This paper explores the primary healthcare process for older people and their representation in global and Australian healthcare policies and frameworks.
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Running head: AGED CARE AGED CARE POLICIES AND FRAMEWORKS Name of the study Name of the university Author note
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1AGED CARE Introduction Advancement in the healthcare delivery system, evidence based interventions and path breaking medical researches has positively influence the care process around the world by increasing the life expectancy of the population (Stoddart & Evans, 2017). However, such increase in life expectancy and increased elderly population receiving care in healthcare facilitiesrequirelongtermcarewithimplementationoftrainedandpatientfriendly healthcare professionals (Harper, 2014). As per Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2019), more than 15% or 3.8 million population were registered more than 65 years and the Australian government is completely focused in meeting the healthcare needs and priorities of this community. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the primary healthcare process for older people and identify their representation in the policies, laws and social service delivery in the global and Australian healthcare process. Further, the older healthcare process resource allocation, service provision and service provision would be provided using a social capital approach. Finally, using user-pays, model of wellness and case management with active aging related models would be used to critique the model of healthcare. Primary healthcare for older people As per the world health organisation, there are two global policies that have guided the aging care frameworks of multiple nations including Australia. These policy instruments are “political declaration and Madrid International plan of action on aging” andthe active aging by the World Health Organisation (Nakanishi & Nakashima, 2013).These policies are in public domain so that national and state healthcare organisations with the help of their governmental support could lead to develop and implement strategies so that aged healthcare becomes enable to support critical healthcare needs. Further, it also ensures that
2AGED CARE application of such policy frameworks could enhance the quality of life of the older individual by approaching their mental, physical and social aspect of care (Prince et al., 2013). While assessing the representation of older adults while developing healthcare policies and frameworks, it should be mentioned that the strategic priority areas developed by WHO for aged care includes life- course healthy aging, supportive environment, application of long term care intervention and upgrading healthcare system (Williamson et al., 2016). This would help the healthcare policymakers of different nations to include five main areas in their healthcare policies especially for older adults. These would be prevention of fall, enhancing their physical activities, preventing infectious diseases by increased vaccination, developing care homes, community care centres, to support the self- management and finally the increasing the capacities of the geriatric care centres to support maximum number of patients with their skills and interventions. However, there are several aspects that was missed while developing aged care polices and frameworks due to which the complete implementation of these strategies caused extensive pressure (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). In Australian context, as per the Department of Health (2019) the current standards for aged health and social care includes accreditation standards, policies for aging in aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders, transition care standards and home care centres that targets holistic health and social care aspects of the wide aged care population. However, despite the wide spread laws and regulations about aged care process in Australian aged care facility, several gaps affected their representation in the conventional healthcare in Australia. Lack of hospital beds, and lack of infrastructure for long term care has affected the application of such legislations and policies in the aged car process Australia. Evaluation of rationales While allocating resources (both financial and human resources) application of social care approach should be mentioned as their connection through reciprocity, care trust and
3AGED CARE cohesion could lead to effective care process for the older adults of the society. As per Williamsonetal.,(2016),whiledeterminingresourceallocation,determiningservice provision and coordination of service several aspects should be taken care of so that resource allocation could be equal and effective for their needs and requirements (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). In Australian healthcare facilities, prior to providing resources and care provisions, presence of older adults and their care needs, requirement of intensive care and required emergency surgery, patients requiring palliative care and end of life care, and patients with terminal illness that would not be cured are assessed and depending on these allocation of resources are done (Choi et al., 2012). Therefore, while allocation of resources such as inclusion of excess workforce, upgrading the service provision, application of developed instrument and infrastructure these aspects should be taken care of. As per Lim et al. (2014), due to excess pressure and workload, majority of the nursing professionals are reluctant to work in geriatric units, care homes and aged care facilities. Hence providing the patient with effective healthcare is one of the primary provisions so that proper distribution of resources, employees and others could be achieved. Further, by allocating proper human and financial resources helps the healthcare facilities to implement accurate and appropriate care so that the need of the older adults could be met (Mosadeghrad, 2014). As per the theory of social care approach, while providing care to the aged individual, physicians do not expect favourable outcomes due to their inability to comply with the medication, and self- management processes. Therefore, while applying this approach in determining proper distribution of human and financial resources in healthcare facilities, equal opportunity argument, ethical obligations and elderly discriminations should be addressed (Hardyman, Daunt & Kitchener, 2015). Further, effectivehealthcareprocesses are determinedby applicationof proper rationing and distribution of the healthcare approaches and therefore, it is important for the
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4AGED CARE healthcare professionals to provide the state or national government with proper requirement and needs of the aged patients so that depending on the need of each aspect of care, resources and strategies could be provided to the healthcare facilities. This is an important aspect as mentioned in the social care approach, as per which it is important for the governments to provide proper resources to the healthcare facilities because this approach provides accurate and equal distribution about the process (Smolowitz, 2012). Further, based on their lingual preferences, their sexual orientations, their cultural aspects (aboriginal and Torres Strait islands) and their healthcare needs proper care is provided to the patient. This is the way the resources and service provisions related to aged care is determine in global and Australian healthcare facilities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). Critical assessment of primary healthcare delivery processes While providing quality care to the elderly patients, it is important to implement several models and strategies so that application of it could provide a proper guideline to the healthcare professionals to include all the critical aspects important for care delivery of aged population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). Active aging is a process defined by the World Health Organisation as per which, active aging is process in which people going through the aging process leads proper wellbeing, physical, cognitive and social wellbeing. Further, through the application of healthcare interventions it is important to enhance the quality of life in aging condition. More than healthcare pharmacological interventions, it includes cognitive, mental and physical interventions so that through the application of alternative therapies primary target of meeting the needs of older individuals could be made. However, majority of the healthcare facilities around the world, do not include such therapies and provide only critical or short-term care to the older adults and hence, they become unable to comply to such care model (Sittig & Singh, 2015).
5AGED CARE Model of wellness is also termed as active wellness as per which while caring for people suffering from terminally or critical illness, it is more important to meet their lifestyle enhancing quality through the application of patient centred and family centred care. Hence, in this aspect, it is important to implement ethical aspect of care such as autonomy, non- maleficence, beneficence and others. These would help to address the critical and crucial healthcare needs of the older adults and the global and national healthcare policies and strategies also provide such provision. Further, as per Williamson et al. (2016), this model helps to promote active aging and proper wellness related aspects in health promotion so that with proper physical and mental, cognitive and emotional strength could also be achieved. With timely and flexible care approach, this helps to develop self- management and self- determinationabilitiesin the older adultsso thatholistic approachof care couldbe developed. However, as per Sittig and Singh. (2015), majority of the healthcare professionals around the world implements family centred andpatient centred acre so that compliance with active service model could be achieved and maximum facilities could be provided to them. Hence, through the application of these models, maximum benefit is targeted to provide the older adults. Conclusion While concluding this paper, it could be said that majority of the healthcare policies and frameworks for the older adults and their healthcare provision is regulated as per the need of the country and then through application of changes, proper care is provided to the patient. In this aspect, this paper included the type of primary care provisions are present in national and international settings and then critically discussed their application to provide older adults with effective interventions. Further, it was also seen that the compliance with health service delivery models and rational for resource allocation were associated with application of competent care for the older adults.
6AGED CARE
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7AGED CARE References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Older Australia at a glance, Demographics of older Australians - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/ demographics-of-older-australians Department of Health. 2019, .Current standards | Ageing and Aged Care. (2019). Retrieved from https://agedcare.health.gov.au/quality/current-standards Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies.Science,346(6209), 587-591 Lee, C., & Coughlin, J. F. (2015). PERSPECTIVE: Older adults' adoption of technology: an integrated approach to identifying determinants and barriers.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(5), 747-759.() Mosadeghrad, A. M. (2014). Factors influencing healthcare service quality.International journal of health policy and management,3(2), 77. Nakanishi, M., & Nakashima, T. (2014). Features of the Japanese national dementia strategy in comparison with international dementia policies: How should a national dementia policyinteractwiththepublichealth-andsocial-caresystems?.Alzheimer's& Dementia,10(4), 468-476. Prince, M. J., Wu, F., Guo, Y., Robledo, L. M. G., O'Donnell, M., Sullivan, R., & Yusuf, S. (2015). The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice.The Lancet,385(9967), 549-562.
8AGED CARE Sittig,D.F.,&Singh,H.(2015).Anewsocio-technicalmodelforstudyinghealth informationtechnologyincomplexadaptivehealthcaresystems.InCognitive Informatics for Biomedicine(pp. 59-80). Springer, Cham. Smolowitz, J., Speakman, E., Wojnar, D., Whelan, E. M., Ulrich, S., Hayes, C., & Wood, L. (2015). Role of the registered nurse in primary health care: meeting health care needs in the 21st century.Nursing Outlook,63(2), 130-136.Sittig, D. F., & Singh, H. (2015). A new socio-technical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. InCognitive Informatics for Biomedicine(pp. 59-80). Springer, Cham. Stoddart, G. L., & Evans, R. G. (2017). Producing health, consuming health care. InWhy are some people healthy and others not?(pp. 27-64). Routledge. Williamson, J. D., Supiano, M. A., Applegate, W. B., Berlowitz, D. R., Campbell, R. C., Chertow, G. M., ... & Kitzman, D. W. (2016). Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged≥ 75 years: a randomized clinical trial.Jama,315(24), 2673-2682.