Intravenous Therapy: Applications & Considerations

This assignment delves into the realm of intravenous (IV) therapy, examining its various applications in healthcare settings. It covers a range of topics, including the use of IV therapy for administering medications, providing fluids, and treating specific medical conditions. The assignment also highlights the importance of proper technique, potential complications, and ethical considerations associated with IV administration. Students are expected to demonstrate their understanding of IV therapy principles and best practices by analyzing case studies, evaluating research articles, and formulating evidence-based recommendations.

Administer and monitor
medicines and intravenous
therapy

Table of Contents
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

1. The functions that are set by the health practitioner regulation national law are undertaken by
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia(NMBA).The key role of these nurses is to protect the
public. All the enrolled nurse cannot administer intravenous medicines. With a notation the
nurses cannot administer these medicines and without a notation they can administer these
medicines (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia(NMBA), 2017). By undertaking further
relevant education the nurse can expand their scope of practice.
2. By using these laws medicines and poisons can be controlled
Licences – The people who manufacture , sell or supply medicines and poisons are authorized
from this.
Permits – The people are allowed to buy or purchase poisons for the provision of health
services.
Under the drugs, poisons and controlled substance act 1981 licences and permits are controlled.
Under the drugs, poison and controlled substance regulations 2017 they are also controlled.
 The key objective of drugs, poisons and controlled act substance 1981 is to see to it that
no harm is caused to the public from the medicines and poison that are been
manufactured. And also to the pole who are trained properly and equipped the medicines
are supplied to those people (McClung and Lewiecki, 2013).
 The nurses nee to practice in a way in order to make sure that rights, privacy, dignity and
respect of people who are receiving care are upheld. When addressing people with
distinct values and beliefs they should maintain equitable care.
 The enrolled nurses should accept accountability and for their action they take they
should be take responsibility for that. In all aspects of nursing practice they should
promote safety for self and others(Drugs, poisons and controlled substance act 1981,
2017).
 In order to contribute to plan out appropriate care they need to interpret information from
a range of sources. According to guidelines of workplace these nurses make use
technology of health care
1

 While promoting their independence they provide skilled and timely care to people. To
the people who are capable enough to meet their needs they provide care to those pole.
2

5. The main aim of this standard 3 is to reduce the danger for people who are receiving care in
taking preventable information and by making use of evidence-based strategies enable the
effective management of infections when they take place. The health acre connected infections
are considered as preventable. The development of resistant infectious agents is been reduced by
infection prevention and control practice. Through isolation of patients with infectious disease it
minimized the risk of transmission. Across the health care system successful infection prevention
and control practice neds a range of plans and strategies.
6. At least daily the patients with an intravenous access device must have IV site checked in
order for the signs of infusion phlebitis. When the bolus injections are administered the cannula
site must be observed. The nurses should plan and document continuing care and for the needs of
patients they should use smallest gauge cannula.
7.

a) Schedule 2:
Morning (9.30 am) Nabilone- With the healing this medicine will
be helpful.
Afternoon Secobarbital- The properties of anxiolytics,
sedative is there in this drug. It is given to the
patient who have being administered for the
treatment of cancer.
,

a) Schedule 3:
Morning (9.30 am) Aveed- It is type of reaction that takes place at
the time of giving therapy such as injection of
testosterone.
Afternoon Belbuca-It is a long-term treatment. It will be
useful in the pain control.
3

c)Schedule 4
Morning (9.30 am) Alidrin- In Isometheptene, Paracetamol etc
this medicine is seen.
Afternoon Ambien- This is given to the patients who are
suffering from sleeping disorders
 ,
d) Schedule 8:
Morning (9.30 am) Pethidine-It is a pain killing drug and relief
will be given to the patients.
Afternoon Morphine- In order to control brain function it
will be helpful
8.
Forms Examples Handling Calculation
(specify the
formula where
appropriate)
Administratio
n
Storage
Capsules Gelatin
capsules
Works well
machinery
Easy to
handle for
manual
filling
purpose.
Tapped bulk
density of
substance x
capsule
volume
For oral
administration
it a common
drug.
 Store
the
capsule
away
from
direct
rays of
sun .
 From
the hot
water
4

store
capsule
away.
Drops Amoxicillin
eye drops
If there is any
allergy the
doctor need
to be
informed.
C16H19N3O5S In the infected
eye instill 1-2
drops.
At or below 20
C store this
eye drop
Inhalants Fluticasone This can
handled
easily.
C25H31F3O5S AT age of 4
yrs and later
the medicine
dose can be
given
Store it away
from sunlight.
Liquid Dexamethason
e as liquid drug
The
protective
gloves need
to be wear
for handling
it.
C22H29FO5 It need to be
given per 5
mL.
Keep it away
from sunlight
and heat.
Lotions and
creams
Tretinoin
cream
With care it
need to be
handled
C20H28O2 It can be given
to both adults
and children
Store it at a
room
temperature
Ointments Ketoconazole
ointment
It easy to
handle.
C26H28Cl2N4O4 It is for
tropical
administration
only.
At room
temperature
store this
medicine in a
closed
container.
Patches Nitroglycerin The hands C3H5N3O9 Do not Store it at
5

patches need to be
washed .
start,stop
drugs without
concerning
with the
doctor.
room
temperature
And away
from access
heat and
sunlight
Powders Cholestyramin
e powder
The dentist
needs to be
visited for a
god care for
teeth.
C21H30ClN. From the other
drugs it
administration
need to be
different
Store it in a
dry place.
Store it at a
room
temperature.
Tablets Tab
Acetaminophe
n
The hands
need to be
dry when
handling this.
C8H9NO2 In mg and mL
it administer
so that the
given dosee is
right.
Keep it out of
reach of the
children
Store it at a
room
temperature
Wafers Ondaz Zydis
wafers
To be take
handled with
great care
C18H19N3O The active
ingredient of
ondansetrum
are there in it.
At or below -
20 C store the
wafer
Suppositories Dulcolax For disposal
care need to
be taken
C22H19NO4.C22H
19NO4.
At approx 16.5
hours the
plasma
elimination
half-life of
BHMP is
estimated
Store it at a
room
temperature
Protect it from
heat
6

For a specific medication capsules are drugs that can be used. It need to be stored in a cool and
dry place and also it can be handled manually. Weight = Tapped bulk density of substance x
capsule volume is the calculated formulae for capsules.
The eye drops such as Amoxicillin can be used. By the health profession the use of drops is
prescribed. It is important to store drops in appropriate temperature and the prescribed
temperature is below 20 and C16H19N3O5S is the calculated formula.
For the people who are suffering from respiratory disease such as asthma inhalants are sued
generally. The inhalers need to be stored away from the sunlight and it is not so complex to
handle inhalants and calculation formula to it is C25H31F3O5S.
Liquid drug treatment need to be kept away from sunlight and heat. The 5 to 10 ml per day is the
average intake quality of liquid medication and C25H31F3O5S is the calculated formula.
For dressing the lotions and creams are sued and it formula is C20H28O2.
At room temperature it need to be kept and need to kept away from children and adults,
For tropical administration ointment are used and it should be kept at room temperature that is
cool and dry place The hand's need to be washed in order to handle patches as it is the
mostsensitive part of treatment. The Suppositories need to be handled properly but the users' ad
keep it in a cool and dry place. The calculation formula for this is C22H19NO4
9.In order to give a drug pharmacotherapeutics is the clinical purpose. In order to regulate and
maintain blood pressure vasopressors need to be administered. The effect of the body on the drug
is pharmacokinectics. Over the addiction of heroin methadone affects an individual getting over
it. Pharmodynamics deals with the effects of the drugs.To the drug it is related and it has an
effect on the human body. The zolpidem will be advised to the person who is suffering from
insomnia.
10. It includes the adverse effects of chemical substance on human beings. After the
consumption if chemical substances toxicology involves the adverse side effects is caused to
human body.
7

11. When the immune system of humans react to a substance then adverse reaction takes
place. In comparison with adverse reaction anaphylactic reactions are more severe and
are potentially life-threatening. Some of the symptoms are as follows-:
 Flushing of Skin
 Swallowing difficulty
 Fluctuation in heart rate
 Asthma attacks
12. In order to treat acne in pregnancy isotretinoin drug is used as there is a danger of defect in
birth. In people certain decongestants are contraindicated and need to be neglected. A
contraindication is a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used
because it may be harmful to the person
13.For an instance before taking medicine such as antihistamine the side effects will be
dizziness, upset stomach etc however precautions will be that before consuming medicine tell the
doctor about all conditions of medical such as heart disease, diabetes etc. The hands,cloves etc
need to be used in order protect oneself form infections.
14.
Pain at IV site and arm: Phlebitis .At the time of blood transfusion it takes place due to blood clot
in vein.
Acute immune haemolytic reaction with signs and symptoms such as loin pain, nausea, vomiting.
When the red blood vessel get destroyed then it will take place due to individual immune system.
haematuria and headache: Haematology and oncology. This take place due to incompatibility of
large volume of red blood cells after 24 hours of blood transfusions.
Hives – Medication , food or insect bites. Before and after bloods transfusion this large
circulation takes place.
Flushing, chills or fever: Rheumatic fever. At the time of blood transfusion it will take place due
to bacterial contamination of blood products.
Anxiety:Stress, side effects of medicine. It takes place due to bacterial infection.
Wheezing, progressing to cyanosis:Cynosis,Dyspnea. At the blood infusion site it takes place.
Anaphylactic reaction including tachycardia, cardiac arrest or shock that may lead to
death:Anaphylaxis. Due to bacterial contamination in blood products it will take place.
15.
8

Right medication: The order need to be checked and the medication label is also checked.
Right dose: The order need to be checked and using the reference of current drug the dose
appropriateness is confirmed (Lapidus and Murrough, 2014).
Right prescription (documentation):After giving the ordered medication the document is
administered. The time , route etc need to be chart as per necessity.
Right route: As per the route that is ordered check the order
Right time:The also dose confirmation need to be done. The frequency of the ordered medication
ned to be checked.
Right person:The patient need to be asked to recognize themself. And use 2 identifies.
Right expiration date:For this the document need to be checked.
Right to refuse: If the patients are not willing to undergo the operation then they have given the
right to refuse.
16.
 In the system the drug needs to be get rapidly.
 In swallowing medication ether will trouble
 In the stomach it will not be absorbed very well.
 By digestion the effects of drugs will be decrease.
The drug is placed in between the gums and the cheek in the buccal route administration. For
example tablets, films and sprays. In the mouth first the drug is held against the mucous
membrane of the cheek till the time it dissolves. There is no need to swallow the medicine.
17.
Metered- Dose inhaler:
 With soap and warm water hands should be washed thoroughly.
 The cap need to be removed and the inhaler need to be hold upright.
 The inhaler need to be shaked
 Through the mouth breathe out slowly.
 As recommended by the doctor hold the inhaler.
 In order to release medication press the inhaler
 For 10 seconds hold the breathe and allow the medication to reach out to lungs.
 With water rinse the mouth
 The water need to be spit out.
9

 The mouth need to be rinsed
Spacer
 The cap need to be taken off the inhaler and spacer
 The inhaler need to be shake
 To the inhaler attach the spacer.
 In between the teeth put the spacer
 Into the spacer spray 1 puff
 Slowly keep breathing
18.
By washing the hand with soap and water the hand hygiene need to be ensured. Before and after
the procedure the hands need to be washed with soap and water.
 With soap and water wash the hands
 The medicine, water and towel need to be gathered
 Using a pill crusher crush pills into a powder.
 Add water to the crushed medicine in a small medicine cup
 From G-tube remove plug
 With 30 mL water flush G-tube
 Into the syringe draw up medicine
 After giving the last medicine flush G-tube with 30 mL water.
19.By washing the hand with soap and water the hand hygiene need to be ensured. Before and
after the procedure the hands need to be washed with soap and water.
 Before use of nasal spray blow the nose
 Before using it shake the canister or spray bottle.
 Into the nostril put the bottle
 The head needs to be hold upright and the other side of nostril need to be close
 Towards the back and outer side of nose direct the tip of bottle .
 As the spray is squeezing in the nose breather in gently.
20.
 Against the orders of the doctor check MAR.
 The seven rights that is right dose, right reason, right documentation etc need to be
performed
10

 For name, dose and route label need to be checked
 For administration of medication the water-soluble lubrication need to be there.
 The patient need to be explained this procedure.
 The clean non- stile gloves need to be applied.
21.
IV bolus- For a faster result it is given to patients. The push-pause method can be used to inject
the medication.
Gravity or drip infusion – In the body there is a movement and by the gravity it is assisted.
Infusion therapy involves the administration of medication through a needle or catheter. It is
prescribed when a patient's condition is so severe that it cannot be treated effectively by oral
medications
Electronic pump infusion – The dose limits, clinical advisory etc are there in it. In order to
deliver fluids in the body of patients in a controlled manner it can be used.
Via Burette- The quantity of drug fluid is measures. It allows the use of fine control of fluid
volume and also inadvertent over-transfusion is avoided in this.
IV piggyback and tandem- For fast recovery antibiotic are given. To the diabetic patients
tandem are given. IV piggy back are regularly used in hospitals and clinics for administering
medications and saline. This equipment is a regular feature of any hospital and is an essential
part of their equipment to aid them with routine emergencies.
Syringe driver through sub-cut lines – At the time of sub-cut lines it will control the symptoms. It
is used for the patients who are ambulatory in either short term or longer term are also is used for
patients who are confined to bed. For managing symptoms such as pain, nausea, anxiety it is
useful.
22. First – The ratio is set-up in this and the multiplication of means takes place and the outcome
X is also solved at last.
Second – The set up of preparation takes place and multiplication of cross and at last the result x
is solved (Abman and Feinstein, 2013).
Third – With H the dose that is ordered is divided and with unit quantity it is divided.
The three factors to be considered in the calculation of dose are-:
Age – The amount of the drug that is to be given is influenced mainly by the age. Much less dose
is required by an infant in comparison with adult.
11

Weight – The another factors that is useful for calculation of dosage is weight. On the dose
weight has more direct bearings.
General physical aspect – It is the third factors which will have an effect the calculation of
weight.
23. The 10 ml of the paracetamol is administer
Formula - (15* weight of child)/ 120*5 (for 120mg/5ml strength of paracetamol)
24. Tablets that is needed is – 3 tablets and formula = Prescribed/ available-> 30/10
Formula – Total quantity /size of dose
25 . 1440*drop factor that is 15/1=10 drops per minute
Formula - ml/hr divided by 60 min/hr x drop factor
26. 480 minutes*drop factor that is 16/1-150 drops per minute
Formula - ml/hr divided by 60 min/hr x drop factor
27.ml/time*drop factor = drop per minute –> 150 ml per hour the client is receiving.
Formula - ml/hr divided by 60 min/hr x drop factor
28.
Step 1: 18 kg
Step 2: calculate dose : 18*40mg/ml= 720 mg
Step 3: Divide it by the frequency- 720mg/ 2(BID)=360 mg/dose
Step 4: Convert mg into ml= 360 mg/dose/720mg = 2ml
Formula -
Step 1. Convert pounds to kg:
Step 2. Calculate the dose in mg
Step 3. Divide the dose by the frequency:
Step 4. Convert the mg dose to mL
29.
Step 1: 16.8* 2mg/m2= 33.6 mg/day
Step 2: By the frequency divide the dose= 33.6 mg/day / 1= 33.6 mg/dose
Convert mg to ml= 33.6 mg/dose/ 1 mg/ml= 33.6 ml once daily
Formula -
Step 1. Convert pounds to kg:
Step 2. Calculate the dose in mg
12

Step 3. Divide the dose by the frequency:
Step 4. Convert the mg dose to mL
30.
Step 1: 86 Kg
Step 2 : 1 mg= 1kg
X mg = 86 kg -: 1 mg* 86/1kg= 86mg/dose
Step 3: 5 mg = 1 kg
X mg = 86 kg -: 5 mg* 86 kg/1kg= 430 mg/dose
So, the child will receive dose 86 to 430 mg/dose .
Formula -
Step 1. Convert pounds to kg:
Step 2. Calculate the dose in mg
Step 3. Divide the dose by the frequency:
Step 4. Convert the mg dose to mL:
31. The dose of client will be 361.94 mg.
Formula - BSA = SQR [BW (kg) x Ht (cm) / 3600]
32.
 The labelling need to be done properly
 From the contamination and moisture it need to be kept away.
 It should be limited use with children.
 It should be consumed as per the schedule of prescription.
33
The PH level of stomach can be controlled by acidifies which is a fluid. The electrolyte is also
given in some cases(Yuan and Liu, 2014).
In order to control pain acidifier is given and the temporary relief form pain is provided form
electrolyte.
Examples gastric acidfier which is useful in controlling pH in stomach .Urinary acidfier that is
useful in controlling pH in urine.
34. The gastric problem and constipation is controlled by alkaliser.
13

 In the form of doper also alkaliser can be given when patient is suffering form minor
constipation.
 In order to give patients the urgent relief the alkaliser are given in the form of fluid.
35.
Two examples of diuretics are that it is used when the person falls and at the time of blood
pressure
When the person is suffering from low blood pressure diuretics is given.
 Due to faster decrease in blood pressure if the person falls then in this case diuretics is
also given.
 The person can intake diuretics if the blood pressure of the person is decreasing
continuously (Alsultan and Peloquin, 2014).
36.
Two examples of electrolytes are that it is used when the person is unconscious and at the time of
low pressure
 The electrolyte can be injected if the person is turning unconscious during treatment.
 Due to low pressure if the person falls then also it can be injected.
37.The two examples of replacement solutions are that it is useful in minor pain and at the time
when patients is serious.
 Due to increase in PH if the person is suffering from minor pain then it can provided to
patients in the water form.
 In order to relief to patient when he/she is serious then lactated ringer is given.
38. As a mask nitrous oxide is used and in order to make patients sleep peacefully it is given to
them. In the form of anaesthesia desflurne is a group of medicines that can be given to the
patients .In the human body it acts rapidly to make the patient unconscious at the time of surgery.
39. In order to reduce hormones Ibuprofen is used .In case of headache, muscle ache it acts as a
pain reliever.
40. Use – Due to acidity, gastric problems etc omeprazole is used to give patients relief.
Action – For a time-being it clears all secretion of acid and acts as a washer ( Ashbee and Hope,
2013).
14

41.
Use: The drug is used for relaxing vascular smooth muscle and creating a unspecialised dilation.
Action: The drug is given by continuous infusion through low(venous dilator effect) and high
(arterial dilator) dose rates of <40 ug/min and >200 ug/min (Fiorentini and et.al., 2012)
42
Use: The medicine is used for the treatment of anxiety.
Action: It is act as an anti-anxiety medication and response of the drug is rapid. It is taken orally.
43
Use: It is used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
Action: It act as an anti-arrhythmic medication which work by restricting actions of some
naturals chemicals of the body.
44
Use: It is used to treat range of infections produces by bacteria.
Action: It acts as an antibiotic and targets and kills bacteria that causes infections.
45
Use: The drug is used to treat various types of nerve agents and pesticides poisonings.
Action: It acts as an anticholinergic which involves the blocking of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine operates in the central and peripheral nervous system.
46
Use: Warfarin is a blood thinner that is used to prevent heart attacks by coagulation.
Action: They inhibit the liver's production of vitamin K reliant factors that causes clotting.
47
Use: It is used to treat Seizures panic disorders.
Action: It acts as an anticonvulsant and mood stabilisers and minimises pain of neuropathic.
48.
Use: It is used to treat headaches, anxiety, migraine, depression and mental disorder.
Action: it act as an antidepressant which help in reducing the migraine problems.
49.
Use: Loperamide is used to reduce the occurrence of diarrhoea.
Action: It is an opioid receptor agonist that acts on the μ-opioid receptors present in the
myenteric plexus of large intestine. It reduces the activity of plexus.
15

50.
Use: Ondansetron is used for the diagnostic management of the nausea and vomiting that causes
by the cancer chemotherapy and other radiation therapies.
Action: It act as antiemetic agent. It works by blocking the action of serotnin
51
Use: Vaginal yeast, diaper rahes, etc types of fungal infections are being treated by using
clotrimazole
Action: it act as an antifungal agent which helps in eradicating the fungal cells.
52.
Use: Hives, runny nose, watery eyes and other allergic symptoms are treated with the help of
cetirizine (Dychter and et.al., 2012).
Action: It act as an antihistamine and helps in treating natural substances.
53.
Use: It is used to treat hypertension and heart failures that is caused by suppression of renin
angiotensin aldosterone system
Action: It acts as an antihypertensive that prevents prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II by inhibiting ACE.
54
Use: severe osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is treated by this drug.
Action: It acts as an anti-inflammatory drug.
55.
Use: It is used to treat various types of cancer.
Action: It act as an antineoplastic drug.
56.
Use: It is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Action: It acts by blocking the actions of certain natural substance that is histamine that id
produced by body as a result of allergic reaction.
57.
Use: is used to treat the symptoms of allergy, hay fever, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, etc.
Action: It acts by blocking the actions of certain natural substance that is histamine that id
produced by body as a result of allergic reaction.
16

58.
Use: Schizophrenia, etc mental disorder are treated by this drug
Action: it acts as an antipsychotic agent.
59.
Use: It is used to clean wounds.
Action: Its action is the inactivation of protein synthesis and nucleic acid structure in microbe.
60
Use: This drug used to heal esophagus and stomach.
Action: ts action is the inactivation of protein synthesis and nucleic acid structure in microbe.
61
Use: The use of acyclovir drug is to treat and prevent recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV)
and to treat varicella zoster virus (VZV) which includes chicken pox and shingles (Liu and et.al.,
2013).
Action: The drug can be taken orally and target the virus that causes infections. Topical
acyclovir is effective for treating initial genital herpes and mucocutaneous herpes in the
compromised host.
62
Use: The alprazolam is used for treating the panic disorder in the patient. It is widely used
outside the boundaries of United Kingdom and is a high potency and long acting benzodiazepine.
Action: The gastrointestinal tract absorbed the drug. It has speedy onset of action and a
bioavailability of 80% to 90%
63
Use: Propranolol is used alone or with other combined drugs in order to treat high blood pressure
symptoms in patient. It is also used to treat severe headaches and migraines, high chest pain and
also used to prevent chances of heart attacks.
Action: Propranolol is used as a beta-blocker and it works by acting on nerve impulses in
particular areas of body such as heart. It aids in treating mental disorder and aggressive
behaviours in the patients.
64
Use: In order to treat diseases related with breathing and respirations, salbutamol is used as long
term maintenance. It helps in decreasing and minimising the issues rapidly.
17

Action: As compared to isoprenaline, salbutmol action is three times more and the
cardiovascular side effects are minimal. It is orally given to the patient from mouth and aid in
minimising the issues related with breathing and respiration.
65
Use: The use of docusate sodium by healthcare professionals is to treat the issue related with
constipation or to avoid bowel movement after surgery.
Action: It is stool softner. It works by promulgating the amount of water the stool absorbs in the
gut, making it softer and easier to pass.
66
Use: The medicine is used to birth control. It is also known as centchroman and taken orally as
contraceptive.
Action: Ormeloxifene acts on oestrogen receptors. The estrogenic and potent antiestrogenic
actions are weak in the patient and thereafter the drug is given to the patient.
67
Use: The medicine is used to control and prevent symptoms which are caused by asthma.
Action: The medication is inhaled by the mouth with the help of inhaler and it acts to remove the
problem faced by patient in breathing.
68
Use: The drug is used for anesthesia purpose to help and prevent pain after surgery.
Action: Fentanyl is injected into a muscle, or into a vein through an IV.
69
Use: It is used to treat certain mental and psychological disorder.
Action: It is taken orally with or without food to reduce the disorder adeqautely. It acts as an
neuroleptic agent and aid in reducing the disorder efficiently.
70
Use: It is used to treat an underactive thyroid.
Action: The drug is taken orally on empty stomach and act as harmone medication that aid in
reducing thyroid in patients.
71
Use: The drug is used to treat anxiety, stress and tension in a patient.
Action: It acts as sedative hypnotic drug which aim to reduce the anxiety in the patient.
18

72
Use: Metformin is used with a proper diet and exercise program and possibly with other
medications to control high blood sugar.
Action: It minimises the amount of sugar that liver produces and stomach or intestines absorbs.
73
Use: The drug is used to treat diabetes melitus which found in adults, teenagers and childrens.
Action: It is act as insulin and inject available in vials in patients.
74
Use: It is used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in the patients who have high and low level of
blood pressure.
Action: It acts as a sterile nonpyrogenci solution for fluid and elctrolyte replenishment. The
antimicrobial agents are minimum.
75
Use: This medication is used to treat high pressure inside the eye due to glaucoma
Action: This medication works by decreasing the amount of fluid within
the eye. Timolol belongs to a class of drugs known as beta-blockers (Schwab and Nimmerjahn,
2013).
76
Use: it is used to treat the infection caused by susceptible isolates of the designated
microorganisms.
Action: Ciprodex is for otic use only, and not for ophthalmic use, or for injection.
77
Use: It is used to treat nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis.
Action: It act on the infection and aim to reduce it efficiently.
78
Use: To treat edema (fluid retention), patient with congestive heart failure.
Action: It act as diuretic and aid in relieving patients who are unable to urinate.
79
Use: Use to treat patients with low level of vitamin C
Action: It act to repair tissues in the body and required for collagen formation
80
19

Transport: In a empty transparent box place with a pre-frozen gen pack at the bottom.
Storage: Referigeted in empty transparent box with in temperature between 2-8 degree celcius.
Safe handling and checking of blood and blood products: Store in the safe and infections free
zone. Must handle it with care and avoid inappropriate transfusions.
Disposing off blood and blood products: The blood and blood products must be disposed in the
safe areas out of reach of public and patients with proper care and safety.
81
Furosemide is a diuretic which is an anthranilic acid derivative. Chemically, it is 4-chloro-N-
furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid. It is harmful to mix fruosemide with low pH solutions such
as glucose (Ogston-Tuck, 2012). Furosemide may increase the ototoxic potential of
aminoglycoside antibiotics, especially in the presence of impaired renal function. Except in life-
threatening situations, avoid this combination.
82.
The main symptoms observed are as follows:
 Dark discolouration of urine
 Blood Pressure of 90/70mm of Hg
 Headache
 Palpitation
The main symptoms observed are as follows:
 Dark discolouration of urine: Dark discolouration of urine indicates that during blood
transfusion process, the blood cells tries to kill the cells of donor blood which can affects
negatively on the immune system of patient.
 Headaches and palpitations: Severe headaches and palpitations indicates that patient
body is not accepting donor blood or the blood is contaminated.
 Low blood pressure: When patient excessively bleed before the process of blood
transfusion he or she will show sigh of low blood pressure.
20

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Alsultan, A. and Peloquin, C.A., 2014. Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of
tuberculosis: an update. Drugs. 74(8). pp.839-854.
Ashbee, H.R. and Hope, W.W., 2013. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents:
guidelines from the British Society for Medical Mycology. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy. 69(5). pp.1162-1176.
Dychter, S. S. and et.al., 2012. Intravenous therapy: a review of complications and economic
considerations of peripheral access. Journal of Infusion Nursing. 35(2). pp.84-91.
Fiorentini, G. and et.al., 2012. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads
(DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy (FOLFIRI) for hepatic metastases from colorectal
cancer: final results of a phase III study. Anticancer research. 32(4). pp.1387-1395.
Lapidus, K.A. and Murrough, J.W., 2014. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine
in major depressive disorder. Biological psychiatry. 76(12). pp.970-976.
Liu, R.W. and et.al., 2013. Intravenous versus oral outpatient antibiotic therapy for pediatric
acute osteomyelitis. The Iowa orthopaedic journal. 33. p.208.
McClung, M. and Lewiecki, E.M., 2013. Bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: benefits,
risks, and drug holiday. The American journal of medicine. 126(1). pp.13-20.
Ogston-Tuck, S., 2012. Intravenous therapy: guidance on devices, management and care. British
journal of community nursing. 17(10).
Schwab, I. and Nimmerjahn, F., 2013. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG
modulate the immune system?. Nature Reviews Immunology. 13(3). pp.176-189.
Yuan, Y. and Liu, B., 2014. Targeted theranostic platinum (IV) prodrug with a built-in
aggregation-induced emission light-up apoptosis sensor for noninvasive early evaluation
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21

Online
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia(NMBA). . 2017. [Online] Available through:
<http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/>
Drugs, poisons and controlled substance act 1981. . 2017. [Online] Available through:
<http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/vic/consol_act/dpacsa1981422/>
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