Activity Based Costing: An Emerging Cost Model for Financial Management & Decision Making
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This presentation discusses Activity Based Costing, a method for ascertaining the cost related to the production of products and monitoring of production activities. It includes steps for implementation, advantages, and disadvantages. Suitable for students of BMP5006 Financial Management & Decision Making.
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Activity Based Costing An Emerging Cost Model
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2 Introduction ABC, also known as Activity Based Costing, is a method which helps the firms to ascertain the cost related to the production of products and monitoring of production activities. The method identifies the consumption of resources and ascertain final results. Resources are being allotted to various production activities and then these activities are assigned to different cost objects. The method helps the management in making good understanding of the products and services it offers, its customers and the profit it makes by selling products to the target customer group. The method is being used by the firms to identify the indirect expenses incurred on various products of the firm, to consider the direct and indirect costs on the products, to set the of prices more precisely and to know which indirect cost could be reduced or cut back. This report includes application of ABC in manufacturing firms, steps for implementation of activity based costing, merits and demerits of activity based costing.
3 Implementatio n www.website.com Activity based costing is a costing method that help the organization to identify activities and assign the cost of each activity to all products according to the actual consumption. As compared to conventional costing this model assign more overhead cost into direct cost. ACTIVITY BASED COSTING HELP IN: BUDGETING Activity based costing help companies to know the flow of money throughout the year accurately. Creation of budget for the year help decision makers to evaluate department performance through variance analysis. PRODUCT PRICING Activity based costing helps in discovering accurate product pricing because finalizing the price of a product is the challenging part of the business. If any cost related to production fails to take into consideration results too low pricing which cannot be wind up with the healthy profit margin. It help companies to know the use of overhead costs that help in determining necessary activities for production. Activity based costing helps in identifying the wastage which could be close out to reduce overhead cost or can be cut down entire process. DECISION OVERHEAD DECISION
4 ABC Calculation: www.website.com Identify all the activities related to production of product. Divide the total overhead of each cost pool by total cost drivers that gives cost driver rate Multiply cost driver rate by number of cost drivers. Divide the activities into cost pools. Calculate total overhead of each cost pool. Assign cost drivers (hours, units) of each cost pool. Calculate cost driver rate by dividing total overhead.
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5 IMPLEMENETIN G STEPS www.website.com •ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION –An activity is a process that consumes overhead cost. The objective is to understand activities required to produce company’s products. Through this, All the activities that have the biggest impact on overhead cost will be narrow down.Manufacturing company identified the following activities as having the biggest impact on overhead cost which are as follows: Purchasing of material,Running cost of machines,Assembling of products,Setting of machines,Inspecting materials to finished products •ASSIGN OVERHEAD COSTS TO ACTIVITIES –in this step, cost pool is formed for each activity in which overhead costs associated with each activity. Purchasing material includes of salaries, rent, depreciation. In this all overhead cost includes not direct material direct labor cost. In this step company gets estimated annual overhead cost. •IDENTIFY COST DRIVERS –Cost driver that drives the cost associated with activity by identifying cost drivers from various areas of the companies such as production, purchasing, quality control which help the manufacturing business to know estimated annual cost driver activity.Examples of cost drivers in manufacturing business are purchase requisition, machine hours, direct labor hours, machine per setup etc.
6 IMPLEMENETIN G STEPS www.website.com •PRE DETERMINED OVERHEAD RATE FOR EACH ACTIVITY –pre determined overhead cost will be calculated by dividing estimated overhead cost and estimated cost driver activity that shows overhead cost for each purchase requisition processes. •ALLOCATE OVERHEAD COSTS TO PRODUCTS –Once activity pools and rates known, the next step is to assign them cost. Overhead costs are assigned to products by multiplying predetermined overhead rate by cost driver activity. •PREPARE AND DISTRIBUTE MANAGEMENT REPORTS– After completing ABC costing, the data should be send to cost object owners in a concise manner.
7ADVANTAGES OF ACTIVITY BASED COSTING www.website.com ACCURATE PRODUCT COSTING –it produces reliable product costby focusing on cause and effect relationship of cost incurrence. It helps the manufacturing business to know the activities which cause costs which consume activities. In a large organization overhead cost constitute a large share of total cost which is important to know accurate costing of product. COST BEHAVIOUR INFORMATION –help in cost behavior reduces cost and the activities that do not add value in a product. Helps in decision making for manager to control fixed overhead cost as it is visible to manager through variance analysis. TRACING ACTIVITIES –with the help of knowing cost drivers, ABC help decision makers to trace more overheads to the products and resulting in efficiency of operations. OVERHEAD COST –ABC help many departments in an organization like production etc. will know their overhead cost related to production of product through which it is easy to reduce cost per unit and effective utilization of resources. BETTER DECISION MAKING– Activity based costing helps in fixing selling prices of products as the manager has reliable product cost data. COST MANAGEMENT –Cost drivers is help to design new products or existing products as they have overhead cost that can be applied in costing. Activity based costing useful for cost management and performance appraisals.
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8 DISADVANTAGE S OF ACTIVITY BASED COSTING www.website.com EXPENSIVE AND COMPLEX METHOD –As there are numbers of cost pools and drivers which makes it complex and costly therefore it is not recommended to use activity based costing in all firms for all product lines. SELECTION OF DRIVERS –As there are numerous cost drivers, common cost, varying cost driver rates which makes difficult for the organization to select each drivers. It could be possible that cost driver will not relate to product but it looks in a management view. SMALLER FIRMS –All firms are not using activity based costing due to its cost of maintaining therefore Activity based costing is not useful for small firms, it could be possible that it will be beneficial for small firms if the costing of products will be beneficial, if it is costly resulting in high selling prices and lowers the profitability. LACK OF COMMUNICATION –As companies uses Activity based costing method affect behavioral change management result in lack of communication and failed ti implement the ABC method. RESISTANCE –operational managers that would need to spend substantial time and efforts through which employees pose resistance towards this method.
9 Advantages of ABC over traditional costing techniques: ABC or Activity Based Costing and Traditional Costing are the methods which are being used in allocation of overheads to the products that firm produces. Both of these methods estimates the total amount of indirect cost on the overall production and assignment of these indirect costs to individual product based on the rate of cost driver. The major difference in both the methods is the accuracy of the results and complexity of the method. Traditional costing assign the overheads to the products on the basis of average rate of arbitrary is considered to be more simple method than ABC method. But the results from the traditional costing method are less accurate compared to the ABC. ABC is more typical to understand and apply as it is a long method to assign the costs to products. It firstly assign overheads to the activities that are being conducted to produce the product and then it assigns overheads to the individual product on the basis of usage of the products. www.website.com
10 Traditional Costing: www.website.com Traditional Costing is a method in which overheads are assigned to products on the basis of pre- established indirect cost rate. This methods is considered to be the best when direct costs are more than indirect costs. There are some steps to apply traditional costing method: 1.Firstly, indirect cost is needed to be identified. 2.Estimation of indirect cost is done for a specific period of time, i.e., for a year, quarter or month. 3.Cost driver needs to be selected which would have a link with the cost. 4.Estimation of a value for cost driver is done for a specific period. 5.Computation of pre-established indirect cost rate would be done. 6.Finally, indirect costs are assigned to the products with the help of indirect cost rate.
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11ABC vs TraditionalBasisABC CostingTraditional Costing FocusActivity based costing or ABC method has a major focus on allocation of cost. In this method,fordifferenttypeofactivity, determinationofvariouscostdriversis done and allocation is done on the basis of these cost drivers. The allocation of indirect costs totheproductionactivitiesis themajorfocus.Onlyone standardisbeingsetfor activitiesthatarepartof productionandallocationis done on the basis of the level of usage of that standard. ApplicationABC is more typical to understand and apply as it includes selection of criteria for absorptionofindirectcostswhichis difficult and complex to adopt. Sometimes, it is difficult to set a criteria for allocation purpose. This method is more simpler to understand and apply because onlyonecostdriveris determinedforproduction activitiesandthecostsare distributedintovariableand fixed costs of production. ScopeABC costing is useful in allocation of all thecostsrelatedtomanufacturingand non-manufacturingactivitiessuchas sellinganddistributioncosts, administration costs, etc. Traditional costing is used only in allocation of costs related to manufacturing. www.website.com
12ABC vs TraditionalBasisABC CostingTraditional Costing Usage of method by the Management ABC could only be utilize for management motive because it can not be used by more than one user as they would not find it suitable metricfortheiroperations.Ithelpsthe management in pooling of cost and allocation of costs more properly. The values determined by using traditional costing method could become a part of profit and loss statement as a cost value as it only determinethevalueofcostof product. Influenceon Operations The firm requires to make deep investigation of its activities related to production and cost incurred by the firm for the same. ABC helps the management in improving their processes inlong run. This method eventuallyhelps businesses to manage their production costs. Using Traditional Costing method makesthingsdifficultforthe management in gathering the data related to production as they do not provide various cost centres to the firm. www.website.com Activity Based Costing (ABC) helps in improving the processes of business and indirect cost would be allocated to each and every product that firm produces. In this method businesses would be able to exclude the cost, such as factory costs, that are not related to the products that firm produces. When the costs are allocated to each and every product or activity, it helps the firm to improve its processes. This method also helps in determining the products that are useless for the business and then firm can stop their production.
13The Conclusion> www.website.com From the above report it can be concluded that Activity Based Costing is proved to be more useful in enhancing the cost process of the firm. Although it has many uses to the firm, managers still hesitate to make use of this type of costing method as it maximises the workload to ascertain the indirect expenses that are needed to be allocated to each product firm produces and this method requiresexpertiseknowledgeinthesamearea.Here,Traditionalcosting becomes a more easier option for the managers as it easy to understand and easy to adopt by the managers of the firm. Traditional costing is more better for firms who have lower indirect costs.
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14 References Valencia, J., 2019. Perhitungan harga pokok jasa berdasarkan Activity Based Costing System untuk mengetahui profitabilitas jasa: studi kasus pada CV. Anugerah Sukses Gemilang, Cimahi. Silva, M.M.H. and et.al., 2018, January. Proposal to Implementation Time-Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) for Calculation of Surgical Procedure Costs of a Medium-Sized Teaching Hospital. InInternational Conference on Information Technology & Systems.(pp. 191-199). Springer, Cham. SURYANDARI, Y., 2019.ANALISIS PERSEPSI KARYAWAN TENTANG PENGARUH EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN ACTIVITY BASED COSTING, OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS DAN COST SAVING POTENTIAL TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PRODUK PADA PT FRAMAS INDONESIA (Sebuah Perusahaan Manufaktur)(Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta). Triani, A.D and et.al., 2020. Analisis Penerapan Activity Based Costing System dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi untuk Meningkatkan Tingkat Profitabilitas Perusahaan.Prosiding Akuntansi. pp.256-261. Yosephine, F., 2019. Peran perhitungan harga pokok pesanan menggunakan metode pembebanan biaya job- order costing dengan activity-based costing terhadap design decision: studi kasus pada PT. SP. Sukmasari, D., and et.al., PENDAMPINGAN DALAM PENENTUAN BESARAN BIAYA PRODUKSI UNTUK USAHA KERIPIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ABC (ACTIVITY BASED COSTING). SALVADOR, F., 2019.VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA RESSERRAGEM DE REAPROVEITAMENTO DE COSTANEIRAS DE EUCALIPTO PELO MÉTODO Time-Driven-Activity-Based-Costing(Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Mestrado em Ciências Florestais; Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Florestais; UFES; BR). Reynolds, A., 2018. Time-driven activity-based costing for small to medium manufacturing enterprises in South Africa: an integrated balanced scorecard approach. Romauli, C., 2019. Penentuan harga satu unit motor pad rantai logistik inbound dan manufaktur dengan pendekatan activity based costing pada PT. Global Lestari Motorindo.SKRIPSI-2005. ANDREINA, R., 2018.PERBANDINGAN AKURASI PERHITUNGAN PRODUCT COST DENGAN METODEACTIVITY BASED COSTING DAN TRADITIONAL COSTING PADA PERUSAHAAN AGRIBISNIS (Studi Kasus pada PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V)(Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada).