To What Extent Are African Conflicts International?

This essay explores the different types of conflicts in Africa, including civil wars, inter-ethnic conflicts, inter-state conflicts, liberation conflicts, and annexationist conflicts. It discusses the extent to which these conflicts are international and the challenges faced by governments in resolving them.

To what extent are
African conflicts
international

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
References:.......................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Africa is found as the second largest continent across the world which cover the area of
almost 11.73 million square miles. This huge surface has covered the total of 5.7% area of total
surface of earth (Facts about Africa, 2022). The Africa is named as the Mother Continent
because it is found as the oldest inhabited continent on the Earth as the human and the ancestors
of humans are living in Africa from more than 5 million years. There are five sub sections are
being developed which include North Africa, Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa and
Southern Africa. Most of people living there prefer Arabic language. The University of Karueein
is the oldest university which is constantly performing operations in the educational industry.
Hence, it can be said that the Africa is the home to the world's oldest university. This essay
include the discussion on the extents which are found as the African conflicts International.
MAIN BODY
The community of resolution is putting its efforts in Africa because of several purpose
and interest. The first and major conflict in the Africa was because of Civil War in Ethiopia. The
instability in the countries result in the began of war in November 2020. the conflict of Ethiopia
still earned intensity along with the impetus. In order to stopping the bloodshed, they introduce
the belligerents to the negotiation table (Adigbuo, 2019). It leads to the increase in chances of
settlement of conflicts in the peaceful manner. While setting this conflict, the government had
faced several challenges in which accommodative deep societal divides is consider as the major
one. The government of federal started adopting the quell the advances of the Tigray People's
release front and as an outcome, it directly approached to the Addis Abada. In addition to this,
one more result of this is the humanitarian crisis which was unfold in the several portions of the
nation. The success of African Union (AU) was remained as the elusive event the mediation
efforts had been led through the former Nigerian president Olusegun.
Another conflict is determined as the Inter Ethnic Conflicts which has been caused by
the colonialism which result in the formation of several ethnic groups in the several countries of
Africa. Such conflicts are recurrent as it involve less low gravity through the use of several terms
which include casualties, displaced person and many more. In the several countries of Africa the
conflicts of inter-tribal or inter ethnic has been raised (Mayaka, Koh‐Dimbot and Keith‐Diagne,
2019). Such conflict are worsen through the neo colonial preparations which has developed
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several African governments and it happens in the post colonial Africa. In some countries of
Africa, leadership is being remained in the same hands in order to continue serving the colonial
interest leads to sponsoring the inter ethnic conflicts also known as the divide and rule strategy.
Inter State conflicts are defined as the conflicts which raised among the governments and
general public of two or more than two countries. This conflict is the key conflict which raise on
the international level as it is because of major differences among two countries.
Despite the troubles as a result of synthetic borders inherited from colonialism and the mixing of
various countries to shape new nations at independence, those conflicts were enormously few in
Africa. Some inter-kingdom conflicts have erupted over disputed territories, together with the
Chad-Libya struggle over the Aouzou strip (Mbagwu, 2020). There became additionally the
Tanzania-Uganda war, which toppled Idi Amin in Uganda. The Kenya-Somali war (1963-1967),
the Somali-Ethiopian struggle (1964-1978), the Egypt-Libya struggle (1977), the Eritrea-
Ethiopia border struggle (1998-2000), and the 1994 Cameroon-Nigeria struggle over the disputed
oil-wealthy Bakassi Peninsula had been some of the others.
Liberation conflicts contain whole countries or peoples who discover themselves in the
territorial barriers of given nations because of colonial and colonising arrangements. When they
had been unable, thru speak and the political process, to accurate what Cohen (1995) termed the
contradictions of colonial rule in a few instances and the disasters of de-colonisation in others,
those human beings regularly waged strugglefare to free up themselves.
People in search of to free up themselves normally lacked emotions of belonging and dedication
and, as a result, have been unconcerned approximately sharing the colonising country's energy
and resources. These conflicts arose rather from a people's preference to say their essential
human proper to self-determination, as enshrined with inside the UN Charter (Mngomezulu, B.R.
and Fayayo, 2019). The Eritrean War of Independence, the South Sudan war, the Namibian War
of Independence, and the Cassamance war in Senegal are all examples of liberation conflicts in
Africa. These conflicts are just like Canada's Quebec Sovereignty Question and Russia's
Chechnya war. However, in Africa, it may be tough to categories those conflicts from a in basic
terms Western attitude because of the ideas of 'nation' and' state' in worldwide law. The factor
right here is that the ones searching for to disencumber themselves and their territory see
themselves as having been pressured through colonial forces to stay with a distinctive group,
frequently with awesome incompatibilities, as within side the instances of South Sudan and the
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others referred to above. Some of those conflicts had been incorrectly labelled as secessionist
conflicts.
Civil rights conflicts ordinarily stand up over problems of participation, distribution, and
legitimacy in countrywide politics and governance. A segment of a rustic can also additionally
salary a civil rights battle due to the fact the humans (or a group) consider the social framework
is based to exclude or marginalise them, and hence are trying to find to accurate the situation.
Civil rights conflicts, in contrast to liberation conflicts, usually arise in the equal nation. The
stakes on the centre are, to a big extent, participation and distribution. In civil rights conflicts, the
problem is to offer the humans a truthful proportion in their country's electricity and resources,
thereby growing their experience of belonging and commitment (Ottoh, 2018).
People who combat for civil rights, just like the Civil Rights Movement in America, realize that
they, too, are residents of a given us of a and simplest need to be regarded as such and feature the
overall proper to a truthful share. The battle towards apartheid in South Africa, the battle for
majority rule in Rhodesia, the Tuareg rebellion in Mali, in which the organization determined
itself honestly estranged from country wide life, and the Algerian Berbers combating towards the
ruling Arab magnificence are all examples of civil rights conflicts in Africa. Burundi and
Rwanda, to a lesser extent, additionally have factors of civil rights conflicts. The stakes on this
kind of battle are ordinarily the ones of who's in which, who receives what, how, and when.
These are the maximum famous and studied conflicts in Africa. This form of struggle can be
great addressed with the aid of using new political and financial establishments in addition to
appropriate governance, such as "energy sharing via proportional illustration and federal
structures” (Taylor, 2022).
Annexationist conflicts arise while one kingdom annexes some other kingdom in component or
entirely, or while countries conflict over pursuits that, consistent with records and global law,
belong to neither of them. This sort of warfare is unusual, and there are not many examples at the
African continent proper now. However, instances stand out in particular. These are the
Moroccan-led Western Sahara warfare and the British-led recuperation of independence and
sovereignty warfare withinside the post-colonial Cameroon Republic (Suzuki, 2020). In each
instances, Morocco and the Cameroon Republic went past their borders to annex and 'colonially
occupy' Western Sahara in 1975 and British Southern Cameroons in 1961, respectively, in
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violation of the UN Charter and UN General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV) at the scenario
withinside the Sahara.
CONCLUSION
From the above essay, it has been concluded that the Africa is a continent which has
occupied a huge surface area on the earth. The Africa has faced several conflicts on international
level, which have been discussed in the above essay. These conflicts are result in facing the
several challenges and it was necessary for the government to develop the effective strategies in
order to overcome from the conflicts as higher the conflicts on international level may result in
the huge losses.
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References:
Books and Journals
Adigbuo, E.R., 2019. Role conflicts in foreign policy: Nigeria’s dilemma over Bakassi
Peninsula. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 37(4), pp.404-420.
Mayaka, T.B., Koh‐Dimbot, J.P. and Keith‐Diagne, L.W., 2019. Occurrence patterns of African
manatees, conflicts with humans, and local perception in the Southern Korup Area,
Cameroon. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(10), pp.1801-
1813.
Mbagwu, J.U., 2020. 6 African youths and indigenous approaches to resolving conflicts in
Africa. African Indigenous Knowledges in a Postcolonial World: Essays in Honour of
Toyin Falola, pp.73-87.
Mngomezulu, B.R. and Fayayo, R., 2019. The role of the international community in sustaining
conflicts in Africa. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 6(3), pp.5-21.
Ottoh, F.O., 2018. Ethnic identity and conflicts in Africa. In The Palgrave handbook of African
politics, governance and development (pp. 335-351). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Suzuki, S., 2020. Exploring the roles of the AU and ECOWAS in West African conflicts. South
African Journal of International Affairs, 27(2), pp.173-191.
Taylor, S.D., 2022. Combatants in African Conflicts: Professionals, Praetorians, Militias,
Insurgents, and Mercenaries. Routledge.
Online
Facts about Africa, 2022 [Online] Available Through
<https://www.astepintonature.com/2018/09/05/10-mind-blowing-facts-about-africa/>
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