016). Therefore,
the medical pamphlet impacts knowledge about acne to the audience. The information that has been
presented is structured in a logical manner.
Some interviewees did not find difficulty in understanding any detail in the pamphlet. However,
others found minimal problems when navigating the document. Some interviewees faced difficulties in
understanding the differences between blackheads and whiteheads which are cores signs of acne. Moreover,
certain individuals did not know the difference between cysts and the whiteheads. The difference between
pimples and cysts were also difficult to be understood. The pamphlet further lacked detailed information of
the modes of action of the different treatment methods. Individuals were therefore not able to develop a
thorough knowledge on the best available treatment options for acne under different circumstances.
However, the booklet enabled them to understand the basic information regarding the treatment options.
Moreover, the readers can now explain how physicians diagnose individuals with the disease.
The language in the pamphlet is easy to understand. Therefore, the interviewees did not have
difficulties in interpreting the document. The design of the material is also simple and easy to gauge.
Moreover, the images show that acne affects children, women, and men. The illustrations attract the
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attention of the readers hence giving them additional insight into the spectrum of the disease. A majority of
the interviewees agree that the design is perfect and that more information is necessary for the pamphlet.
Therefore, the language and the design are excellent.
The interviewees call for additional information on the pamphlet. The document has focused on two
primary causes of acne which are stress and anxiety. However, other causes include genetics, menstrual
flow, and changes in climatic conditions (Lam, & Vasey, 2018). Moreover, the use of cosmetics and
alteration in the concentration of hormones also causes lesions. The individuals also call for the addition of
symptoms apart from the cysts and the pimples. Other symptoms include the painful lumps and whiteheads
(Beinvogl et al., 2015).
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A 350 to 400 words reflective summary and justification
of changes (Step 3B)
Word count: The first pamphlet is precise and educative to the interviewers. However, changes should
involve the addition of extra information. Acne occurs across all age groups and gender; the pictures show
the spectrum of the disease. However, the most affected group is ladies below the age of thirty years. There
are numerous causes of the complication; however, the pamphlet only talks about two causes. The second
pamphlet contains all the causes of the lesions. Acne develops as a result of anxiety and depression
(Akhnikh, de Korte, & de Winter, 2014). Additionally, menstrual flow and genetics also lead to the
development of the pimples.
Apart from the mentioned causes, the improved pamphlet states other causes of acne. Medications
that contain lithium and cosmetics also cause the disease. The first pamphlet includes few symptoms which
include cysts and pimples. However, the second document illustrates has more information on the symptoms
such as white and blackhead. The changes are justified on the basis of the request made by the interviews.
However, the basic scientific information remains unchanged in both pamphlets. Physicians diagnose the
disease by spotting any lesions on the skin of the patient. The individuals appreciate the effort of mentioning
the signs and symptoms of acne but have put forward the request for additional information in the following
document. The treatment options are simple and self-explanatory. The first one is an oral intake of
antibiotics to clear the lesions (Costill, & Eichenfield, 2015). The patient should take high amounts of
antibiotics at the beginning of treatment and reduce the levels as they heal. However, the causative agents
can develop resistance towards the antibiotics. Therefore, the doctor should prescribe another antimicrobial
in case of resistance. Injection by the use of corticosteroids also eliminates the lesions by preventing the
formation of scars.
The interviewees have requested for additional treatment options. Therefore, the second pamphlet
has more alternatives for individuals who are allergic to both injections and taking medications. The
possibilities are the application of salicylate and Resorcinol. The two chances help in the clearing of the
black and whiteheads. The interviewees commend the use of language in the pamphlet. Therefore, the
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second pamphlet is also precise and straightforward. The design also does not change from one document to
the other. However, there is a slight difference in the pictorial illustration. Therefore, the difference in the
two pamphlets is the depth of information.
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References
Akhnikh, S., de Korte, N., & de Winter, P. (2014). Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome
(ACNES): the forgotten diagnosis. European journal of paediatrics, 173(4), 445-449.
Beinvogl, B., Dinakar, P., Logan, D., Schechter, N., & Nurko, S. (2015). Su1164 Ultrasound Guided (USG)
Nerve Blocks in Pediatric Patients With Functional Abdominal Pain and Abdominal Cutaneous
Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES): Impact on Pain and Associated Gastrointestinal Symptoms.
Gastroenterology, 148(4), S-424.
Costill, D., & Eichenfield, L. F. (2015). Use of antibiotics for acne exceeds guideline recommendations.
Infectious Diseases in Children, 28(12), 20.
Danby, F. W. (2015). Acne: causes and practical management. John Wiley & Sons.
Gollnick, H. P. M. (2015). From new findings in acne pathogenesis to new approaches in treatment. Journal
of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 29, 1-7.
Guzman, A. K., Choi, J. K., & James, W. D. (2018). Safety and effectiveness of amoxicillin in the treatment
of inflammatory acne. International Journal of Women's Dermatology.
Harris, V. R., & Cooper, A. J. (2017). Modern management of acne. The Medical journal of Australia,
206(1), 41-45.
Lam, K., & Vasey, C. (2018). Diagnostic dilemma: think about anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment
syndrome (ACNES) in patients with atypical abdominal pain and Crohn's disease. BMJ case reports,
2018.
Sinnott, S. J., Bhate, K., Margolis, D. J., & Langan, S. M. (2016). Antibiotics and acne: an emerging iceberg
of antibiotic resistance?. British Journal of Dermatology, 175(6), 1127-1128.
Thiboutot, D. M., Dréno, B., Abanmi, A., Alexis, A. F., Araviiskaia, E., Cabal, M. I. B., ... & El Ouazzani,
T. (2018). Practical management of acne for clinicians: An international consensus from the Global
Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 78(2),
S1-S23.
Verkaik, N. J., Schurink, C. A. M., & Melles, D. C. (2018). Antibiotic treatment of Propionibacterium acnes
endocarditis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(2), 209.
BIOH12008/Human Pathophysiology/Disease Awareness Pamphlet Assessment Task/Submission Template /Page 18

Zaenglein, A. L., Pathy, A. L., Schlosser, B. J., Alikhan, A., Baldwin, H. E., Berson, D. S., ... & Keri, J. E.
(2016). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology, 74(5), 945-973.
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