Public Health Issues in UK

This assignment delves into the critical public health issues in the UK, highlighting the increasing rates of death from non-communicable and communicable diseases. It emphasizes the importance of addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty in rural areas, and improving healthcare service quality to mitigate these issues.

Addressing Health
Inequalities in Health
& Social Care

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
Covered in PPT...........................................................................................................................3
PART 2............................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
LO.1.................................................................................................................................................4
M.1 The main factors that contribute to public health issues.....................................................4
LO.2 ................................................................................................................................................5
M.2 Review the challenges that enable the effective intervention in public health....................5
M.3 The effectiveness of health protection strategies in place to prevent disease in local
community...................................................................................................................................7
D.1 Evaluating the contribution of different factors to the development of specific national
health issues................................................................................................................................8
D.2 Critically analyse the effectiveness of different types of public health interventions based
upon nationwide health protection strategies, in reducing health inequalities. ........................10
D.3 Reflection on the role of promoting and spread of disease in local community................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

PART 1
Covered in PPT

PART 2
INTRODUCTION
Public health issues as the poverty in rural area of UK is very high by which people are
not capable of taking services by which they are suffering from disease. Living a healthy life is
very important for human beings. The work of addressing public health issues is accomplished
by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and prevention of injury as well as detecting,
preventing and responding to infectious disease (Adler, Glymour and Fielding, 2016). Health
inequalities are unfair and avoidable differences in heath status between groups, individuals or
population and it has becomes the global concern. This present report will analyse the factors
contribute to public heath issues in UK and review the challenges to enable the effective
intervention in Public health. Furthermore, effectiveness of health protection strategies for
preventing the spreading of disease.
This report will highlight the ways of addressing health inequalities in health and social
care. Further, assignment will include the factors that contribute to current public health issues in
UK and different level of public health intervention. Moreover, role of healthcare professionals
in preventing as well as controlling the further outspread of disease. Various statistical data will
also be presented in this report.
LO.1
M.1 The main factors that contribute to public health issues.
There are some factors that contribute to public health issues which are obesity,
accidents, smoking, alcohol, substance and alcohol misuse and pollution. Thus, these public
health issues are influenced by the factors that contribute to public health issues which are as
follows-
Urbanisation: This is one of the factor that has contributed to public health issues as in
urban areas people are highly addicted to junk food and leisure life and this is the reason why
diabesity is very high in urban areas. On the other hand, pollution and accidents are also one of
the public issues that is very highly contributed to the public health issues because of large
number of vehicles, industries etc. In addition to this, addiction of smoking and alcohol and
substance misuses is also very high in urbanisation of because of choice of life of people (Singer
and et.al., 2017). Binge drinking is also very high in London urban population and it is very biog
concern.

Rural poverty: This is another factor that contribute to the public health issues as the
poverty in rural area of UK is very high by which people are not capable of taking services by
which they are suffering from disease. They could not afford gyms and other services that urban
population could afford. Furthermore, the life of people is much more better in urban areas as
compare to rural areas because of poverty. Poverty is the biggest reason for rising public health
issues.
Infrastructure: This is another factor that leads to contribute there public health issues as
infrastructure responds to ongoing health issues such as threats in emergence health like disaster,
earth-quake or any natural disaster, chronic diseases. If the public health infrastructure is weak
than it is not possible to achieve the desire results or prevent spreading of diseases. It is very
important that public health infrastructure renders communities, states and nations the capacity to
prevent the disease, health promotion as well as must able to respond to emergency threats as
well as public health issues such as obesity, smoking, alcohol and substance misuse, pollution
and accidents (Bourgois and et.al., 2017).
Low Eduction attainments: This is another factor that have extremely high impact on the
prevention of public health issues. There is direct relationship between education and public
health issues, like if the education is poor than it will raise the incidence of various diseases and
issues whereas if the education level is high, the outcomes of prevention will be positive. So,
education is very important in preventing the spreading of disease. In UK the level of education
is satisfactory as people are aware of taking education.
Health Services: The type of health services plays a key role in the prevention of
spreading of diseases as well as in prevention of public health issues. In UK, the type of services
provided by healthcare practitioners or healthcare department are perfect and this the reason of
declining in the rate of healthcare services as number of accidents were reduced, level of
pollution is also controlled to next level.
LO.2
M.2 Review the challenges that enable the effective intervention in public health.
There are some challenges that enable the effectiveness intervention in public health
which are as follows-
Individual: This is one of the biggest challenge that enable the effective intervention in
public health as individual participants in the society is very low as they are not interested to

participate in the intervention. Furthermore, in individual intervention, men to men meeting is
focused in which very difficult because of several reason like lack of resources, lack of responses
and no open communication. Thus, it results in challenge in effective intervention. On the other
hand, another challenges is that individual are not aware that they are getting serious health
issues like obesity, cancer from smoking and alcohol and others.
Family: Lack of family support to patient is another issue that enable the effective
intervention in public health. Sometimes it happens that family do not support the individual in
leaving the habit. For example, if father have a habit of drinking, it is sure that son will also start
drinking like person learn what they see. In addition to this, generic is another challenge in
family as if parental are suffering from a particular disease, next generation will do suffer for
example, obesity, diabetes, and many other diseases (Adler and et.al., 2016). But the thing is
that, unless the generic actors still there is a treatment for all the disease. People rely ion the fact
that my [parental have these diseases which is transfer to next but it is not always true. Thus, for
effective intervention, family support is very important as without this it is not possible to attain
the goals,
Community: Community is the also one of the factor which enable the effective
intervention of public health. It is the human tendency that people will laugh on them or people
do hide the disease from people around them but it is not good. It is very essential that
community should support the person who is suffering. For example in London, quarter of
population is suffering from obesity along with smoking and substance abuse are also very high
in UK because of there living choices. So, at that time it becomes highly challenging to prevent
and invent the
Societal: This is another challenge that is highly hinders the effectiveness of interventions
or prevention of disease. For example, in UK the choice of living of people are all similar to each
other which is luxury life that results in obesity and many other chronic diseases as well as bad
habits of smoking and alcohol consumption. In UK, age of 16 years people are addicted to this
substance and alcohol misuses only because of the societal culture as they are doing what they
are seeing in the society.
Structural: This is also a significant challenge that hinders the effectiveness of
intervention or prevention of disease. NHS is providing services in entire London but still there
are scarcity of hospitals by which people could not able to access the healthcare services. On the

other hand, structural healthcare equalities are also one of the issue facing in rural areas like real
wages are declining continuously in people which has becomes the main issue in prevention of
disease (Batterham, and et.al., 2016).
M.3 The effectiveness of health protection strategies in place to prevent disease in local
community.
The effectiveness of health protection strategies in place could be seen by the statistical
figures as the public health issues are declining continuously. All the above figures clearly stated
the contribution of strategies organised by government in local community.
The health equity assessment toolkit which is organised by WHO is very helpful in
assessing the health inequalities in the community. This toolkit explores the situation in one
areas like district, country or province in order to identify the current inequality situation as well
as change in inequalities over time. In addition to this, inequalities could compare from one to
another setting. On the other hand, strategies developed by Public Health England names as
Healthy Lives and Healthy People and after that individual have understood that they should
have to leave healthy by their own like hygienic food and surrounding, preliminary screening etc.
On the other hand, this strategy also focus on education and training of General practices
(Arcaya, Arcaya and Subramanian, 2015). In addition to this, it creates opportunities to live
better life and have better health. The main target of this strategy is to reduce obesity at both
domestic and global level.
Another strategies, Fair Society Healthy Lives and this strategy have made efforts to
provide the best starts in very child life as well as it also allows adults, young people to raise the
capabilities and acquire control over their lives. In addition to this, it also creates employment in
local community along with beef up the role and influence of preventing ill-health. The
contribution made by this strategy is effectively solving the public health issues as it effectively
determine the inequalities in health by which England is facing challenges and also undertake the
actions that could minimise the inequalities in local communities. The outcomes of this strategy
is also remarkable as the life expectancy rates as well as living life free from any kind of
disability is another remarkable achievement.
This is another strategy that have a good control over the Cardiovascular Disease
Outcome Strategy risk factors kn respect to the health and care. This strategy has raised the
awareness among the humans about the cardiovascular diseases that have change the landscape

worse into better scale. It does include all improvement in the treatments in hospitals like better
machineries, equipment, tools and highly expertises healthcare professionals.
D.1 Evaluating the contribution of different factors to the development of specific national health
issues.
There are various factors that have contributed to public heath issues but there are some
factors that have contributed to the development of specific national health issues in very
effective way. Public health infrastructure in England is highly improved because it is great
concern of government to solve public health issues. Health infrastructure renders states, society,
communities and nation a capacity to prevent disease, promote health as well as it must be able
to prepare for and react to both acute threats along with chronic issues in health of public. In UK,
the healthcare system has universal system that provides healthcare services to entire UK named
as National Healthcare Service (NHS) (Sadana and et.al., 2016). NHS consist of series of
publicly funded healthcare system in UK like NHS England, Wales etc.
In addition to this, improvement in education system is one another factor that have lead
to the development of specific national health issues such as obesity, pollution, smoking, alcohol
and substance abuse. If there is scarcity of eduction it directly raises the public health issues
because there is a direct relationship among them. It is very important that education should be
exist in the society or community so that people could know the reason behind the any illness or
issues. For example, traffic rules could only be understood if people is educated and if there is
lack of education than it will lead to accidents. Another example is obesity prevention, as it is
very crucial for person to know and understand the symptoms and causes of obesity so that
he/she can take actions accordingly.
Furthermore, health services are also another factors that have contributed the
development of public health issues in entire nations. In order to overcome the issues it is very
important that the services could able to reach to end people like in rural and remote areas
because it influenced the national economy (Cumberland and Rahi, 2016). Whereas, quality of
healthcare services also matters in the development of these issues if service quality are poor it
will badly affect the healthcare system as well as life of people. Moreover, another factor that
have contributed nationally in the development of public health issues is rural poverty as there
are almost 10 million population in UK are residing in rural areas. UK government has
contributed huge amount of fund one eliminating the poverty.

D.2 Critically analyse the effectiveness of different types of public health interventions based
upon nationwide health protection strategies, in reducing health inequalities.
According to Andermann, (2016) different type of public health intervention are very
important part of healthcare system as well as for national economy in reducing the health
inequalities. Primary, secondary and tertiary are three types of intervention which were discussed
in the presentation. For controlling obesity, it is very important that human should have do
physical exercise on daily basis. On the other hand, the primary intervention of smoking and
substance and alcohol misuse is to avoid thinking of smoking, join campaign etc. Ataguba, Day
and McIntyre, (2015) stressed that, for controlling accidents it is very important that people
should know the traffic rules and all other necessities of driving.
Ataguba, Day and McIntyre, (2015) stated that, secondary intervention also play a very
important role as when disease is developed to a level, person have to stop doing that activity
which is causing harm to them. Furtherance, treatment is also very important at this stage. For
example, Individual could consult to Rehabilitation Centres to stop the development of habit to
stop smoking, alcohol and substance misuse. Whereas--------------- articulated that, tertiary
intervention also play a important role in dealing with the diseases in very effective way. For
example, For cutting of weight, Bariatric surgery is important to reduce the inequalities.
D.3 Reflection on the role of promoting and spread of disease in local community.
Health Promotion is very important in today's era and I am very concern about the
increasing public health issues in England. I am highly interested in building healthy lives by
promoting education in local community but especially in rural areas where it is very important
that people should be aware of the healthy life's. I will organise campaign for obesity control,
leaving habits of smoking, alcohol and substance misuse, pollution free environment and traffic
rules. So that, the current public health issues could be overcome (Adler, Glymour and Fielding,
2016). First of all I visit schools and allows all the students to participate in the campaign where
I will present al the symptoms and cause of all the cites public health issues. After that, I will
recommend ways to get free from all these issues of illness. It is very important that people
should know the significance of living healthy life. On the other hand, I will organise a free
campaign in the rural areas where I will make people understand about the healthy living and
make them understand the importance of education so that they should make them children's

educated. If people will not educate it will affect the health of people and it is bit possible to have
healthy and happy community.
CONCLUSION
The above report comes to the conclusion that it is very important to addressing the
inequalities in health because it is directly influencing the economy and growth of nation. In
order to bring equality in health it is very important to have active engagement in planning,
implementation and regulation of health system in order to make unbiased as well as accountable
arrangements which are address he needs of all member of society. Further, the factors which
contribute to current public issues in United kingdom which are Obesity, Accidents, Smoking,
Substance and Alcohol misuse, Pollution. These are the current public health issues in United
Kingdom which are influencing the public health. These are all current health issue in UK which
is very important to address. The biggest concern of UK is public health issues are because the
rate of death from non-communicable as well as communicable diseases are continuously
increasing. Public health issues as the poverty in rural area of UK is very high by which people
are not capable of taking services by which they are suffering from disease. Quality of healthcare
services also matters in the development of these issues if service quality are poor it will badly
affect the healthcare system as well as life of people.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Adler, N.E and et.al., 2016. Addressing social determinants of health and health
disparities. Vital Directions for Health and Health Care Initiative: National Academy of
Medicine Perspectives.
Adler, N.E., Glymour, M.M. and Fielding, J., 2016. Addressing social determinants of health
and health inequalities. Jama, 316(16), pp.1641-1642.
Andermann, A., 2016. Taking action on the social determinants of health in clinical practice: a
framework for health professionals. CMAJ, 188(17-18), pp.E474-E483.
Arcaya, M.C., Arcaya, A.L. and Subramanian, S.V., 2015. Inequalities in health: definitions,
concepts, and theories. Global health action, 8(1), p.27106.
Ataguba, J.E.O., Day, C. and McIntyre, D., 2015. Explaining the role of the social determinants
of health on health inequality in South Africa. Global health action, 8(1), p.28865.
Batterham, R.W and et.al., 2016. Health literacy: applying current concepts to improve health
services and reduce health inequalities. Public health, 132, pp.3-12.
Bourgois, P and et.al., 2017. Structural vulnerability: operationalizing the concept to address
health disparities in clinical care. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of
American Medical Colleges, 92(3), p.299.
Cumberland, P.M. and Rahi, J.S., 2016. Visual function, social position, and health and life
chances: the UK biobank study. JAMA ophthalmology, 134(9), pp.959-966.
Sadana, R and et.al., 2016. Healthy ageing: raising awareness of inequalities, determinants, and
what could be done to improve health equity. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_2), pp.S178-
S193.

Singer, M and et.al., 2017. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. The
Lancet, 389(10072), pp.941-950.
Online:
Outcomes of Fair Society Healthy Lives strategy. 2016. [ONLINE]. Accessed through:
<http://cfoaservices.co.uk/pdf/ProfessorSirMichaelMarmot.pdf>.
Outcome of Cardiovascular Disease Strategy. 2016. [ONLINE]. Accessed through:
<https://www.pccj.eu/images/migrated/conference/gray_outcomesstrategy.pdf>.