Critical Analysis of Acute Kidney Disease: Prevalence, Socio-Economic Impact, Pathophysiology, Nursing Management, and Role of Knowledge in Workplace

This report provides a comprehensive review of acute kidney disease, including its prevalence, socio-economic impact, pathophysiology, nursing management, and the role of knowledge in the workplace. The report discusses the prevalence of acute kidney disease in the UK, its socio-economic impact on patients and society, and the pathophysiology of the disease. It also critically analyzes the current nursing management of acute kidney disease and the role of knowledge in the workplace. The report concludes by highlighting the importance of knowledge in treating and providing care to patients with acute kidney disease.

Critical analysis paper

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Prevalence...............................................................................................................................1
Socio-economic impact of Acute kidney disease on patient and society...............................2
Pathophysiology.....................................................................................................................3
Critical analysis of current nursing management of acute kidney disease.............................5
Role of knowledge in workplace............................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The report is well focus on the review of article, books and journal which contain the
information of Acute kidney illness. The acute kidney injury is referring as the diseased
condition which primarily focus on kidney that abruptly stop employed properly. It can variety
from slight loss of food function to comprehensive kidney disease. Acute kidney disease occurs
complication of another which is based on serious issue. It is not about outcome of physical
blow to kidney as the name which is well suggested. In addition to this, the acute kidney disease
is well show the various concept that provide the information which is associated with
prevalence of acute kidney disease as well as also provide information of socio-economic impact
of health issue on patient and society. The brief explanation of pathophysiology and concept of
health issue of discussed where nursing management is also mentioned that reduce the impact of
health issue. At last, report cover the knowledge that gained as per study with approach of
assistance in future for workplace or healthcare setting (Chaudhri and et. al., 2020).
MAIN BODY
Prevalence
The acute kidney disease is now common in UK. There are wide range of people are
usually face the issue of acute kidney disease in England. According to viewpoint of UKRR,
2020 it is comprehensive summary of AKI alert in 2018 which is well reported by the UKRR by
reference to workrooms portion NHS provider in England. Almost 90 percent of labs acquiesced
data which is enough data of sufficient quality that is included within the study. As per this, such
data show the accurate prevalence of AKI which is linked with HES and ONS and the outcome is
well elaborated by the CCG, there are various of stage which is analyse in AKI in which the alert
is well formulated and generated which is associated with hospital or community setting (Cho
and et. al., 2021). There are some of key pointer which is related with AKI are state with main
finding such as:
 87 percent of workrooms in England is well succumbed with AKI data for 2018-1.5
million of AKI is well alert aimed at the 488,856 people who usually represent over the
AKI episode which is measure up to 564,738.
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 The rate of Acute kidney disease is unadjusted in England which is analyse as 12,300 per
millions of population which play significant difference between the act of CCG which is
5300 to 20,700 per million populations.
 71 percent of the persons with the proper AKI episode has an infirmary stay with the 39
percent with the community that they are acquired and 32 percent with hospital which is
based on Acute Kidney disease. Median length that is well related with stay was 12 days
in infirmary and was more than dual in hospice that is acquired than in public acquired
with AKI (Fan, Ding, and Song, 2021).
 18 percent of people with the aspect of AKI episode with the 30 days of first single of
alert. It also enhanced with the peak of Acute Kidney disease for the 13 percent for stage,
13 percent for stage 2 and 33 percent for stage 3.
 Death within 30 days of hospital with learned with the acute kidney disease was 24
percent. The rate of mortality at 30 days was advanced in persons from socio-economic
contextual and winter that is January to March.
Socio-economic impact of Acute kidney disease on patient and society
The socio-economic impact of acute kidney disease or injury is well enhancing with
normal condition that is well related with poor health result. Moreover, Acute kidney disease is
now emerging as the major public fitness concern with tall human and monetary cost. In
England, the estimated inpatient cost which is well related with the AKI consume 1 percent of
NHS budget. As per this, the acute kidney disease is well enhancing in hospitalisation that
usually cost the range from $5.4 to $24 billion. It is referring as most expensive patient are those
who is suffering from acute kidney disease and require dialysis where it enhance the cost which
is relative without acute kidney disease from the range of $11,016 to $42,077 which is based on
per index of hospitalisation. It is also well indicated that the high cost, significant healthcare
level of variation shows their existence in cost of acute kidney illness care and support. In
addition, the above mentioned data well state that acute kidney disease need fund or expense
which higher that affect the socio economic tendency regard with patient. As per this, the society
is also act as chapter that show presence for socio-economic impact of Acute kidney disease.
Therefore, it is also analysed that the acute kidney disease also affects the social function and
impact in various ways. The clearest societal affect is marvellous financial price and loss for the
rage of output that is well related with kidney failure. In addition, individual with CKD can pose
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with substantial expense to healthcare system with those with end stage of renal disease which
may act as cost which is exponentially more. In addition, social factor which also include anxiety
and low social support are common in patient with chronic kidney disease. Moreover, influence
of these potential modifiable that is well associated with mortality and morbidity in this
population. According to the National Health Service, the acute kidney disease is common which
may affect the overall function of body due to abnormal activity that is performed. As per this, it
affects the patient as well society in term of social factor where above mentioned data well state
that economic burden is also created that affect country budget. The acute kidney disease
requires tool and new technique to manage treatment and provide support and care to patient
where high expense is spent by NHS to deal such consequence. It helps to reduce the impact in
term of factor that affect population health (Gündoğan and et. al., 2020).
Pathophysiology
Acute kidney disease or injury is referring as the foremost reason of nephrology discussion
and it is well related with death ratio. The main cause of Acute kidney disease usually includes
the issue of ischemia, hypoxia and nephrotoxicity. It is also referring as the underlying feature
which is rapid in term of state that decline the GFR which is usually associated with decline state
on renal blood flow (Shiba and et. al., 2018). The study allows the state of inflammation which
used to represent the essential additional constituent of AKI that lead to show postponement
phase of the injury which may be associated with the selfishness in term of vasodilator therapy. It
is also suggested that targeting the phase of extension in region which appear with impaired
energetic of highly metabolically active that show nephron segment that is proximal tubules and
thick climbing member in the context with the renal outer medulla that can also trigger the
conversion from hypoxia to the renal failure which is intrinsic. The injury to the cell of kidney is
lethal and sometime sub-lethal (Kari and et. al., 2021). The indication of sub-lethal provide
essential element in acute kidney disease which is influence the GFR and blood flow on the level
of renal regions. Whereas, the recovery response is well regulated by degree which is sub-lethal
cell that have ability to restore normal function and exacerbate regeneration. Moreover, the
positive retrieval from the issue of acute kidney disease is show dependency on degree which is
related with repair procedure and it is well comprise in individuals with chronic kidney disease.
therefore, there are some of the study configure that the acute kidney disease is link or connected
with the chronic kidney disease in term with surviving patient. It is also analysed that present
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diagnosis of AKI is well represent important area which is showing that treatment of patient with
AKI has enhance the awareness of potential biomarker of Acute kidney illness play in further
upcoming days or month. Moreover, the regional blood which is altered following injury in
ischemic acute kidney disease. therefore, immediate following ischemic injury that is total renal
blood flow which is well reduced but more striking is the regional deficit in blood flow which is
showing their existence in the region of cortex, the outer stripe of outer medulla and inner stripe
of outer medulla as well indicated in Panel A and also seen in Panel B (Li, Lu, and Li, 2021).
Figure 1 Phases of acute kidney injury
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919808/#:~:text=Acute%20kidney
%20injury%20(AKI)%20is,decreases%20in%20renal%20blood%20flow.
Critical analysis of current nursing management of acute kidney disease
The acute kidney disease AKI formerly recognised as acute renal failure which usually
critically analyse and state that it is often rescindable discount in kidney failure and purpose
which is well slow by GFR. Therefore, several of standards have been well used in research
studies which is RIFLE, AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) or KDIGO (it is known as
Kidney disease: Improve global outcome) that is act as criteria. In addition, the KDIGO is work
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as most recent and most common used factor that is focus on the Acute kidney failure or disease.
There cut or no urine production, anxiety, fluid holding, general malaise, Nausea, weight gain,
shortness of smell, hypertension, misperception and oedema (Menne, Dumann, Haller, and
Schmidt, 2019). There are some of the nursing management which is related with acute kidney
failure are:
 It helps to monitor vital counting urine output.
 Weigh enduring daily in order to regulate the retention of fluid in body.
 Assess the heart and also lungs sound.
 Review and inspect the mental status change and level of consciousness.
 Review of the chest x-rays and laboratory parameter such as Bun and creatinine.
 Insert a Foley catheter to inspect ins and outs that is associated with acute kidney failure
or illness.
 Therefore, administer diuretics as prescribed.
 Monitor that is based on blood pressure and also help to maintain treat accordingly.
 It is also undertaken that help to show the level of potassium and if high, treat as
clinician’s orders.
 Limitation consumption of fluid which help to restore the condition.
 It also helps to encourage the low sodium diet, limit food with high potassium such as
eating, orange and tomatoes.
 Keep the head of bed which is elevated (Portolés and et. al., 2020).
Role of knowledge in workplace
As per the chosen health issue help to develop knowledge and information that help the
individual to use in their workplace. The knowledge provide clarity in term of kidney disease
that is associated with causes, complication and nursing management. These information is
gained during the preparation of report that relate with health issue which is chosen for report. In
this, the acute kidney failure or disease is a condition that impact population health. The
knowledge regarding nursing intervention help to reduce the issue and support patient and
society in appropriate ways (See and et. al., 2019).
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CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the study has been taken on acute kidney
disease or injury which have number of causes where majorly state that it occurs due to ischemia,
hypoxia and so on. It is analysed that nursing management is help people to understand the
complication and allow to create preventive aspect that support individual for their care and
support. The study also makes comprehensive learning for kidney disease which is arise in
various region and countries. The knowledge is helpful to use in future when working in
workplace to treat and provide care to patient and social group.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chaudhri, I., Moffitt, R., Taub, E., Annadi, R.R., Hoai, M., Bolotova, O., Yoo, J., Dhaliwal, S.,
Sahib, H., Daccueil, F. and Hajagos, J., 2020. Association of proteinuria and hematuria
with acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Kidney
and Blood Pressure Research, 45(6), pp.1018-1032.
Cho, J.S., Shim, J.K., Lee, S., Song, J.W., Choi, N., Lee, S. and Kwak, Y.L., 2021. Chronic
progression of cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury: intermediary role of acute
kidney disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 161(2), pp.681-688.
Fan, C., Ding, X. and Song, Y., 2021. A new prediction model for acute kidney injury in patients
with sepsis. Ann Palliat Med, 10(2), pp.1772-1778.
Gündoğan, K.T.Ş., Baran Ketencioğlu, B., Rabah, B., Tutar, N. and Sungur, M., 2020. Acute
kidney injury in SARS-CoV-2 infected critically ill patients. Turk J Nephrol, 3(29),
pp.185-189.
Kari, J.A., Shalaby, M.A., Albanna, A.S., Alahmadi, T.S., Alherbish, A. and Alhasan, K.A.,
2021. Acute kidney injury in children with COVID-19: a retrospective study. BMC
nephrology, 22(1), pp.1-8.
Li, Z., Lu, S. and Li, X., 2021. The role of metabolic reprogramming in tubular epithelial cells
during the progression of acute kidney injury. Cellular and Molecular Life
Sciences, 78(15), pp.5731-5741.
Menne, J., Dumann, E., Haller, H. and Schmidt, B.M., 2019. Acute kidney injury and adverse
renal events in patients receiving SGLT2-inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. PLoS medicine, 16(12), p.e1002983.
Portolés, J., Marques, M., López-Sánchez, P., de Valdenebro, M., Munez, E., Serrano, M.L.,
Malo, R., García, E. and Cuervas, V., 2020. Chronic kidney disease and acute kidney
injury in the COVID-19 Spanish outbreak. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(8),
pp.1353-1361.
See, E.J., Jayasinghe, K., Glassford, N., Bailey, M., Johnson, D.W., Polkinghorne, K.R.,
Toussaint, N.D. and Bellomo, R., 2019. Long-term risk of adverse outcomes after acute
kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies using consensus
definitions of exposure. Kidney international, 95(1), pp.160-172.
Shiba, A., Uchino, S., Fujii, T., Takinami, M. and Uezono, S., 2018. Association between
intraoperative oliguria and acute kidney injury after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesia
& Analgesia, 127(5), pp.1229-1235.
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