Information Systems Management in Higher Education

This assignment delves into information systems management within higher education institutions. It examines knowledge sharing cultures and their impact on organizational success. The analysis draws upon academic research and publications to understand how technology influences learning, research, and administrative functions in universities.

Digital technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1. Information system .................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2. The advantages and disadvantages of digital technology on individual, business and
society.........................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
3. In depth discussion on both assessment..................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
` Digital technology is the subdivision of scientific or engineering knowledge that deals
with the development and practical use of computerised devices, system and methods. It
comprises all forms of electronic equipment and applications that utilises information usually in
binary code. It refers to as wide range of technologies that stores and transmit information in
digital form. Digital technology allows immense amount of information to be compressed on
small storage device that can be easily stored, preserved, managed and transported. Digitalisation
quickens the data transmission speeds. Digital technology has transformed the way people
communicate, learn and work. Many organisations are dependent on digital methods to transmit
their messages. It also provides firm an opportunity to promote their goods as well as services
and aid business entity in increasing their working efficiency. Information as well as digital
technology are the most effective as well as efficient tool that can assist organisation in
achieving success and fostering growth. This literature will support individual in keeping update
themselves with the latest technology and increasing their working efficiency as well as capacity
in enterprise.
The report has focus on understanding the concept and importance of digital technology
in context of retail industry. It also emphasizes on analysing the information system and its
relevance. The study will also highlight the significance of information system to business and
society.
TASK 1
1. Information system
Information system is basically a software that assist manager in firm to organise and
analyse data. It provides manager an opportunity to identify effective solution to various business
problems. Information system is an academic literature that provides detail about various
systems with particular reference to information and the complementary network of hardware as
well as software that is adopted by people or organisation for collecting, filtering, processing,
developing and distributing data. Many enterprise work with large amount of data and have to
maintain various records in order to fulfil the demand of various company and industrial laws
(Abdillah,2014.) Data is defined as a basic values or facts that are collected and organised in
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particular database for future use. Information is basically consists of data in organised form and
assist organisation is identifying the effective as well as suitable solution to business problems.
The objective of information system is to convert raw data into useful information that can be
utilise by business unit for making effective decision. There are various types of information
system these are database information system, electronic resource planning, geographic
information system and expert systems. Database management system consists of combination of
data as well as software that aid manager in organising and analysing data. It is considered as
general purpose information system as it is not developed for specific type of analysis. Electronic
spreadsheet is an effective method or system for basis data analysis. This system is based on
various formulas that describes the relationship between data. For instance, the spreadsheet can
be used by business entity for evaluating the average sales and profit that is earned by enterprise
during particular financial period (Bilbao-Osorio, Dutta and Lanvin, 2013,)
There are some other specialised information system that has been developed for
assisting specific procedure within a company or for executing analysis in particular field. For
instance, Enterprise resource planning system is a specialised information system that is adopted
by firm in integrating the management of both internal and external information that are to be
flow across entire business unit. Geographic information system is used by enterprise for
managing and collecting all geographical data. An Experts system is formulated to solve
complex problems.
The various components of information system these are hardware, software, Databases,
network and procedures. Hardware is defined as the computer based information system that
utilises computer hardware, processors, keyboard, monitor and printers. Software, are the
programs that are being used by organisation for organising, processing and analysing data.
Databases, this information system operates with data that are organised in tables as well as files.
Network, consists of several elements that are required to be linked with each other, if the same
information are to be utilised by different people in business. Procedures, defines the way
particular data are being processed as well as analysed to achieve the desired outcome for which
the particular information system is developed (Borghoff and Pareschi eds., 2013.)
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Organisations tends to have some information system that operated by its employees at
the same time. For enterprise information are required for various purposes. For instance, Senior
manager require information formulating business plan and strategies. Middle level management
need more comprehensive information to monitor and control various business activities. The
workers need information in order to fulfil their roles and duties in systematic manner.
There are various types or information system that can be categorised into various parts
on the basis of there used at different level of management at workplace. These are Executive
support method, management information system, knowledge management transactional
processing and office automation system. Executive support system are formulated to assist
senior management employees in making important strategic decisions. This system collect
information, analyse and summarise the significant internal as well as external information that
are being utilised in organisation. It involves lot of data analysis and utilises various modelling
tools such as what if analysis, to support management in effective strategical decision making.
Management information system is more concerned with gathering information from
internal source. This system is supported by transactional processing system and summarise data
into a series of management reports. It is mainly used by operational supervisors and middle
level management.
Decision support system this is specially designed to support top level management in
making suitable as well as effective decisions in complex and difficult situations. This system is
mainly adopted for collecting relevant information and identifying the other options as well as
alternatives. It generally includes complex spreadsheet and database in order to develop what if
models.
Knowledge management system is formulated to support enterprise in generating and
sharing information. This system is adopted by those firm, in which workers believes in
enhancing their knowledge and gaining expertise that can be shared buy other staff members at
workplace to develop further commercial opportunities. Knowledge management system enables
business entity in efficient categorisation and distribution of knowledge.
Transactional processing system is developed to assist manager in company to execute
routine transactions in effective and systematic manner. For instance, organisational can use
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Transactional processing system for making various payment such as bills etc. It can also be used
for evaluating weekly or monthly payroll and tax payments. Production as well as purchasing
system can be adopted for analysing raw material requirement. Inventory or stock control system
can be utilised for processing all movements of goods within or outside business unit.
Office automation system is developed by organisation in order to support workers in
improving their productivity, performance and assisting them in increasing their working
efficiency. There are various information such as Ms office XP allows employees to maintain
work life balance by working from home (Bulgurcu, Cavusoglu and Benbasat, 2010)
The importance of information system
Globalisation-Digital technology has allowed organisation to share and collect information from
worldwide. It has provided organisation an opportunity to expand their core business activities
and collect various information about global market situations. Digital technology has provided
firm a chance to eliminate language barriers.
Communication-Due to emergence of digital technology communication process have become
cheaper, quicker and much efficient. The internet communications has also opened up to face
communication and live update streaming not in computer but also in mobile phones and other
gadgets.
Cost effectiveness-It has assisted organisation in computerising business procedures and has
helped firm in minimising cost of production and aid in improving operational efficiency.
Resource planning has aided firm in proper utilisation and allocation of resources. It has allowed
enterprise to identify effective as well as efficient sources of obtaining various resources.
Lots of time-It has provided business entity an opportunity to provide 24*7 services to its
customers and has enabled organisation to increase its profitability. Now purchasing and selling
of goods and services in various part of world has become easier process.
Development of new job opportunities-There are many job opportunities are being provided by
digital technology such as computer operator, programmer, software as well as hardware
developers, web designer etc.
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Solving complex process-Digital technology has al;lowed business as well as society to identify
effective and suitable solution to various complex or difficult situations.
Improving performance-Information system are developed to enhance the overall efficiency and
effectiveness of procedure. Information system, support firm in speeding up the business
procedure. It has assisted enterprise in reducing the time by eliminating invaluable activities in
operation procedure in production process. Information system has made financial transactions
easier. As information system provides reliable and accurate data, it has allowed organisation to
facilitate innovation procedure. It has provided consumer an opportunity to facilitate major
transactions from their own computer system or now transaction can be done through mobile
apps as well. Information system provides real time and accurate information which helps in
eliminating various errors and improving the quality of output from various procedures (Galliers,
and Leidner, 2014.)
Future trends in Information system
Information system is the significant and major corporate assets, in context of the benefit
provided and its contribution in reducing costs. There has been rapid growth of information
system. In present Era, the devices are portable and powerful than other traditional computer
systems. The emergence of internet has enabled entire world to communicate and collaborate
with each other in effective manner. The firsts trend in information system is globalisation. The
interned is accepted as well as used by people worldwide.
Social media growth is another major trend. Facebook and social media are mostly used
for gathering information. Users of information system has awaited to be able to modify their
experience in order to fulfil their personal taste. Digital technology and information system has
provided user a chance to develop sand use digital device for fulfilling their demand.
Mobile trend is the most effectual and impactful trend. Some indicators of mobile trend
are increasing mobile devises sales, large number of mobile subscribers, internet access through
mobile phones, rise in demand for tablets etc. Wearable is the another trend that can emerge in
the future. There are many functions are performed by individual in routine such as average
smart phone or mobile users looks at their cell phones approximately more than 150 times a day.
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This function would be much better if the technology is allowed to worn on or physically
integrated in human body. For instance earpiece, Bluetooth devices, hearing aids etc.
Collaborative is another major emerging trend in information technology. In the future, it
will be easier and simpler procedure to share data with other person for gaining mutual benefit.
Development of various mobile applications such as Waze will assist person in tracking the
travelling route and provide ease in visiting to particular destination (Jerman-Blažič and
Tekavčič,2012)
Strategic management system is formulated in response to organisational business
initiative. The objective of this form of information system is to provide business entity a
competitive advantage. There are those informations' system in which resource are practically
applied in order to gain strategic business opportunities. This information system intends to
merchandise operations for increasing efficiency , control and enhancing effectiveness. There are
various kind of information system such as operational, financial and strategic. Financial
information system are those which includes the basic evaluation and computerisation of the
accounting, budgeting as well as financial operations of an enterprise. Operational information
system assist business entity in control and managing business activities. Strategic information
are those which connects business and computer strategies. These are the system through which
new strategies can be developed and they can be implemented by adopting or utilizing
information technology. Strategic system are those instruments where innovative computer
technology can be made available in the market. Planners are those persons who have high
entrepreneurial spirit to assist organisation in identifying its capabilities and gaining competitive
advantage.
Enterprise resource planning is defined as management procedure that enables enterprise
to adopt a system that consists of integrated application that are used for managing business as
well as back office and other operation that are related to services, technology and human
resource. ERP system integrates various fields such as purchasing, planning, marketing, sales ,
human and financial resources. It assists organisation in managing and allocation of various
resources. This system allow firm to make effective as well as efficient utilisation of resources.It
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also provides enterprise an opportunity to minimise the wastage and reduce the cost of
production.
Business process reenergising is the strategy is related to the business management. This
strategy emphasises on analysing and designing of workflows and various business procedures
within an enterprise. The objective of this system is to assist business unit in increasing their
competitive strength and developing more competencies. It provides firm an opportunity to bring
drastic improvement in business and increasing effectiveness as well as working efficiency.
TASK 2
2. The advantages and disadvantages of digital technology on individual, business and society.
The benefit of social media to individual, society and organisation are:
1. Digital media facilitates social interactions and empowers people.-It support individual in
connecting with people , allowing users to develop and maintain friendship with people
across time and distance. Digital media also facilitates interaction across social, cultural,
economic, political, religious and ideological boundaries and enabling enhanced
understanding.
2. It provides people a voice and encourage them to increase their participation in
development of communities as we;ll as societies. Traditional media has contributed a lot
in providing information to public and emphasizes on [particular field, digital media is
assisting to amplify the response to humanitarian crises and to support those affected by
these uncertain happenings.
3. The digital media is contributing towards changing work pattern, increasing productivity,
improving employee or workers flexibility. Digital communication technology has
enabled manager in retail company to plan the effective and suitable working schedule.
This activity has lead to change in nature of employment relationship. It has provided
employees an opportunity to facilitate or execute their work from anywhere according to
their convenience.
4. Digital media can facilitate education and life-long learning to build and source the skills
of the future. It provides individual to identify the effective learning source and method
in order to execute continuous learning. Digital technology provides person nan
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opportunity to enhance their knowledge and enhance abilities. It provides individual a
chance to explore and capture various job opportunities. Digital media allows
organisation to generate brand awareness and communicate their objectives to
consumers. Digital platform can be used by people for updating themselves about various
social, cultural, technological trends. It can be adopted by organisation for identifying the
needs and demands of customers in market. Development of digital skills provides
individual a chance to successfully navigate life, improving employability and increasing
their participation in social activities.
5. Digital media can assist public sector corporations in updating, promoting and enforcing
evidence based standards as well as regulations. This can be used for identifying effective
as well as suitable solutions in order to mitigate the negative effect of external
environmental factors on business operations. Digital media can also facilitate
development of social institutions and programmes that aid person and private companies
in promoting and making digital culture healthier.
6. Digital media provides business entity I.e. retailing company to provide their goods and
services to wide range of customers. It allows consumers to access company product as
services by sitting at one place and facilitate major transaction from their devices.
7. Electronic Customer relationship management is the form of application that are related
to internet based technology like email, Websites, chat rooms, forum and other channels
in order to fulfil customer relationship management objectives. This system is well
structured and include coordinated procedure that facilitate the marketing and sales
activities. This system is used for providing effective as well as suitable services to
customer. It also allows enterprise to maintain healthy relationship with clients.
Electronic customer relationship management provides an avenue for interactions
between a business, its customers and its employees through Web-based technologies.
The process combines software, hardware, processes and management’s commitments
geared toward supporting enterprise-wide customer relationship management business
strategies. This can also be adopted by organisation for tracking their client history and
collecting various data related to customers. The advantages of this system is that it helps
business entity in providing satisfaction to consumers.
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Disadvantages of digital technology-
Excessively used of digital media can lead to negative effect on cognitive and behavioural
development. It can also have adverse impact on physical as well as mental health. Hyper
connectivity, the increasing digital interconnection of people and things, has the potential to
change patterns of social interaction, as face-to-face time may be substituted by online
interaction. In addition, greater technology implementable of work (Laudon and Laudon,2011)
Consumer trust is at risk-The continuous advancement in digital technology and the way it has
changed the various business practices and user behaviour has developed various opportunities
for retail industries. But at the same time consumer trust has become more critical. It has lead to
increase in concern related to truth, integrity and security are placing customer trust at high risk.
Truth : The high volume of digital content, it becomes difficult for the user to identify the
reliability of the content or data. It also leads to increase in capability of user to challenge the
truthfulness of the information.
Integrity sand fair value proportion-Trust is organisations is at visual signal and virtual media
consumers are demanding the protection of user rights.
Security- Consumers have threat that their data or information may be used by other persons.
The information related to consumers are not protected. The customers of retail industry are
demanding for transparency and control over their personal data as well as digital identities
(Mookerjee, Mookerjee,Bensoussan and Yue,2011)
The digital technology also have negative impact on society. Some examples of adverse effect of
digital technology are ubiquity, magnification, accessibility, reproducibility, distributivity, lack
of accountabilities, spatiality and shifting of relationships as well as changes in
intercommunication protocols. Development in information technology and increasing use of
digital technology has created drastic change in social system. Media and communication
technology has disconnected the people from reality and push them towards virtual world.
Digital technology has adverse effect on people relationship. Interpersonal relationship are
uniquely different. The increases in use of Email has eliminated verbal and visual cues that were
used by people for communicating with other persons. The younger generation are losing their
communication skills , that may have great effect on their career as well as personal growth.
Advancement in information technology has lead to reduced family interactions. Individual does
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not have focus on building their own identity, they are more concerned with developing virtual
identity. People are now intentionally or unintentionally are breaking away from virtual world. A
major social consequences of advancement in digital, technology is that human beings are no
longer exemplifying any patience in various aspects of life (Pearlson,Saunders and
Galletta,2016.)
Hazards to organisation
1. Online presence of retail industries has intensified competition among the other retail
companies. The revenue generated by retail organisations have stagnated and has lead
to increase in competition pressure.
2. Job elimination- The advancement in informational technology have much impact on
industrial revolution. The employees have been replaced by technology. Now workers
have limited options for employment if in case their current jobs are eliminated.
3. Electronic leash- n earlier generations, you could leave the office at 5 and not have to
think about it again until the next morning, nor were you expected to take phone calls
or respond to requests if you were sick or on holiday. Thanks to email, cell phones
and pagers, the length of the average workday has summarily increased along with
your accessibility by workers and clients. This blurs the line between work life and
home life, and may contribute to your stress level.
4. Security-The shift to paperless offices leaves companies vulnerable on two major
fronts. The first is that if there is a power outage, electronic data can't be retrieved
unless backup files at an off site location are accessible. Secondly, any type of
electronic platform is subject to the threat of computer viruses and hacking. These can
compromise vital records, databases and client confidentiality (Schwalbe, 2015)
TASK 3
3. In depth discussion on both assessment.
There are many issues related to information technology. The major issue is concerned
with policing the internet, and also of jurisdiction when tracking down cyber terrorism and
bringing attackers to the court. The internet service providers are accountable to provide adjacent
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space for intelligence agencies. There are some countries like Germany, UK, and Canada where
the legal authority has formulated various laws in order to restrict the freedom of internet. The
government has taken initiatives to identify the other methods and techniques to increase cyber
security. The other factor is the cause and effect relationship between cyber attacks and worlds
events. It has been identified that cause and effect act as transformers of the others (Sittig and
Zuckerberg, Facebook, Inc., 2010)
Information technology has significant importance in retail industries. It has great
influence on global economy as well as business performance. Information technology has
provided retail industry an opportunity to develop new product, improve quality of their goods as
well as services. It has supported business entity in various management activities and allow
them to ever-increasing working efficiency. The shift to paperless offices leaves companies
vulnerable on two major fronts. The first is that if there is a power outage, electronic data can't be
retrieved unless backup files at an off-site location are accessible. Secondly, any type of
electronic platform is subject to the threat of computer viruses and hacking. These can
compromise vital records, databases and client confidentiality. Information system and internet is
now emerging as principal medium of communication. E-governance has allowed the use of
information as well as communication technologies in order to improve efficiency, convince,
accessibility and transparency in government.
Digital media has both positive as well negative impact on society, individual and
organisation. It has more of benefits until and unless it is use in systematic as well as effective
manner. Impact of digital technology on human being life is unmeasurable. In present scenario
digital technology is very much important as it is used for everything. Technological advances
occurs continuously it is essential for retail companies to keep update themselves with current
technological changes as this will allow firm in increasing their competencies and competitive
strength. It will also enable business entity in reducing the effect of external forces on business
operations. In organisations innovation can taker place in any form that also includes
computerisation and mechanization of essential systems as well as procedures. The development
in technology has completely changed the world and human lives. Its is difficult to argue that all
the changes are favourable (Tallon and Pinsonneault, 2011)
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CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the report that Information system is very useful for
organisation. It provides various opportunities to business unit such as improvement in various
procedures and management system. Information system has allowed individual to develop
various skills and enabled them to increase their knowledge. Information technology has
provided person a chance to increase their working efficiency. The study has highlighted the
advantages as well as disadvantages of digital technology. It has successfully explained the
significance and components of information system.
REFERENCES
Books and journal:
Abdillah, L.A., 2014. Managing information and knowledge sharing cultures in higher
educations institutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.4748.
Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S. and Lanvin, B., 2013, April. The global information technology
report 2013. In World Economic Forum (pp. 1-383).
Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013. Information technology for knowledge
management. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bulgurcu, B., Cavusoglu, H. and Benbasat, I., 2010. Information security policy compliance: an
empirical study of rationality-based beliefs and information security awareness. MIS
quarterly. 34(3). pp.523-548.
Bulgurcu, B., Cavusoglu, H. and Benbasat, I., 2010.. Process innovation: reengineering work
through information technology. Harvard Business Press.
Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014. Strategic information management: challenges and
strategies in managing information systems. Routledge.
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Jerman-Blažič, B. and Tekavčič, M., 2012. Managing the investment in information security
technology by use of a quantitative modeling. Information Processing & Management.
48(6). pp.1031-1052.
Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2011. Essentials of management information systems. Upper
Saddle River: Pearson.
Mookerjee, V., Mookerjee, R., Bensoussan, A. and Yue, W.T., 2011. When hackers talk:
Managing information security under variable attack rates and knowledge dissemination.
Information Systems Research. 22(3). pp.606-623.
Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016. Managing and Using Information
Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley & Sons..
Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Sittig, A. and Zuckerberg, M., Facebook, Inc., 2010. Managing information about relationships
in a social network via a social timeline. U.S. Patent 7,725,492.
Tallon, P.P. and Pinsonneault, A., 2011. Competing perspectives on the link between strategic
information technology alignment and organizational agility: insights from a mediation
Online
Saunders, C., Chan, Y. and Chan, Y., 2002. RAPID GROWTH FIRMS: THE CHALLENGE OF
MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. [Online]. Available through:
<http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rapid-growth-firms-the-challenge-of-
managing-information-technology/>. [Accessed on 14 october 2016].
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