Pollution Crisis in Gwalior City
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This assignment delves into the critical issue of pollution plaguing Gwalior city. Students are tasked with researching and analyzing various aspects of this environmental crisis, including air and water quality data, identifying key contributors to pollution, and exploring potential mitigation strategies. The analysis should encompass both the scientific and socio-economic impacts of pollution on Gwalior's residents and environment.
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Running head: AIR POLLUTION 0
Business Communication
Business Communication
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AIR POLLUTION 1
Executive Summary
Pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere which negatively
influences people’s health and the environment. Gwalior, a city situated in Madhya Pradesh,
India, is world’s second most air polluted city. Gwalior is facing serious issues relating to air
pollution which increases health issues for people and various other agriculture issues. There
are several factors which increase the rate of air pollution in Gwalior such as fossil fuel
powered industries, a large number of vehicles, less greenery, congested areas, dilapidated
roads, and others. Most of the industries in the city are unregistered and small; these
industries use fossil fuel such as coal, oil or natural gas to fuel their daily operations. The
easy availability of fossil fuel and heavy use increase the rate of pollution in the city. A large
number of high fuel consuming vehicles in the city increases the health problems for people.
These factors are increasing air pollution in Gwalior because the government has failed to
address these issues. Carelessness and corruption in the government have contributed to
increasing the rate of air pollution which is negatively affecting millions of people. The
government failure is negatively affecting millions of people’s lives, and appropriate actions
are necessary to be taken by them. The government should introduce strict environment
norms for industries, ban on the use of fossil fuel in industries, sustainable transportation
facilities, solid waste management, and use of renewable energy to address the issue of air
pollution in Gwalior. These policies can assist the government in reducing air pollution in the
city and improve people’s lives.
Executive Summary
Pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere which negatively
influences people’s health and the environment. Gwalior, a city situated in Madhya Pradesh,
India, is world’s second most air polluted city. Gwalior is facing serious issues relating to air
pollution which increases health issues for people and various other agriculture issues. There
are several factors which increase the rate of air pollution in Gwalior such as fossil fuel
powered industries, a large number of vehicles, less greenery, congested areas, dilapidated
roads, and others. Most of the industries in the city are unregistered and small; these
industries use fossil fuel such as coal, oil or natural gas to fuel their daily operations. The
easy availability of fossil fuel and heavy use increase the rate of pollution in the city. A large
number of high fuel consuming vehicles in the city increases the health problems for people.
These factors are increasing air pollution in Gwalior because the government has failed to
address these issues. Carelessness and corruption in the government have contributed to
increasing the rate of air pollution which is negatively affecting millions of people. The
government failure is negatively affecting millions of people’s lives, and appropriate actions
are necessary to be taken by them. The government should introduce strict environment
norms for industries, ban on the use of fossil fuel in industries, sustainable transportation
facilities, solid waste management, and use of renewable energy to address the issue of air
pollution in Gwalior. These policies can assist the government in reducing air pollution in the
city and improve people’s lives.
AIR POLLUTION 2
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................4
1.2 Purpose and Scope...........................................................................................................4
2.0 Analysis of the situation in Gwalior.....................................................................................5
2.1 High rate of Pollution in Gwalior.....................................................................................5
2.2 Who is responsible?.........................................................................................................5
2.3 Impact of Government Policies’ Failure..........................................................................7
3.0 Conclusion............................................................................................................................8
4.0 Recommendations................................................................................................................8
References................................................................................................................................10
List of Figures
Figure 1: Registered Vehicles in Gwalior..................................................................................6
Figure 2: Monthly mean Temperatures......................................................................................7
Figure 3: Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides..............................................................................8
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................4
1.2 Purpose and Scope...........................................................................................................4
2.0 Analysis of the situation in Gwalior.....................................................................................5
2.1 High rate of Pollution in Gwalior.....................................................................................5
2.2 Who is responsible?.........................................................................................................5
2.3 Impact of Government Policies’ Failure..........................................................................7
3.0 Conclusion............................................................................................................................8
4.0 Recommendations................................................................................................................8
References................................................................................................................................10
List of Figures
Figure 1: Registered Vehicles in Gwalior..................................................................................6
Figure 2: Monthly mean Temperatures......................................................................................7
Figure 3: Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides..............................................................................8
AIR POLLUTION 3
1.0 Introduction
Pollution is referred as unwanted, harmful material which contaminates an environment, and
it pollutes land, air or water; it is the introduction of poisonous or harmful substances which
contaminates the air, water or land which is detrimental for the people and the environment.
The lives and health of living organisms are negatively affected by the contamination of the
atmosphere by harmful elements such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur,
plastic, and many other harmful chemicals. According to the data of World Health
Organisation (WHO), India is world’s 8th most polluted country with most polluted urban
areas that have an average concentration of 60.6 due to lack of environmental policies and
negligence of government (Smith, 2017). As per the real-time Air Quality Index of 2017,
Gwalior, a city in Madhya Pradesh, India, is the second most polluted city in the world
(Nandil, 2017). This report will analyse the reason for high rate of air pollution in Gwalior,
India and evaluates how the government has failed to address this issue. The report will
evaluate the negative impact of air pollution on people and environment of Gwalior. Further,
various recommendations will be provided in the report that can be adopted the government
to address the air pollution issues in Gwalior.
1.0 Introduction
Pollution is referred as unwanted, harmful material which contaminates an environment, and
it pollutes land, air or water; it is the introduction of poisonous or harmful substances which
contaminates the air, water or land which is detrimental for the people and the environment.
The lives and health of living organisms are negatively affected by the contamination of the
atmosphere by harmful elements such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur,
plastic, and many other harmful chemicals. According to the data of World Health
Organisation (WHO), India is world’s 8th most polluted country with most polluted urban
areas that have an average concentration of 60.6 due to lack of environmental policies and
negligence of government (Smith, 2017). As per the real-time Air Quality Index of 2017,
Gwalior, a city in Madhya Pradesh, India, is the second most polluted city in the world
(Nandil, 2017). This report will analyse the reason for high rate of air pollution in Gwalior,
India and evaluates how the government has failed to address this issue. The report will
evaluate the negative impact of air pollution on people and environment of Gwalior. Further,
various recommendations will be provided in the report that can be adopted the government
to address the air pollution issues in Gwalior.
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AIR POLLUTION 4
1.1 Background
Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems that world is facing today since it is
causing irreparable damage to world’s natural resources. This is an important issue because it
causes 40 percent of deaths worldwide (Lang, 2007). India is facing serious problems
because of the high rate of air pollution in most of its major cities; Gwalior is the most
polluted city in India (Gupta, 2016). This report is critical because it analyse how the state
and national government have neglected their duties, and their careless attitude contributes to
increases in air pollution rates in Gwalior. Lack of environmental policies increased the
number of industries, vehicles, deforestation, and dilapidated roads in Gwalior which causes
air pollution in the city (Mallick, 2016).
1.2 Purpose and Scope
The main purpose of this report is to analyse the causes and risks associated with high rate of
air pollution in Gwalior, India. The scope of this study include evaluating the role of
government in increasing rate of air pollution in major cities of India and how it is negatively
affecting millions of people. The scope of this report will include failure of government
policies which increases the rate of pollution in Gwalior. The report will provide various
recommendations relating to environmental policies that can be implemented by the
government for reducing the rate of air pollution in Gwalior.
1.1 Background
Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems that world is facing today since it is
causing irreparable damage to world’s natural resources. This is an important issue because it
causes 40 percent of deaths worldwide (Lang, 2007). India is facing serious problems
because of the high rate of air pollution in most of its major cities; Gwalior is the most
polluted city in India (Gupta, 2016). This report is critical because it analyse how the state
and national government have neglected their duties, and their careless attitude contributes to
increases in air pollution rates in Gwalior. Lack of environmental policies increased the
number of industries, vehicles, deforestation, and dilapidated roads in Gwalior which causes
air pollution in the city (Mallick, 2016).
1.2 Purpose and Scope
The main purpose of this report is to analyse the causes and risks associated with high rate of
air pollution in Gwalior, India. The scope of this study include evaluating the role of
government in increasing rate of air pollution in major cities of India and how it is negatively
affecting millions of people. The scope of this report will include failure of government
policies which increases the rate of pollution in Gwalior. The report will provide various
recommendations relating to environmental policies that can be implemented by the
government for reducing the rate of air pollution in Gwalior.
AIR POLLUTION 5
2.0 Analysis of the situation in Gwalior
2.1 High rate of Pollution in Gwalior
According to WHO’s study, Gwalior, India is world’s second most polluted city; it has an
average PM 2.5 concentration of 176 (Singh, 2016). Gwalior has more than three times the
acceptable particulate matter levels in the air. They are tiny droplets in the air which causes
small as well as serious health problems such as affecting lung function, asthma, heart disease
and others. As per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) study, the permissible particulate
matter limit is 60 micrograms per cubic meter, and Gwalior stands at 329 micrograms which
is five times more than the safety rating (Santoshi, 2015).
According to the data provided by Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Gwalior is the
leading city with most number of vehicles as compared to other cities in Madhya Pradesh.
The city has more than 23 percent of diesel and 6.9 percent of petrol vehicles of the entire
state that emit pollution which heavily contributes to increasing air pollution in the city (The
Times of India, 2014). Various large and small industries operate in Gwalior which did not
comply with local environmental policies; these industries use fossil fuel to power their
operations which increases the rate of pollution in the city. Different emission in the air
causes different health problems such as oxides of nitrogen cause respiratory issues such as
shortness of breath or asthma whereas carbon mono oxide causes weakness and dizziness
(Moretti and Neidell, 2011).
2.2 Who is responsible?
There are several factors which increase the rate of air pollution in Gwalior such as high
population density, a large number of vehicles, fossil fuel powered industries, less greenery,
dilapidated roads and others (Parihar et al., 2012). These factors have increased because of
lack of government policies and carelessness. The government has failed to address various
issues in Gwalior which allow corporations and people to take unfair advantage of natural
resources (Guttikunda, Goel and Pant, 2014).
Contribution of Industries
The government of Madhya Pradesh has failed to monitor and control the activities of
industries in Gwalior; most of the industries are small which are powered by fossil fuel.
Many small industries cut trees from nearby forests and use coal or gas for powering their
2.0 Analysis of the situation in Gwalior
2.1 High rate of Pollution in Gwalior
According to WHO’s study, Gwalior, India is world’s second most polluted city; it has an
average PM 2.5 concentration of 176 (Singh, 2016). Gwalior has more than three times the
acceptable particulate matter levels in the air. They are tiny droplets in the air which causes
small as well as serious health problems such as affecting lung function, asthma, heart disease
and others. As per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) study, the permissible particulate
matter limit is 60 micrograms per cubic meter, and Gwalior stands at 329 micrograms which
is five times more than the safety rating (Santoshi, 2015).
According to the data provided by Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Gwalior is the
leading city with most number of vehicles as compared to other cities in Madhya Pradesh.
The city has more than 23 percent of diesel and 6.9 percent of petrol vehicles of the entire
state that emit pollution which heavily contributes to increasing air pollution in the city (The
Times of India, 2014). Various large and small industries operate in Gwalior which did not
comply with local environmental policies; these industries use fossil fuel to power their
operations which increases the rate of pollution in the city. Different emission in the air
causes different health problems such as oxides of nitrogen cause respiratory issues such as
shortness of breath or asthma whereas carbon mono oxide causes weakness and dizziness
(Moretti and Neidell, 2011).
2.2 Who is responsible?
There are several factors which increase the rate of air pollution in Gwalior such as high
population density, a large number of vehicles, fossil fuel powered industries, less greenery,
dilapidated roads and others (Parihar et al., 2012). These factors have increased because of
lack of government policies and carelessness. The government has failed to address various
issues in Gwalior which allow corporations and people to take unfair advantage of natural
resources (Guttikunda, Goel and Pant, 2014).
Contribution of Industries
The government of Madhya Pradesh has failed to monitor and control the activities of
industries in Gwalior; most of the industries are small which are powered by fossil fuel.
Many small industries cut trees from nearby forests and use coal or gas for powering their
AIR POLLUTION 6
operations; the cutting of tree also result in increasing deforestation and decreasing greenery
near the city (Ahmad et al., 2014). The government has failed to establish strict policies upon
smaller industries which increase the cutting of trees and use of coal in production (The Free
Press Journal, 2014).
Congested areas
Gwalior is a congested city with a population of 1.069 million people; most of the people are
poor, and they are living below the poverty line. These individuals did not focus on
environmental protection; they use fossil fuel for daily operations such as cooking or heating
water because they are easily available at lower costs (Saxena and Saksena, 2012). People
prefer to buy cheap vehicles, and they use public transport which causes high fuel
consumption. The government has failed to provide basic education and health facilities to
the people that hinder their development. High rate of illiteracy and poverty in Gwalior also
increase air pollution since people avoid recycling policies (Chandra, 2012).
Vehicle pollution
The larger number of vehicles in Gwalior increases the rate of pollution; the government has
failed to implement strict transport laws which ban motor corporations from manufacturing
and selling vehicles in Gwalior (Shrivastava, Neeta, and Geeta, 2013). Most of the motor
companies offer cheap vehicles to people that are highly pollutant and require larger number
of petrol or diesel to work. In 2015 to 2016, there are more than 60,000 new vehicles
purchased in Gwalior which increase the total number of vehicles to 440,000 (Narwaria,
Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017). The dilapidated roads in most of the locations of the
city increase fuel consumption of vehicles because the municipal department has failed to
build proper roads. Below mention table show growing rate of vehicles in Gwalior which
prove that it is a serious issue.
Figure 1: Registered Vehicles in Gwalior
operations; the cutting of tree also result in increasing deforestation and decreasing greenery
near the city (Ahmad et al., 2014). The government has failed to establish strict policies upon
smaller industries which increase the cutting of trees and use of coal in production (The Free
Press Journal, 2014).
Congested areas
Gwalior is a congested city with a population of 1.069 million people; most of the people are
poor, and they are living below the poverty line. These individuals did not focus on
environmental protection; they use fossil fuel for daily operations such as cooking or heating
water because they are easily available at lower costs (Saxena and Saksena, 2012). People
prefer to buy cheap vehicles, and they use public transport which causes high fuel
consumption. The government has failed to provide basic education and health facilities to
the people that hinder their development. High rate of illiteracy and poverty in Gwalior also
increase air pollution since people avoid recycling policies (Chandra, 2012).
Vehicle pollution
The larger number of vehicles in Gwalior increases the rate of pollution; the government has
failed to implement strict transport laws which ban motor corporations from manufacturing
and selling vehicles in Gwalior (Shrivastava, Neeta, and Geeta, 2013). Most of the motor
companies offer cheap vehicles to people that are highly pollutant and require larger number
of petrol or diesel to work. In 2015 to 2016, there are more than 60,000 new vehicles
purchased in Gwalior which increase the total number of vehicles to 440,000 (Narwaria,
Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017). The dilapidated roads in most of the locations of the
city increase fuel consumption of vehicles because the municipal department has failed to
build proper roads. Below mention table show growing rate of vehicles in Gwalior which
prove that it is a serious issue.
Figure 1: Registered Vehicles in Gwalior
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AIR POLLUTION 7
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
Carelessness of the government
The rate of corruption is considerably high in India, and most of the government officials
avoid implementing environmental policies to take unfair advantage of public and national
income (Sen, 2016). As per the story of Santoshi and Singh (2015), the government officials
in Gwalior were surprised when WHO provided its report that Gwalior is the second most
polluted city; it shows their carelessness towards the implementation of environmental
policies in Gwalior.
2.3 Impact of Government Policies’ Failure
Due to the high rate of air pollution, temperature of Gwalior is continuously increasing which
negatively affects the health of people and growing of crops (Verma and Saksena, 2010). In
April-May, temperature of city-raised above 45 to 47 degree Celsius which is hazardous to
the health of people. Following table shows growing temperature in Gwalior which is
dangerous for agriculture production.
Figure 2: Monthly mean Temperatures
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
The concentrations of nitrogen oxides in ambient air in various locations of Gwalior have
increased which causes various health problems (Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna,
2017). Following table shows growing rate of nitrogen oxides in Gwalior’s which is
hazardous for people’s health and crops.
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
Carelessness of the government
The rate of corruption is considerably high in India, and most of the government officials
avoid implementing environmental policies to take unfair advantage of public and national
income (Sen, 2016). As per the story of Santoshi and Singh (2015), the government officials
in Gwalior were surprised when WHO provided its report that Gwalior is the second most
polluted city; it shows their carelessness towards the implementation of environmental
policies in Gwalior.
2.3 Impact of Government Policies’ Failure
Due to the high rate of air pollution, temperature of Gwalior is continuously increasing which
negatively affects the health of people and growing of crops (Verma and Saksena, 2010). In
April-May, temperature of city-raised above 45 to 47 degree Celsius which is hazardous to
the health of people. Following table shows growing temperature in Gwalior which is
dangerous for agriculture production.
Figure 2: Monthly mean Temperatures
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
The concentrations of nitrogen oxides in ambient air in various locations of Gwalior have
increased which causes various health problems (Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna,
2017). Following table shows growing rate of nitrogen oxides in Gwalior’s which is
hazardous for people’s health and crops.
AIR POLLUTION 8
Figure 3: Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
3.0 Conclusion
Conclusively, the rate of air pollution is continuously increasing in Gwalior due to lack of
strict government policies and carelessness which is causing various health issues. The air
quality is decreasing because of various factors such as less greenery, number of vehicles,
fossil fuel powered industries, dilapidated roads and others. The government has failed to
address environmental issues in Gwalior which result in increasing the rate of air pollution in
the city.
4.0 Recommendations
Following recommendations can be implemented by the government of Madhya Pradesh to
address the issues of air pollution in Gwalior.
1. Strict adherence to environmental norms can assist in reducing air pollution in Gwalior.
Firstly, the government should ensure that industries are not powered by fossil fuel which
can be achieved by registering and providing licenses to each plant and take strict actions
against industries which are not registered or which use fossil fuel to power their
operations. The government can also introduce mandatory Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) which forces industries to implement and comply with
environmental protection policies.
Figure 3: Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides
(Source: Narwaria, Chandramauli, and Bahuguna, 2017)
3.0 Conclusion
Conclusively, the rate of air pollution is continuously increasing in Gwalior due to lack of
strict government policies and carelessness which is causing various health issues. The air
quality is decreasing because of various factors such as less greenery, number of vehicles,
fossil fuel powered industries, dilapidated roads and others. The government has failed to
address environmental issues in Gwalior which result in increasing the rate of air pollution in
the city.
4.0 Recommendations
Following recommendations can be implemented by the government of Madhya Pradesh to
address the issues of air pollution in Gwalior.
1. Strict adherence to environmental norms can assist in reducing air pollution in Gwalior.
Firstly, the government should ensure that industries are not powered by fossil fuel which
can be achieved by registering and providing licenses to each plant and take strict actions
against industries which are not registered or which use fossil fuel to power their
operations. The government can also introduce mandatory Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) which forces industries to implement and comply with
environmental protection policies.
AIR POLLUTION 9
2. The government should ensure that Motor corporations are not selling high-pollutant
vehicles at low costs. Delhi government has banned 10-years old diesel vehicles and
2000cc heavy-load vehicles in the city which reduced the air pollution (Financial Express,
2016). Madhya Pradesh government should implement similar policies to reduce the
number of vehicles in Gwalior. The government should also promote CNG vehicles and
CNG public transportation to reduce the usage of petrol and diesel.
3. The government should implement sustainable transportation in city, easy availability of
clean household fuels, solid waste management, strict implementation of environmental
policies, use of renewable energy and industrial emission reduction which will assist in
reducing air pollution in Gwalior.
2. The government should ensure that Motor corporations are not selling high-pollutant
vehicles at low costs. Delhi government has banned 10-years old diesel vehicles and
2000cc heavy-load vehicles in the city which reduced the air pollution (Financial Express,
2016). Madhya Pradesh government should implement similar policies to reduce the
number of vehicles in Gwalior. The government should also promote CNG vehicles and
CNG public transportation to reduce the usage of petrol and diesel.
3. The government should implement sustainable transportation in city, easy availability of
clean household fuels, solid waste management, strict implementation of environmental
policies, use of renewable energy and industrial emission reduction which will assist in
reducing air pollution in Gwalior.
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AIR POLLUTION 10
References
Ahmad, A.F., Sharma, H.K.J., Ahmad, R.M. and Rao, R.J.J. (2014) Impact of mining
activities on various environmental attributes, with specific reference to health impacts in
Shatabdi Purim, Gwalior, India. International Research Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 3(6), pp.81-86.
Chandra, P. (2012) India’s Biggest Environmental Problem is Poverty. [Online]
Alwayzpositive. Available at: https://alwyzbpositive.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/third-
industrial-revolution/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Financial Express. (2016) Diesel vehicles ban: NGT relief for owners of 10-year old clunkers.
[Online] Financial Express. Available at: http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/diesel-
vehicles-ban-ngt-relief-for-owners-of-10-year-old-clunkers/323828/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Gupta, V. (2016) MP's Gwalior is the most polluted Indian city: WHO. [Online] Inshorts.
Available at: https://www.inshorts.com/news/mps-gwalior-is-the-most-polluted-indian-city-
who-1475105424084 [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Guttikunda, S.K., Goel, R. and Pant, P., 2014. Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and
management in the Indian cities. Atmospheric environment, 95, pp.501-510.
Lang, S. S. (2007) Water, air and soil pollution causes 40 percent of deaths worldwide,
Cornell research survey finds. [Online] Cornell Chronicle. Available at:
http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/08/pollution-causes-40-percent-deaths-worldwide-study-
finds [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Mallick, A. (2016) Raipur, Gwalior More Polluted than New Delhi, Claims WHO Data.
[Online] News18. Available at: http://www.news18.com/news/india/raipur-gwalior-more-
polluted-than-new-delhi-claims-who-data-1318656.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Moretti, E. and Neidell, M. (2011) Pollution, health, and avoidance behavior evidence from
the ports of Los Angeles. Journal of human Resources, 46(1), pp.154-175.
Nandil, J. (2017) 10 of world's 20 most polluted cities in India : List inside. [Online] The
Times of India. Available at:
References
Ahmad, A.F., Sharma, H.K.J., Ahmad, R.M. and Rao, R.J.J. (2014) Impact of mining
activities on various environmental attributes, with specific reference to health impacts in
Shatabdi Purim, Gwalior, India. International Research Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 3(6), pp.81-86.
Chandra, P. (2012) India’s Biggest Environmental Problem is Poverty. [Online]
Alwayzpositive. Available at: https://alwyzbpositive.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/third-
industrial-revolution/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Financial Express. (2016) Diesel vehicles ban: NGT relief for owners of 10-year old clunkers.
[Online] Financial Express. Available at: http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/diesel-
vehicles-ban-ngt-relief-for-owners-of-10-year-old-clunkers/323828/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Gupta, V. (2016) MP's Gwalior is the most polluted Indian city: WHO. [Online] Inshorts.
Available at: https://www.inshorts.com/news/mps-gwalior-is-the-most-polluted-indian-city-
who-1475105424084 [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Guttikunda, S.K., Goel, R. and Pant, P., 2014. Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and
management in the Indian cities. Atmospheric environment, 95, pp.501-510.
Lang, S. S. (2007) Water, air and soil pollution causes 40 percent of deaths worldwide,
Cornell research survey finds. [Online] Cornell Chronicle. Available at:
http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/08/pollution-causes-40-percent-deaths-worldwide-study-
finds [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Mallick, A. (2016) Raipur, Gwalior More Polluted than New Delhi, Claims WHO Data.
[Online] News18. Available at: http://www.news18.com/news/india/raipur-gwalior-more-
polluted-than-new-delhi-claims-who-data-1318656.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Moretti, E. and Neidell, M. (2011) Pollution, health, and avoidance behavior evidence from
the ports of Los Angeles. Journal of human Resources, 46(1), pp.154-175.
Nandil, J. (2017) 10 of world's 20 most polluted cities in India : List inside. [Online] The
Times of India. Available at:
AIR POLLUTION 11
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/10-of-worlds-20-
most-polluted-cities-in-india-list-inside/articleshow/52249911.cms [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Narwaria, B. S., Chandramauli, A., and Bahuguna, A. (2017) Air Pollution in Gwalior
Region and Its Effects On Human's Health. [PDF] Scientific Journal of Impact Factor.
Available at: http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/finished_papers/IJAERDV04I1179369.pdf
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Parihar, S.S., Ajit, K., Ajay, K., Gupta, R.N., Manoj, P., Archana, S. and Pandey, A.C. (2012)
Physico-chemical and Microbiological analysis of underground water in and around Gwalior
city, MP, India. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, p. 2502.
Santoshi, N. (2015) Gwalior still a concern with high pollution level. [Online] Hindustan
Times. Available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/gwalior-still-a-concern-with-
high-pollution-level/story-eSZlDDOqnLSCffFCVkPo9I.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Santoshi, N. and Singh, U. (2015) Gwalior is India’s most polluted city, MP govt 'surprised'.
[Online] Hindustan Times. Available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/gwalior-is-
india-s-most-polluted-city-mp-govt-surprised/story-kvUUlSXgw4lhlSwiombd0L.html
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Saxena, M. and Saksena, D.N. (2012) Water quality and trophic status of Raipur reservoir in
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2(8), pp.82-96.
Sen, T. (2016) India Is Not Doing Enough To Tackle Air Pollution. [Online] The Wire.
Available at: https://thewire.in/69268/air-pollution-who-india/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Shrivastava, R.K., Neeta, S. and Geeta, G. (2013) Air pollution due to road transportation in
India: A review on assessment and reduction strategies. Journal of environmental research
and development, 8(1), p.69.
Singh, K. (2016) Gwalior is the most polluted Indian city, not Delhi: WHO report. [Online]
Indian Express. Available at: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gwalior-
is-the-most-polluted-indian-city-not-delhi-who-report-3052946/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Smith, O. (2017) Mapped: The world's most polluted countries. [Online] The Telegraph.
Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-polluted-countries/
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/10-of-worlds-20-
most-polluted-cities-in-india-list-inside/articleshow/52249911.cms [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Narwaria, B. S., Chandramauli, A., and Bahuguna, A. (2017) Air Pollution in Gwalior
Region and Its Effects On Human's Health. [PDF] Scientific Journal of Impact Factor.
Available at: http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/finished_papers/IJAERDV04I1179369.pdf
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Parihar, S.S., Ajit, K., Ajay, K., Gupta, R.N., Manoj, P., Archana, S. and Pandey, A.C. (2012)
Physico-chemical and Microbiological analysis of underground water in and around Gwalior
city, MP, India. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, p. 2502.
Santoshi, N. (2015) Gwalior still a concern with high pollution level. [Online] Hindustan
Times. Available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/gwalior-still-a-concern-with-
high-pollution-level/story-eSZlDDOqnLSCffFCVkPo9I.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Santoshi, N. and Singh, U. (2015) Gwalior is India’s most polluted city, MP govt 'surprised'.
[Online] Hindustan Times. Available at: http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/gwalior-is-
india-s-most-polluted-city-mp-govt-surprised/story-kvUUlSXgw4lhlSwiombd0L.html
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Saxena, M. and Saksena, D.N. (2012) Water quality and trophic status of Raipur reservoir in
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2(8), pp.82-96.
Sen, T. (2016) India Is Not Doing Enough To Tackle Air Pollution. [Online] The Wire.
Available at: https://thewire.in/69268/air-pollution-who-india/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Shrivastava, R.K., Neeta, S. and Geeta, G. (2013) Air pollution due to road transportation in
India: A review on assessment and reduction strategies. Journal of environmental research
and development, 8(1), p.69.
Singh, K. (2016) Gwalior is the most polluted Indian city, not Delhi: WHO report. [Online]
Indian Express. Available at: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gwalior-
is-the-most-polluted-indian-city-not-delhi-who-report-3052946/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Smith, O. (2017) Mapped: The world's most polluted countries. [Online] The Telegraph.
Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-polluted-countries/
[Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
AIR POLLUTION 12
The Free Press Journal. (2014) Why is Gwalior most polluted? HC asks pollution boards.
[Online] The Free Press Journal. Available at: http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/why-is-
gwalior-most-polluted-hc-asks-pollution-boards/495528 [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
The Times of India. (2014) HC: Why is Gwalior among world’s most polluted cities?.
[Online] The Times of India. Available at:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/HC-Why-is-Gwalior-among-worlds-most-
polluted-cities/articleshow/45448931.cms [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Verma, A.K. and Saksena, D.N. (2010) Impact of pollution on sewage collecting river Kalpi
(Morar) Gwalior (MP) with special reference to water quality and macrozoobenthic
fauna. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1(1), pp.155-161.
The Free Press Journal. (2014) Why is Gwalior most polluted? HC asks pollution boards.
[Online] The Free Press Journal. Available at: http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/why-is-
gwalior-most-polluted-hc-asks-pollution-boards/495528 [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
The Times of India. (2014) HC: Why is Gwalior among world’s most polluted cities?.
[Online] The Times of India. Available at:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/HC-Why-is-Gwalior-among-worlds-most-
polluted-cities/articleshow/45448931.cms [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018].
Verma, A.K. and Saksena, D.N. (2010) Impact of pollution on sewage collecting river Kalpi
(Morar) Gwalior (MP) with special reference to water quality and macrozoobenthic
fauna. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1(1), pp.155-161.
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