Agriculture and Sustainable Development

This report focuses on agriculture and sustainable development in Libya, analyzing theories, challenges, development plans, and government support. It discusses the importance of sustainable farming and its impact on productivity. Find study material on this topic at Desklib.

Agriculture and Sustainable
Development
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Abstract
The current report is based on the topic of Agriculture and sustainable development within
in Libya. This project emphasis and focuses on the concept off agriculture and sustainable
development along with determining and analysing the main theories associated with sustainable
agriculture. Beside this, analysing the theory of sustainable agriculture along with determining
the challenges of sustainable agriculture and its importance within Libya is also included in
current report. Along with this, an evaluation about the development plans and techniques
adopted by Libya for becoming agriculturally self-sufficient is also made along with analysing
the structure of agriculture in Libya and steps taken by government to support sustainable
practises and development within in Libya. The selection of current research topic seemed vital
and rationale as Sustainable form of farming is vital to meet societies present food and textile
requirements without compromising and leading any threat to meet the ability for current or
future generations to meet their requirements.
The use of research method which is selected and adopted for current investigation
comprises of use of qualitative form of method which supports and brings out an in-depth form
of investigation for better accomplishment of set targets and meeting analysis of current topic.
The selection of qualitative method is vital as it support and leads to in-depth collection of data
through making use of interview as data collection tool which leads to more effective data
collection through leading a two-way interaction and communication.
Apart from this, the current assignment also consists of discussion and analysis of facts
related with agriculture and sustainable form of development to support a better balance between
society, environment and other economic aspects. Further, the main recommendation and
conclusion of current investigation comprises of overall impact of sustainable practise and
farming in improving the productivity of Libya. The main suggestion and recommendation
associated with current project comprises of polyculture farming, Permaculture is also an
effective technique and Agroforestry which support farming in dry regions also with soil
susceptible to desertification for leading long-lasting productivity within Libya.
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Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................2
Contents...........................................................................................................................................3
Topic: Agriculture and sustainable development............................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Theoretical Context..........................................................................................................................5
Concept of agriculture and sustainable development in Libya..............................................5
Theories for sustainable agriculture in Libya.........................................................................8
Sustainable agriculture structure in Libya............................................................................10
To determine the challenges of sustainable agriculture and its importance in Libya..........11
To identify the development plans and techniques adopted by Libya for becoming
agriculturally self-sufficient.................................................................................................14
Strategies which can be adopted by the government of Libya to support sustainable
agriculture practises..............................................................................................................16
Methods..........................................................................................................................................17
Discussion......................................................................................................................................19
Discussion and analysis........................................................................................................24
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................26
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................28
Appendix........................................................................................................................................30
Interview questions...............................................................................................................30
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Topic: Agriculture and sustainable development
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is to analyse agriculture as well as sustainable development in Libya.
Sustainable agriculture is define as farming in sustainable ways in order to meet societies present
food and textile requirements, Without compromising the ability for current or future generations
to meet their requirements. Agriculture plays important pressure on the natural resources as well
as the environment (Calabi-Floody and et.al., 2018). There are various sustainable agriculture
practices are intended to protect environment, maintain and improve soil fertility and expand
Earth’s natural resource base. In addition to this, sustainable agriculture frequently encompasses
a broad range of production practices such as sustainment of economic viability of agriculture
system, protection of environment, production of sufficient human food, fibre to meet the
requirements of rising population and expansion of natural resources supply. Agriculture is the
second largest sector in the economy; Libya depends on imports in most foods. Libya as a
country, which consist mostly of the Sahara desert, has brutally dry climate that does not lend
itself to agriculture (Holloway and Mengersen, 2018). The lack of natural resources, fresh water
supply and rainfall levels in Libya is limited. The economic and physical climate of the country
did not support a healthy agriculture industry. Due to the poor soils limit on climatic condition
and domestic food production meet around 25% of demand. Libya is investing an important
share of national revenues within agriculture in the hope of becoming agriculturally self-
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sufficient from subsistence farming to the highly mechanized operations. It is stated that the
economy of country is not dependent on agriculture, but the people living in Libya is starting to
face the threat of food insecurity without a sustainable agriculture industry. The agricultural
production dropped and resulted in a high increase within food imports. The people who have
remained in Libya at the time of crisis are experiencing life in a food desert, forcing them to
forgo necessities such as medical care, pay for food and so on. The Libyan government
emphasize on resurrecting sustainable agriculture within the country and helping families that
they get food in the meantime (Cristache and et.al., 2018). The continued focus on increasing the
available resources will assist sustainable agriculture in Libya reach its full potential. Sustainable
development and agriculture plays an important role in the respective country. Therefore, it is
required that the country adopts appropriate measures to promote effective agricultural
techniques.
Theoretical Context
Concept of agriculture and sustainable development in Libya
Agriculture can be defined as the science of cultivating the soil and growing crops. It
includes preparing the plant as well as animal products for distribution so that people can use.
Many of the farmers from both developed as well as undeveloped countries rely on agriculture
for their respective families. This is because it is the primary source of their food products as
well as income. Farmers get an opportunity of direct employment who mainly depend on it for
their sustainability (Janker, Mann and Rist, 2018). Agriculture is the second largest sector in the
economy of Libya because it mainly depends on imports of different types of food. The climatic
conditions in the country are not very effective and thus, the output is limited. The primary
agricultural source within of the country is water and most of resources are utilized for
desalinization. Soil and its characteristics in Libya are greatly affected by natural conditions to a
great extent. The main characteristic of the soil is that it is arid. The main field crops that are
grown in Libya are Barley and Wheat. The country has expanded its overall agriculture since
1970s. The country is investing a significant amount of money in improving the overall
agriculture. Also, various development plans have also been developed to introduce new
technology and thus, expand the agriculture in an effective manner. it can be said that agriculture
is important for Libya and can contribute significantly to its overall growth in the future.
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The concept of agriculture is important for Libya because it will contribute to its overall
food security. This is because households have been facing difficulties when it comes to daily
food. Libyan farmers produce crops at a small scale and are not large-scale producers.
Agriculture is also important in Libya because it will not only provide food, but also the raw
materials for the manufacturing industries (Jhariya and et.al., 2019). There are many positive
effects of agriculture for Libya because it will be able to improve its overall position among
other countries. Not only this, it will also serve as one of the greatest sources of income for the
farmers as well as their family members. A significant percentage of women are involved in the
agriculture in Libya. They specifically paintings with land practise and planting operations as
much as harvesting. They additionally play a primary function in rearing animals, especially
goats, sheep and rooster. The absence of both skilled and unskilled labour within the assessed
regions and the dearth of liquidity to pay for labour are the main reasons pushing ladies to aid
agricultural sports. It is critical to word that women generally work on circle of relatives farms,
because the terrible safety situation within Libya and neighborhood cultural norms do now not
allow women to paintings for other private farms. The food commodities normally fed on (rice,
pasta, flower, bread, oil, canned products) are bought from stores and markets. Most of the HHs
and those interviewed in FGDs and KIIs suggested that the neighbourhood populace is
consuming much less favoured meals and reducing the range of food consistent with day (Kanter
And et.al., 2018). These coping techniques assist families to satisfy their food desires in the face
of the protracted crises.
The Libyan government is focussed on implementing sustainable agriculture in the
country. Libya is a country that does not have good soil quality which means that very few crops
are grown in the country. It mainly comprises of Sahara Desert and the climate of the country is
also very dry. This makes the country not suitable for agriculture and as a result, most of the
crops are sourced from other countries. There are many challenges that the respective country
faces due to a lack of natural resources as well as very poor levels of rainfall. Also, the supply of
fresh water in the country is limited. Conducting agriculture is very difficult within the country
and the crops that will be produced as a result of the same are not of good quality. Since 2011,
Libya has suffered from different crisis and this has impacted the livelihoods in the rural areas,
where the people are highly dependent on agriculture, heavily (Kociszewski, 2018).
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The overall level of involvement of women in agriculture has increased lately and they
are mainly involved in activities such as preparation of land, planting operations effectively until
harvesting etc. Apart from this, they also play a major role in rearing animals such as goats,
poultry and sheep. In Libya, there is a lack of skilled labour along with a lack of paying wages to
the labour. These are the main reasons why agriculture within the country is getting affected to a
great extent. Women who are involved in agriculture, mainly work on family farms and this is
due to the poor security (Libya Agricultural & Livelihood Needs Assessment Report: A Study of
Fezzan Region | March 2020, 2021). the overall economy of Libya is not dependent on
agriculture and now the population has started to face threats with food. The Food and
Agriculture Organization of the country has taken various initiatives in order to address with
these threats.
Libya is a country that is in the middle of the Sahara Dessert, which makes the least
hospitable environments to carry out agricultural activities. This means that most of the food that
is produced is consumed by people living in the country but it is still not enough. Thus, the
country imports huge amounts of agricultural products from different countries. But the
government of the country is working towards developing the land for cultivation (Ladha and
et.al., 2020). One of the major quests of the respective country, Libya for sustainable agriculture
is the completion of the Great Man-Made River. It is a series of underground pipelines that
provide fresh water from underground to the populated cities along the northern coast. Along this
way, the water is also used for different irrigation activities so as to fulfil the agricultural needs.
In order to improve the overall agricultural condition in the condition, various private companies
have stepped in. and many of these companies have partnered up with the Water Utilization
Authority in order to develop sustainable farming infrastructures. There are some companies that
even provide money for seeds, fertilizers as well as technology in order to boost production.
The main goal of such programs is to use the water effectively for irrigation as well as
other agricultural activities so as to create a system wherein the yield of the crops will increase.
This will make sure that more food is available for domestic consumption. It can be said that the
country is mainly focussing on implementing industrial agriculture (Leal Filho and et.al., 2018).
By doing so, the country has been able to improve its overall output. Also, there has been a
reduction in the level of dependency on imports from foreign countries. It can be said that
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industrial agriculture has helped the country in creating more lush as well as fertile lands to the
country rather than reducing the supply of fresh water.
In arid regions such as Libya, cropping is difficult and therefore, the country has opted
for dessert farming. The level of evaporation in such areas is higher as compared to areas that
receive rainfall. Besides dessert farming, there are also certain dry land farming techniques that
are used. The technique is profitable for the overall production of crops and has helped the
respective country, Libya in producing some crops effectively (Li, Wang and Chen, 2019).
Theories for sustainable agriculture in Libya
As per the view point of Akpabio, E.M. and Umoh, G.S., 2021, the concept of
sustainability is associated with conducting and doing an activity in such a way that meets the
need of today without harming and reducing the resources for future. Thus, the theories and
concept of sustainable agriculture is also associated and related with making use of farming
practices through ensuring proper considering of the ecological cycles. Further, the sustainable
practices also seemed much more sensitive towards the microorganisms and at setting their
parallel equations with the environment at large (What is Sustainable Farming?, 2021). Thus, an
analysis can be made that the concept of sustainable farming and its theories is mainly related
with farming in a more ecologically way by promoting methods and adopting farming practices
which are more economically viable, environmentally sound and also ensures effective
protection for public health.
It has been analysed as per the view point of that Ngondjeb, D.Y. and Ayuk, E., 2021, the
concept of agriculture has changed in a dramatically way to have improved food and fibre
productivity which has also sored due to the enhancement in the new technologies and
mechanization which consist of increased level of use of chemical, specialisation and other
government policies which are made in favour of maximizing production along with ensuring
reduction in food prices. These agriculture has both positive and negative effects as
maximization of productivity is a positive affect but the issue of topsoil depletion due to
excessive use of chemical along with the issue of groundwater contamination, greenhouse gas
emission and air pollution has been also faced (Li, Wang and Li, 2020). Thus, these
consequences faced on modernisation of agriculture need to be get mitigate and overcome the
best option for which is to moving towards the sustainable form of agriculture. Thus, adoption
and implication of sustainable theory has become important and vital to have improved farming
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practises which consists and integrate three main goals and aspects which are environmental
health, economical profitability along with meting social equity. The concept and theory of
agricultural sustainability is associated with the aim of meeting the needs of current without
scarifying and compromising the ability and needs of future generations. Thus, the theory of
sustainable agriculture is based on long term stewardship and setting coordination in both human
as well as natural resources in an equally important way. The sustainability agriculture theory is
based on stewardship of human resources which comprises of meeting social responsibilities
within farming practises by the way of ensuring better living conditions of labourers and meeting
contingency and need of rural communities to ensure consumer health and safety of both present
as well as future (Lim, Jørgensen and Wyborn, 2018). On the other hand, the another vital
aspect of sustainability agriculture comprises of natural resources which aim at marinating and
enhancing the quality of resources along with ensuring that these natural resources would also
allow to be regenerated in future to meet the future needs by meeting both social and
environmental welfare.
The another vital aspect of theory of sustainable agriculture is provided by Swain, R.B.
and Ranganathan, S., 2021, which consists and revolves around the theory of agroecosystems
which is related with the food system and is considered as an important perspective to
understand the sustainability. An analysis can be made out that theory of agroecosystems is
associated with broadest senses in individual field farms to a complete Eco zones. Thus, the
theory of agroecosystems is associated with food systems along with its distribution and
consumption components starting from the farm to the local community along with including
global population which aim at facilitating comprehensive view for sustainable agriculture
production along with meeting conservation of natural environment (Nhemachena and et.al.,
2018).
Beside this, as per the information provided by Loiskandl, W. and Nolz, R., 2021, it has
been analysed that the theory of agroecosystems also a provides an effective approach and
system to assess and analysis the impact of human society on the farming institution and its
environmentally sustainability along with adopting practises which does not create much harm
for land and other natural resources. Thus, the concept and agroecosystem theory of sustainable
agriculture is based on the factors of resilient, adaptive along with adopting diversity. An
analysis can be made out that the concept of resilience is vital and essentially needed for the
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agroecosystems theory of sustainable agriculture as farming face many condition such as
climate, political context, pest population and other factors which are highly unpredictable and
really stable in long run thus, concept of resilience is vital to overcome and meet all such
conditions to have sustainable form of agriculture. Further, the concept of adaptability is also a
key component as it provides possible and desirable agroecosystem to regain the precise of
sustainable agriculture along with ensuring effective adaptability to face all possible changing
condition while farming and food distribution system in a sustainable way (Nikitin, Trunova and
Voropaeva, 2019). At last, the another vital component of theory of agroecosystem consist of
diversity in framing practises which support the feature of adaptability as the more variety of
practises and skill are available within food systems would support and lead out to more
effectively maintain the sustainability of agriculture with the help of supporting more tools and
an avenues system to effectively adapt and implicate with change.
Sustainable agriculture structure in Libya
As per the view point of Willem Heemskerk and Esther Koopmanschap, (2012), the
Government of Libya has been investing huge amount in agricultural production. By maximizing
the productivity of agricultural sector, the country decreases its current dependency on other
Nations for food as well as potentially could improve the economy by maximising food exports
(Agribusiness development in Libya, 2012). Like other nations in the region, agriculture is
constrained through its limited arable land as well as low fertility of soil in Libya. In the nation,
food security is national priority. The strategy regarding the agriculture in Libya is threefold -
1. Increase the potential of production of natural resources in their sustainability level as
well as within objectives of economic feasibility (Pan and et.al., 2021).
2. Transfer some crops like forage and wheat crops, to the water abundant Nations by
bilateral arrangements of long term investment.
3. Employ the comparative advantage of country in exporting the crops as well as value
added commodities in order to maximize foreign earnings which may be utilised to
purchase food for local demand.
Apart from this, the key priorities of Libya regarding sustainable food security at household
and national levels comprises of managing the agricultural resources in order to increase
strategic commodities production like meat, wheat and dairy products, to accomplish high food
security level and at the similar time, maintaining sustainable utilisation of resources. The
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another priority is to manage foreign trade in order to increase benefit from comparative
advantages as well as substitute for food deficits from the country. During the past some years,
the country has spent a considerable effort as well as funds on agriculture in order to contribute
more to gross domestic product of the nation and accomplish food security. This help in
sustainable development of agriculture in Libya and enable the country to develop and maintain
the agricultural resources, specifically land and water and use them efficiently to accomplish
objectives and goals. In addition to this, in order to bring improvements in economic growth of
the nation, the government of Libya emphasize on developing complementary relationships in
the economic activities which in turn ensures sustainable agricultural growth and improve the
agricultural structure in Libya (Sachs and et.al., 2019).
To determine the challenges of sustainable agriculture and its importance in Libya
Sustainable agriculture is defined as farming in a sustainable manner to meet the present
food needs of the society, without compromising the ability for current and future generations.
The physical and economic climates of Libya do not support the healthy agriculture. The united
states of Libya’s financial system does now not depend on agriculture, however the populace is
starting to face the hazard of food insecurity without a sustainable agriculture enterprise. The
Libyan disaster compelled the emigration of many worker's in the country. Agricultural
production dropped and ended in a main growth in meals imports. The residents who've
remained in Libya during the disaster are experiencing lifestyles in a meals wasteland, forcing
them to forgo necessities like medical care so one can pay for food. Sustainable agriculture not
simplest embraces much less power intensive tools of agricultural production however also
adopts smart farming structures (Willer and Lernoud, 2019). By eliminating the use of fossil
fuels and decreasing power use, sustainable farming facilitates in lowering greenhouse fuel
emissions, thereby gambling a full-size function in fighting climate change.
Conventional industrial farming makes use of a variety of water to irrigate the giant tracts
of land underneath cultivation without emphasising on conservation. As against those traditional
strategies, sustainable agricultural structures use several strategies to conserve water, together
with drip irrigation and mulching. In addition, it makes a speciality of planting perennial plants
with deep roots that don’t require a number of water. Moreover, sustainable farming embraces
strategies that guard water bodies from pollution. Specifically, this farming device makes use of
practices inclusive of contour farming and filter out strips close to rivers to restriction infection
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of the water mass. Agriculture often locations huge stress on herbal sources and the environment.
Sustainable agricultural practices are supposed to guard the surroundings, expand the Earth's
natural aid base, and preserve and improve soil fertility. Sustainable farms are capable of
produce crops and livestock without the usage of copious quantities of artificial chemical
compounds or GMO's (Varela and et.al., 2020). They may even keep away from farming
practices that degrade the earth's topsoil or that require large volumes of water or other natural
sources. Sustainable agriculture integrates 3 principal dreams, environmental fitness, financial
profitability, and social and monetary equity. These goals were described via an expansion of
philosophies, policies and practices, from the imaginative and prescient of farmers and
purchasers. Therefore, it can be said that sustainable agriculture is very important for the
respective country Libya. It will help the country in improving the way it does agriculture and
also serve as one of the effective ways to generate income for the farmers and their family
members so that they can live their lives in an effective and healthy manner. This will also be
beneficial for the overall economy of the country.
When the areas are cleared for farming, there is an increase in the risk of erosion of top
soil that is rich in nutrients. This can harm the fertility of land and also, contaminate the overall
supply of water. Overproduction and use of fertilizers and products for plant as well as crop
protection can also affect the overall ecosystem of the country. Many of the issues in Libya are
moot points as the available forestland is very little. There is still a long way to go for the
country in order to reduce the overall risks associated with industrial agriculture in the respective
country Libya. The country is almost covered by the Libyan Dessert entirely and this means that
there is a very limited availability of natural resources for effective irrigation services. There are
an increased number of soil borne pathogens. Apart from this, there is a limited availability of
salinity due to which agricultural development cannot take place effectively (Suh, 2018).
Conducting farming and agricultural activities in Libya is mainly dependent on water
supply as well as irrigation. But there are many challenges that the company has to deal with
because of being an arid region. The main challenges that are faced by the respective country
include a short rainy season, negative water balance, low organic content in the soil and lack of
effective clay minerals. There is strong sunlight that is not suitable for growing crops and the
temperatures are also high. This means that the rate of evaporation is high and if water during the
process of irrigation is not managed properly, it can lead to an increase in the overall problem. It
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has been estimated that desertification will become a major issue in the future, due to which the
different challenges for the country will also increase. Also, with irrigation being one of the
major farming activities in the country, the salinity of the top soil is increased. And the lack of
water is another factor that increases the overall problem to a great extent. And this is because
the annual precipitation in the country is also very less. Therefore, it can be said that there are
many challenges that the respective country, Libya has been facing because of being an arid
region. But the instability in the government has affected the overall crop productivity to a great
extent (Calabi-Floody and et.al., 2018) This is because the overall cost of the agricultural
equipment as well as machines has increased. Due to this, there has been great number of
challenges that the country has been facing.
Due to the very less availability of soil in the respective country, the crops that are grown
are used for domestic consumption. Water is necessary for all plant life, but there are plants that
are capable of living in dry and arid areas. In countries, where the rate of evaporation is very
high and the soil is not suitable for agriculture, it is very difficult to grow proper crops. Apart
from this, the soils in arid regions very from each other. And they only support the growth of
very less types of crops. One of the paramount challenges for for farmers in arid regions such as
Libya is that the sanity build up in soil as well as water is very high. This can affect the overall
agricultural output. It is very important to make sure that various measures are adopted so that
these challenges can be eliminated or avoided (Cristache and et.al., 2018).
As per the viewpoint of Clayton Campanhola, the natural resources available are
reducing (Why does sustainable agriculture remain a challenge?., 2019). Therefore, there is a
need to develop and implement effective measures of sustainable development so that crops can
be produced for the purpose of domestic consumption. Sustainable agriculture is important
because the different practices ensure that different natural resources such as air and water are
used in the most optimal manner. This will make these resources available for the future
generations. In context of Libya, the different sustainable agricultural practices can help in
increasing the overall farm income as well as promoting awareness about the environment. As a
result, the overall production of human food as well as fibre needs is increased. Sustainable
agriculture comprises of a wide range of production processes, that are organic as well as
conventional. If Libya considers implementing sustainable agricultural practices, it will be able
to restore the nutrients that are available in the soil. Industrial farming cannot be carried out in
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Libya due to the poor availability of resources as well as a high rate of evaporation. Sustainable
agriculture also helps in stabilising the food supply and at the same time support the different
local communities in an effective manner (Holloway and Mengersen, 2018).
To identify the development plans and techniques adopted by Libya for becoming agriculturally
self-sufficient
There are different types of techniques that can be adopted in order to make sure that a
country is agriculturally self-sufficient. All of the crops that are grown in Libya are for domestic
consumption and the main crops that are grown in the country are barley and wheat. The
different techniques that are adopted can include crop-rotation, planting cover crops, applying
the concept of integrated pest management or IPM etc. The soils in Libya are generally very
shallow and coarse. This means that they have very low organic matter content and their water
holding capacity is also not very good. Therefore, it is required by Libya to implement
appropriate techniques in order to make sure that it is agriculturally self-sufficient.
The different agricultural households in Libya rely mainly on two types of seeds,
imported seeds as well as private stocks. The country has been using crop rotation in order to
improve its overall agriculture (Janker, Mann and Rist, 2018). This has helped the country in
managing the overall fertility of the soil. Also, since the overall condition of the soil in the
country is not good, this technique has significantly helped it in improving the overall fertility of
its soil to a great extent. There is a plain in the country that has an underground aquifer. This has
enabled effective irrigation in the country. The land in Libya is mainly dominated by deserts. But
since 1962, the overall agriculture in the country has improved to a great extent. But it is still
important for the country to keep identifying different ways of dealing with the problem.
Although Libya has a long coastline, the waters are particularly not suitable for the
carrying out agricultural activities. Also, since the rainfall is low, many of the agricultural
projects in the country mainly rely on underground water. The Great Man-Made River is the
most important source of water for carrying out the agricultural activities in the country. Due to
poor quality of soil, the crops that are grown in the country are not as nutritional as they should
be (Jhariya and et.al., 2019). The country also lacks forests and therefore, is mainly dependent
upon imports from other countries. The main characteristic of the soils in Libya is that they are
arid and most of these are not developed completely or partially developed. Therefore, it can be
said that the condition of soil is not very effective.
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In order to improve the food security, arid regions such as Libya has established desert
agroforestry as its main agricultural technique. The technique of desert agriculture can be defined
as the process that involves farming of crops that are best suited for dry and arid regions. On the
other hand, dessert agroforestry is that process that involves growing of crops with the support of
trees in arid areas. The demand for food in dessert areas is high as compared to other regions that
have high vegetation. Growing food in the dessert is one of the most crucial tasks and thus, it is
important to develop and implement effective techniques in order to ensure that crops are
produced for the consumption of local people. Dessert farming is one of the main techniques that
is opted by the respective country, Libya to become agriculturally self-sufficient. Under this
technique, barren lands are transformed into fields and farms that are productive. Water is the
most easiest way to make it possible to grow vegetation in the country. The process of dessert
farming mainly relies on irrigation. The concentration of salt in dessert soil is very less due to
which, it is very difficult to grow crops (Kanter And et.al., 2018).
The only major crops that are grown in the middle east are Barley and Wheat and this is
because there is no soil but a lot of sand. In rural areas of Libya, agriculture still represents to be
one of the major sources of income. There are different agencies that support Libya when it
comes to agriculture. The agriculture production accounts for nearly 5% of the total Gross
Domestic Product of the country. Apart from wheat and barley, the country also produces fruits,
vegetables, pulses and olive oil (Kociszewski, 2018).
There are different types of techniques that are used for controlling erosion in arid
regions such as Libya. These include windbreaks, spreading straw and trip farming that help in
reducing the loss of topsoil. As per the view point of Gary A. Peterson, dry land farming can be
defined as production of crops in areas that have very less amount of rainfall (Dryland Farming,
2021). Dry land farming is one of the major techniques that is adopted by the respective country
to overcome the different challenges. This is because the area available to be used for farming
activities is very less. Agriculture in the country still represents one of the major sources of
income. By adopting appropriate techniques, countries in arid regions can grow some crops that
can be used for personal consumption. Although different countries within arid regions face their
own challenges as well as opportunities, the country can adopt various methods that are
appropriate for conducting farming activities. The Libyan people highly relies on public services.
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Strategies which can be adopted by the government of Libya to support sustainable agriculture
practises
As per the view point of Singh and Yadav, (2020), sustainable agriculture is stated as the
farming in sustainable ways to mitigate the present food as well as textile needs of society,
without compromising an ability for existing or future generations in order to mitigate their
needs. There are some strategies that can be adopted through government of Libya in order to
support sustainable agricultural practices. Some of the strategies are provided below:
1. Making use of renewable sources of energy - this is the significant practice which
help government in supporting sustainable agricultural practices. The use of wind
farms, hydro power or solar power in the sustainable farming is eco-friendly way.
Encouraging farmers to use solar panels in order to store the solar energy as well as
utilise it for electrical fencing and running heaters and pumps. Encouraging this
practice can help in making the agriculture more sustainable in Libya (Top 5
sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices, 2021).
2. Biodynamic farming - it incorporates holistic growing and ecological practices on
the basis of anthroposophy philosophy. This practice can be applied to farms which
grow different types of produce, vineyards, gardens and other kinds of agriculture.
This practice emphasizes on developing necessary fertility and health of soil for food
production onsite by execution of practices like application of animal manure,
composting, rotating complementary crops or cover cropping (Ladha and et.al.,
2020).
3. Farmer's education and empowerment - this is an another way or strategy that can
be adopted by Libyan government to support sustainable agricultural practices. It is
very important to educate the farmers properly and engage and empower them in the
policy making regarding making the agriculture sustainable in Libya. This highly
contribute in aware the farmers regarding the practices which they can employ to
make the agriculture sustainable in Libya.
4. Crop rotation - it is a tested method which is utilised since ancient farming and is
proven to keep nutritious and healthy soil. In this method, crops are picked in such a
manner that the crops planted in this season replenish salts and nutrition from soil
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which were absorbed through previous crops cycle. Encouraging the crop rotation
farming I will help in making the agriculture sustainable in Libya (Lal, 2019).
Methods
It is one of the important aspect of a research as it assist in collecting information about the
particular topic in an effective manner. For conducting the present research, inductive approach
will be applied by investigator as it help in testing hypothesis. In order to analyse agriculture and
sustainable development in Libya, Qualitative research will be used by researcher. In context to
data collection, both primary as well as secondary sources is will be applied. Random sampling
method, a form of probability sampling will be used by researcher. In order to complete this
report, the researcher has opted different methods to make sure that reliable and authentic data is
collected. Not only this, the researcher has also adhered to different ethics (Leal Filho and et.al.,
2018). This includes keeping the data confidential and not sharing the same with anyone else.
Qualitative research has been used in the research that has helped the researcher in making sure
that underlying reason of the problem is identified and described effectively. The observations
for the sample are selected on a random basis wherein each of them had an equal chance of
getting selected. This is an explorative study an wherein the researcher has tried to investigate
the problem of agriculture in Libya. The problem has not been defined clearly and therefore, the
research has been undertaken in order to develop a better understanding of the same. The
researcher has adopted various measures in order to obtain reliable results and provide the
readers with appropriate information so that they get a better understanding of the different
challenges as well as issues that the country has been facing. In order to collect data for the
respective research, the researcher has used secondary methods in order to ensure that reliable
and authentic data has been collected. Secondary methods of data collection include business
documents, online websites, trade journals, government publications and public records. There
are different advantages of using secondary data sources for collecting data, such as the
researcher is able to save a lot of time as well as cost (Li, Wang and Chen, 2019). Also, the
secondary data can be accessed by the researcher easily and a large amount of data is available
for reference.
Research Philosophy can be defined as the belief about how the researcher should collect
data in order to complete their research. There are two types of research philosophy that can be
used in order to conduct the research effectively, these are positivism and interpretivism. In
17

context to the respective study, the researcher has used interpretivism research philosophy as this
will allow to interpret the different elements of the study effectively. As a result, the researcher
will be able to provide the readers with a better understanding of the research topic. On the other
hand, a research approach can be defined as the plans as well as procedures that are used for
completing the research. This can include details methods about the process of data collection,
analysis as well as interpretation of data. There are two types of research approach, deductive as
well as inductive (Salvia and et.al., 2019). Deductive research approach is linked with the
quantitative research. In context to this research, the researcher has used an inductive approach
and this is because it is associated with qualitative research.
The methods adopted by the researcher mainly focus on developing a better
understanding of agriculture and sustainable development in Libya. The country faces a lot of
challenges due to not having appropriate conditions for cropping and agricultural activities.
There are two types of research methods that can be used in order to conduct the research in an
effective manner and attain reliable results. As mentioned, qualitative research methods have
been used for completing this research. In order to collect data, the researcher conducted, semi-
structured interviews. The interview questions that were developed, were based on the topic of
the study. Research strategies are an important component of the research that allow the
researcher to plan about the different plans to collect data. Sampling refers to the process of
selecting a pre-determined number of observations from a large population. The sample
represents that population and this helps the researcher in making appropriate judgements and
attain effective results. Sampling is an important part of the research because it allows the
research to make inference about a population (Nhemachena and et.al., 2018).
Further, the research strategy which provides entire framework and base for leading out
and carrying an investigation consists of various forms of data collection tools and techniques
such as, experiments, action research, survey, interview, observation and many more. Out of
these forms of research strategy selection of interview is made for current investigation on the
topic of agriculture and sustainable development (Sanders, 2018). For this purpose, a two way
communication is made with Al Jouf Agriculture Development Company to collect information
for current investigation with the help of interview as research strategy. The use of interview is
seemed justifiable and appropriate as it facilitates a more effective interaction and
communication with selected respondents to effectively analysis their view point and opinion on
18

selected topic. With respect to current investigation, an interview is conducted with the
employees and managers of Al Jouf Agriculture Development Company the selection of
participants had been made with the help of random mode of sampling which leads to probability
based selection of participants. Selection of a sample size of 8 participants had been made for
current investigation for collection of primary data from the employees and managers of Al Jouf
Agriculture Development Company with the help of random form of probability sampling. The
interview questions which have been asked from the selected participants had been provided at
the end of project under the heading of appendix.
Discussion
This section of project comprises of discussion about the data collected from the participants
through the interview along with analysis of key findings. The analysis and discussion about the
information collected from the employees of Al Jouf Agriculture Development Company is
provided below with the help of thematic approach of data analysis:
Theme 1: The concept of agriculture and sustainable development in Libya
Interpretation
On the basis of data collected during the interview, an interpretation can be made that the
concept of agriculture has been defined by the participants as a science of cultivating soil and
growing crops which comprises of preparing plant along with animal products distribution.
Further, in Libya the concept of sustainable development is related with growing crops and
farming with best possible practises in such a manner which meats current needs without
sacrificing needs of future. Thus, the concept of sustainable agriculture is mainly associated with
doing farming in such a manner which keeps a balance between social, environmental and
natural needs through maintaining a balance in ecosystem.
Theme 2: Concept of sustainable development has become so vital and important for countries
like Libya
Interpretation
It has been analysed in the basis of collected information that the concept of sustainable
development has become so important and vital for all the countries including Libya as it
encourages people and citizens of country towards conserve and enhance its resources base by
the way of gradual change in such a way which support improved practises for development
19

without exploitation and excessive use of natural resources. Thus, concept of sustainable
development is important for countries like Libya as it helps in meeting the needs of today
without comprising needs of tomorrow through stabilising practises and reducing carbon
emission and other form of pollution for protection of natural resources and overall environment.
Theme 3: Sustainable farming and its main benefits and importance for Libya
Interpretation
As per the view point of maximum number of participants, the concept of sustainable faring is
associated with using and implicating agriculture practices while considering and keeping in the
mind the complete ecological cycles and making them sensitives towards microorganisms. The
main benefits and importance of sustainable farming for Libya comprises of environment
preservation along with leading economic profitability through most efficient use of renewable
as well as non-renewable resources to better social and economic equity and effective
development.
Theme 4: The main practise and strategies that can be adopted by framers of Libya to ensure
more effective way of sustainable farming
Interpretation
An interpretation can be made out that the main practise and strategies that can be adopted by
framers of Libya to ensure more effective way of sustainable farming consist making use of
renewable energy sources like hydro and solar power by farmers for running pumps and heaters.
Further, making use of hydroponics and aquaponics techniques of farming is also taken as a main
practise and strategies that can be adopted by framers of Libya to ensure more effective way of
sustainable farming.
Theme 5: Making use of chemicals and other artificial techniques has led to depletion of top soil
and contamination of water
Interpretation
An interpretation has been made on the basis of current investigation that use of chemicals and
other artificial techniques has led to depletion of top soil and contamination of water as it leads
to water and soil pollution and make them contaminant and unfit for future use. Thus, excessive
20

use of chemicals make soil unfit for future use and also pollute the water and other natural
resources.
Theme 6: Use of sustainable agriculture practices within the Libya
Interpretation
It has been analysed that the farmers and citizens of Libya are continuously supporting and
making efforts for sustainable agriculture which consists of applying crop rotation on a
continuous basis which is sustainable way to keep soil healthy and notorious for future use.
Further, use of Polyculture farming along with permaculture are also effective food production
system to ensure reduction in waste of resources along with increasing production efficiency
which forms out main use of sustainable agriculture practices within the Libya.
Theme 7: Various challenges and limitation are also associated with implication of sustainable
agriculture in Libya
Interpretation
The biggest challenge and limitation that is faced by Libya while adopting sustainability
agriculture comprises of the fact that the physical and economic climate of Libya does not
support healthy agriculture and also faces the disaster of compelled emigration of workers.
Further, the conventional industrial farming adopted within Libya has also beneath the
cultivation within Libya without emphasising and considering conservation rates which is also a
big challenge and limitation for sustainable farming within Libya.
Theme 8: Main drawbacks and limitation faced by farmers and other associated parties while
adopting and implicating the sustainable agriculture within Libya
Interpretation
It has been analysed during current investigation that increasing risk of erosion of top soil along
with overproduction of crop through use of excessive fertilizers and has affected the ecosystem
which is the main drawbacks and limitation faced by farmers and other associated parties while
adopting and implicating the sustainable agriculture within Libya. Further, it has been interpreted
that Resource depletion, Deforestation and Land degradation are the main drawbacks and
limitation faced by farmers and other associated parties while adopting and implicating the
21

sustainable agriculture within Libya.
Theme 9: Various development plans and techniques which could be adopted by Libya in order
to become agriculturally self- sufficient
Interpretation
It has been analysed during current investigation that polyculture farming is an effective
development plans and techniques which could be adopted by Libya in order to become
agriculturally self- sufficient which also leads to multiple crop species in one area along with
leading high diversity. Further, use of Permaculture is also an effective technique which provide
an improved design and smart farming techniques which could be adopted by Libya in order to
become agriculturally self- sufficient which ensures and leads to reduction in waste of resources
along with creating and leading out production efficiency.
Theme 10: Sustainable agriculture structure present within the Libya
Interpretation
It has been interpreted that sustainable agriculture structure present within the Libya comprises
of Transfer of some crops like forage and wheat crops, to the water abundant Nations by bilateral
arrangements of long term investment. Further it has been also analysed that employing the
comparative advantage of country in exporting the crops as well as value added commodities in
order to maximize foreign earnings is also a current sustainable agriculture structure present
within the Libya.
Theme 11: Main aim and purpose behind the adopting sustainable agriculture within Libya
Interpretation
It has been analysed during current investigation that agriculture often places significant pressure
on natural resources and the environment thus, it become vital and important for farmers of
Libya to come up with sustainable agriculture practices. Thus, it has been analysed that the main
aim and purpose behind the adopting sustainable agriculture within Libya comprises of the fact
Sustainable agricultural practices are intended to protect the environment, expand the Earth's
natural resource base, and maintain and improve soil fertility.
22

Theme 12: The strategies and ways that can be adopted by the government of Libya to promote
and support sustainable agriculture among framers of Libya
Interpretation
With respect to current investigation and collected data, an interpretation can be made that
making use of renewable resources along with Biodynamic farming are strategies and ways that
can be adopted by the government of Libya to promote and support sustainable agriculture
among framers of Libya which incorporates holistic growing and ecological practices on the
basis of anthroposophy philosophy. Further, focusing on farmer education and empowerment
along with supporting crop rotation strategies and ways that can be adopted by the government
of Libya to promote and support sustainable agriculture among framers of Libya.
Theme 13: Impact is lead out by agricultural development and sustainable practices on the
overall productivity level of Libya
Interpretation
It has been analysed during current investigation that agricultural development and sustainable
practices lead a positive impact on the overall productivity level of Libya sustainable agriculture
as it aims at integrating the three main goals i.e. environmental health, economic profitability,
and social equity to bring an improved development and efficient productivity level. It has been
analysed that sustainable practises and agriculture focuses on diverse farming systems which use
a variety of crops and the diversity of plants in this farming system ensures that they are more
resilient to withstand any pests, diseases, and drought therefore ensures and leads a positive
impact on overall productivity level within Libya.
Theme 14: Most vital sustainable and eco-friendly practices which can be adopted within Libya
to have efficient development and higher productivity level
Interpretation
On the basis of interview conducted, it has been analysed and interpreted that, the Agroforestry
is a most vital sustainable and eco-friendly practices which can be adopted within Libya to have
efficient development and higher productivity level as it support farming in dry regions also with
soil susceptible to desertification for leading long-lasting, productive, and diverse land use when
23

approached sustainably.
Discussion and analysis
Agriculture can be defined as the science of cultivating the soil and growing crops. In
many countries, agriculture serves as the most important source of income. But in countries that
have arid regions and are surrounded by dessert, conducting agricultural activities can become
difficult. This is because the rate of evaporation in these areas is high and also, the soil lack
salinity. Libya is a country that does not have good prospects for conducting various farming and
agricultural activities. Therefore, the little amount of crops that are grown there are used for the
domestic consumption. The major crops that are grown in the country are barley and wheat. The
respective country has invested in a great amount of funds for improving agriculture. The
number of women involving in agricultural activities in Libya is increasing and they mainly look
after the livestock. But there are certain issues such as there is no security and therefore, it is
important to make sure that proper interventions are taken.
There are many challenges that are faced by the respective country due to lack of
appropriate resources for conducting the agricultural activities. In Libya, various agricultural
activities such as fishing, cropping etc. are considered to be secondary. There are various
agricultural challenges that countries like Libya, that are located in arid regions have to deal
with. For example, the main challenge that the country has to deal with is that the soil is not
fertile and the salinity level is also high. Such conditions are not suitable for growing crops.
Apart from this, the resources for the availability of freshwater as well as rainfall are also less.
The temperatures are extreme and this means that it is difficult for the people living there to
conduct various agriculture activities in an effective manner. The availability of resources is very
limited which means that only limited types of crops can be grown there. And farming is only
limited to areas that have enough water to carry out irrigation process. As a result, the country
has used various measures to conduct agricultural activities.
Dessert farming is a practice of developing agriculture in areas where the land is arid and
a scarcity of water. The practice involves agriculture of crops that are well suited for dry and arid
conditions. This practice helps in successfully growing crops for the consumption of local
people. As of now, there are many countries, such as Libya, that are unable to support the growth
of maize. Libya is not considered to be one of the countries that have soils suitable for the overall
24

growth of food crops and due to this, it is difficult to cultivate effective growth of crops. Libya
has very low levels of rain fall and due to the current development undergoing in the country, the
demand for natural resources has increased. Apart from this, the level of temperature is also high
in the country which is not suitable for the growth of crops.
There are various surveys that have been conducted and show that there are a lot of
challenges that various communities suffer from. In context to the different countries within arid
regions, there are different techniques that can be adopted by the country. For example, rotating
crops as well as dessert farming are some of the techniques that can be used. Apart from this,
dessert agroforestry is another useful technique that has been adopted by the country to enhance
agricultural activities. The practice is important for countries such as Libya because it helps in
the conservation of natural resources and also, the overall economic income of the rural people is
also increased. Agroforestry also helps in improving the food security of the country. This
method involves low cost and also, the human impact on land is also reduced. Farming activities
in countries like Libya are mainly dependent on water, which is a scarce resource for the country.
It can be said that agriculture is one of the most important sources of income for a
country. And countries such as Libya face a lot of different challenges that affect the overall
production of crops in the country. The reason for this is that the soil of these countries lack a lot
of nutrients and high temperature in deserts affect the quality of crops to a great extent.
Therefore, it is important for the country to adopt various agricultural techniques that can help it
in ensuring that crops are grown properly as well as successfully. Also, there are different
challenges of sustainable development or agriculture that can affect the country to a great extent.
This can include less water retention and loss of soil moisture as well. Such conditions have
made it difficult for the country to conduct farming activities in an effective manner. This is
because there are some crops that require a high percentage of salinity as well as moisture to
grow. Climate change is another factor that can act as a challenge for countries such as Libya to
grow different types of crops.
In dessert areas, the land available that is suitable for conducting farming activities is
very less. Hence, dessert farming is a method that has been adopted by the respective country
Libya to conduct its agriculture. Dessert farming is used because agriculture is not very
widespread in desserts as the water available is not adequate for growing different crops. Also,
the soil available in such areas is infertile as well as dry. Such soils are not suitable for any types
25

of crops. Agriculture plays a very important role in the overall economy of a country and apart
from providing food as well as raw material, agriculture also provides various employment
opportunities as well. Sustainable development primarily focuses on enhancing the overall
process of crop production in countries such as Libya. The country is working towards ensuring
that there is an early recovery as well as rapid return to the different pathways of sustainable
development. Another reason why sustainable development is important is because it enhances
the overall capacities of the local people and improves the basic service delivery of agricultural
activities.
Conclusion
From the above report, it can be concluded that agriculture is an important source of
income for the overall economy of a country. Agriculture in arid areas is very different and this
is because the availability of the types of soil is very different from other regions. The different
types of challenges can include loss of salinity and moisture in the atmosphere. Also, high
temperatures can contribute to the overall challenges for the country. Therefore, it is important to
make sure that appropriate strategies and techniques are adopted so that the farming activities are
conducted in an effective manner. Dessert farming can be defined as the process of conducting
agricultural activities in dessert areas such as Libya. Although the respective country Libya has a
coastline, but the water available is not suitable for growing crops or conducting agricultural
activities properly. The availability of fertile soil in such areas is very limited and therefore, it is
important. Therefore, sustainable development is one of the important strategies that should be
implemented in such countries. The main crops that are grown in countries such as Libya are
mainly barley and wheat. It is somewhat difficult for the such countries to grow other crops is
that they require an increased level of moisture as well as a fertile soil.
It can also be concluded that there are different sustainable techniques that a company
can adopt in order to make sure successful growth of crops. Dessert farming is an important
practice that is usually carried out in countries such as Libya. From the above report, it can be
stated that respective country Libya should make sure that its is able to grow adequate crops so
that the farming activities are conducted in an effective manner. First of all, proper supply of
water for irrigation should be made so that the crops receive adequate nutrients. The different
challenges within the arid regions can affect the overall quality of the crops that are produces.
Also erosion can take place and affect the top soil of the region. A lack of forests is also a major
26

challenge as the lands are barren and Therefore, by adopting effective techniques, such
challenges can be reduced and the overall quality of the soil can also be retained. Agroforestry is
another technique that can be used for conducting farming and agricultural activities in the
country or other regions that are dry and arid.
27

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Appendix
Interview questions
Q1) as per your view point, what is meant by the concept of agriculture and sustainable
development in Libya?
Q2) As per your perception, Why the concept of sustainable development has become so vital
30

and important for countries like Libya?
Q3) what is meant by sustainable farming and what could be its main benefits and importance for
Libya?
Q4) What are the main practise and strategies that can be adopted by framers of Libya to ensure
more effective way of sustainable farming?
Q5) are you agreed with the fact that making use of chemicals and other artificial techniques has
led to depletion of top soil and contamination of water?
Q6) are you having any perception and view point about the use of sustainable agriculture
practices within the Libya?
Q7) are you agreed with the fat that various challenges and limitation are also associated with
implication of sustainable agriculture in Libya?
Q8) What could be the main drawbacks and limitation faced by farmers and other associated
parties while adopting and implicating the sustainable agriculture within Libya?
Q9) What information are you having about the various development plans and techniques which
could be adopted by Libya in order to become agriculturally self- sufficient?
Q10) what perception you are having about the sustainable agriculture structure present within
the Libya?
Q11) What is the main aim and purpose behind the adopting sustainable agriculture within
Libya?
Q12) What implication are you having about the strategies and ways that can be adopted by the
government of Libya to promote and support sustainable agriculture among framers of Libya?
Q13) What overall impact is lead out by agricultural development and sustainable practices on
the overall productivity level of Libya?
14) what are most vital sustainable and eco-friendly practices which can be adopted within Libya
to have efficient development and higher productivity level?
31